| 词条 | Kyösti Kallio |
| 释义 |
|order=4th President of Finland |nationality=Finnish |image=Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio.png |term_start=1 March 1937| |term_end=19 December 1940| