| 词条 | Linobambaki |
| 释义 |
The Linobambaki or Linovamvaki are a Crypto-Christian Catholic community in Cyprus[1] who were persecuted for their religion during Ottoman rule. They assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.[2][3] EtymologyThe word Linobambaki comes from Greek {{lang|el|Λινοβάμβακοι}}, which derives from the combination of the words {{lang|el|λινό}} (lino) "linen" and {{lang|el|βαμβάκι}} (vamvaki) "cotton".[4] The term was used as a metaphor in order to demonstrate that even though they had Latin Catholic origins, they chose to appear outwardly Muslim.[5] HistoryThe Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) concluded with the remainder of Cyprus under Ottoman rule, and immediately after the war, sanctions were put in place for the Latin population of the island.[6] With Ottoman-Venetian rivalry at its peak, the Ottomans feared the security risk posed by the Latin Catholics of Cyprus, and in particular that they would entice the Venetians to return. As a result, Ottoman tolerance towards the Catholic community was much less than towards the Greek Orthodox community.[7] In addition to political and religious pressure, there was an economic oppression that included removing their rights to own property. The Catholic inhabitants affected by these measured consisted of Latins, Venetians, Genoeses, Maronites and Armenians who had converted to Islam in order to circumvent these Ottomon legal precepts. There artificial and interested embrace of the religion lead them to eventually earn the name of Linobambaki.[8] The Linobambaki did not outwardly practice or demonstrate their religious beliefs, due to their faux conversion to curry favour with the Ottomans and the Orhodox communitues. Thus in their daily life, they chose to have either one Christian and one Muslim name, or a common name found in both faiths like Ibrahim (Abraham), Yusuf (Joseph) or Musa (Moses).[9] At annual conscription they were often drafted into the Ottoman army,[10] and they avoided paying taxes for non-Muslims. The Linobambaki did not entirely convert to a traditional Muslim life, and only demonstrated religious practices and beliefs that would gain them advantages only afforded to Muslims. For example, they frequently consumed alcohol and pork,[11] and didn’t attend religious services; traditions similar to continuing Turkish Cypriot culture today. Many of the Linobambaki villages have Christian saint names that begin with άγιος (ayios), or "saint" to attribute their Latin Catholic origins. Linobambaki’s cultural roots and history can be found throughout Turkish Cypriot life and literature. For example, two of the most prominent main characters from Cypriot folklore are "Gavur Imam" and "Hasan Bulli".[12] Linobambaki became a part of the majority of all uprisings and revolts against Ottoman rule, and other local government bodies on the island.[13] Linobambaki are mentioned by foreign travellers who visited Cyprus before the 20th century.[14] The English historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon who visited Cyprus in 1878 describes the Linobambaki as a "troublesome but comic element", changing religion from day to day. Fathers pretend that they circumcise their children, and give them names that sound both Muslim and Christian, such as Yacoub, Jousouf and Mousa. He notes that whole villages of "white" Cypriots use these tricks.[15] SettlementsMany of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates, were formerly Linobambaki activity centers. These include: {{div col|colwidth=18em}}
TodayThe Ottoman Empire's millet system was abolished during British administration. In this period, the people of Cyprus were split into two main groups in censuses and administrative records.[35] Because of the polarization politics of the British administration, Linobambaki were integrated into the Turkish Cypriot community.[36] There were still Greek speaking settlements that identified themselves as Turkish Cypriots during the 1950s; settlements such as Lapithos, Platanissos, Agios Symeon and Galinoporni.[37] There is currently a non-governmental organization called "LINOBAMBAKI" in Cyprus.[38] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Selim Deringil|title=Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHluy4795U4C&pg=PA112|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00455-9|page=112}} {{Cyprus topics}}2. ^{{cite book|author=Chrysostomos Pericleous|title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|year=2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-193-9|page=131}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Tassos A. Mikropoulos|title=Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=optXTg3ovBYC&pg=PA94|year=2008|publisher=Livanis|isbn=978-960-233-187-3|page=94|chapter=Linovamvaki}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Pinar Senisik|title=The Transformation of Ottoman Crete: Revolts, Politics and Identity in the Late Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlwBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85772-056-6|page=64}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Idesbald Goddeeris|title=De Europese periferie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqp6iS8TEdUC&pg=PA275|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-5867-359-6|page=275}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Servet Sami Dedeçay|title=Kıbrıslı Türk kadınının eğitim aracılığı sayesinde dinsel mutaassıplıktan sıyrılıp çağdaş hak ve özgürlük kuralllarını kabullenişi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGTaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297|year=2008|publisher=Lefkoşa Özel Türk Üniversitesi|page=297}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=James Knowles|title=The Twentieth Century and After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPZXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA753|year=1908|publisher=Spottiswoode|page=753}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Captain A. R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=130}} 9. ^{{cite book|author1=Luigi Palma di Cesnola|author2=Charles William King|author3=Alexander Stuart Murray|title=Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples : a Narrative of Researches and Excavations During Ten Years' Residence in that Island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um_PAAAAMAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Harper & Brothers|page=185}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Frederic Henry Fisher|title=Cyprus, our new colony, and what we know about it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqkBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42|year=1878|publisher=George Routledge and Sons|page=42}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|author=Tassos A. Mikropoulos|title=Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=optXTg3ovBYC&pg=PA93|year=2008|publisher=Livanis|isbn=978-960-233-187-3|page=93|chapter=Linovamvaki}} 12. ^{{cite thesis|last=Erdönmez |first=Celâl |title=Şer'iyye Sicillere Göre Kıbrıs'ta Toplum Yapısı (1839-1856) |type=Ph.D. |chapter=Linobambakiler |url=http://eprints.sdu.edu.tr/163/1/TS00329.pdf |page=44 |year=2004 |publisher=Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi |accessdate=2014-06-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224204344/http://eprints.sdu.edu.tr/163/1/TS00329.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-24 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Costas P. Kyrris|title=Ανατομία του Οθωμανικού Καθεστώτος Στην Κύπρο 1570-1878|location=Nicosia|year=1984|publisher=Dimos Lefkosias|pages=64–66}} 14. ^Άντρος Παυλίδης, "Η Κύπρος ανά τους αιώνες μέσα από τα κείμενα ξένων επισκεπτών της" (Antros Palvlides, "Cyprus through the centuries in the texts of her foreign visitors), ed. Φιλόκυπρος (Philokypros), Cyprus 1994, vol. 2, pp. 1098 (William Turner 1815), 1141 (Luis Salvator 1873), 1163 (Hepworth W. Dixon 1878). In Greek language. 15. ^[https://archive.org/stream/britishcyprus00dixogoog#page/n48/mode/2up William Hepworth Dixon, "British Cyprus", Chapman and Hall 1879, pp 29, 30] 16. ^{{cite book|author=Ian Robertson|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_QwAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Benn|isbn=978-0-510-01633-3|page=85}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Marc Dubin|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v7IH8x_dJoC&pg=PA412|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-863-5|page=412}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Jan Asmussen|title="Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKAyCI9mKl0C&pg=PA79|year=2001|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5403-4|pages=78–79}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra|title=The Armenians of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jH4Xy4KFrYC&pg=PA13|year=2009|publisher=Kalaydjian Foundation|page=13}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra|title=The Armenians of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jH4Xy4KFrYC&pg=PA13|year=2009|publisher=Kalaydjian Foundation|page=13}} 21. ^{{cite book|author=Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra|title=The Armenians of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jH4Xy4KFrYC&pg=PA13|year=2009|publisher=Kalaydjian Foundation|page=13}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Jan Asmussen|title="Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKAyCI9mKl0C&pg=PA79|year=2001|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5403-4|pages=78–79}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Esat Mustafa|title=Kıbrıs Tarihinde Yağmuralan (Vroişa)|language=Turkish| location=Lefkoşa|year=2013|publisher=Ateş Matbaacılık|page=39}} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Bağışkan|first=Tuncer|date=2014-03-15|title= Kaleburnu köyüne bir yolculuk (1)|url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/Ekler/adres-kibris/149/kaleburnu-koyune-bir-yolculuk-1/1247|language=Turkish|newspaper=YeniDüzen Gazetesi|location=Lefkoşa|publisher=United Media Group|accessdate=2014-06-10}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Jan Asmussen|title="Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKAyCI9mKl0C&pg=PA79|year=2001|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5403-4|pages=78–79}} 26. ^{{cite book|author=Kiamran Halil|title=The Rape of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dokiAQAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Prosperity Publications|isbn=978-0-905506-07-4|page=19}} 27. ^{{cite book|author=Louis Mas Latrie|title=L'île de Chypre: sa situation présente et ses souvenirs du moyen-âge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmwLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA43|year=1879|publisher=Firmin-Didot et cio|page=43}} 28. ^{{cite news|last=Tahsin|first=Arif Hasan|date=2004-09-03|title= Yeter ki Tohum Çürük Olmasın|url=http://www.stwing.upenn.edu/~durduran/hamambocu/authors/aht/aht8_3_2004.html|language=Turkish|newspaper=Yeniçağ Gazetesi|location=Lefkoşa|accessdate=2014-06-10}} 29. ^{{cite book|author1=Mahmut Islamoglu|author2=Sevket Oznur|title=Linobambaki: The Christian-Muslim Cypriots|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/150366227/LINOBAMBAKI-CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM-SECT-IN-CYPRUS|year=2013|page=5}} 30. ^{{cite book|author1=Andrekos Varnava|author2=Nicholas Coureas|author3=Marina Elia|title=The minorities of Cyprus: development patterns and the identity of the internal-exclusion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XQsAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1-4438-0052-5|page=204}} 31. ^{{cite book|author=Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra|title=The Armenians of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jH4Xy4KFrYC&pg=PA13|year=2009|publisher=Kalaydjian Foundation|page=13}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=Louis Mas Latrie|title=L'île de Chypre: sa situation présente et ses souvenirs du moyen-âge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmwLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA43|year=1879|publisher=Firmin-Didot et cio|page=43}} 33. ^{{cite book|author=Jan Asmussen|title="Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKAyCI9mKl0C&pg=PA79|year=2001|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5403-4|pages=78–79}} 34. ^{{cite book|author=Marc Dubin|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v7IH8x_dJoC&pg=PA412|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-863-5|page=412}} 35. ^{{cite book|author1=Samson Opondo|author2=Michael J. Shapiro|title=The New Violent Cartography: Geo-Analysis after the Aesthetic Turn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KBiahcPltgC&pg=PA205|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-34508-1|page=205}} 36. ^{{cite book|author=Tassos A. Mikropoulos|title=Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=optXTg3ovBYC&pg=PA94|year=2008|publisher=Livanis|isbn=978-960-233-187-3|page=94|chapter=Linovamvaki}} 37. ^{{cite journal |last=Beckingham |first=Charles Fraser |year=1957 |title=The Turks of Cyprus |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=170–171 |asin=B002HHIRQ8}} 38. ^{{cite news|last=Kagui|first=Olena|date=2015-04-03|title=Patriots Punished in Northern Cyprus: A Modern Day Political Occupation|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/olena-kagui/patriots-punished-in-nort_b_6993574.html|language=English|newspaper=The Huffington Post|location=New York|accessdate=2015-04-08}} 3 : Ottoman Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot people|Crypto-Christianity in the Ottoman Empire |
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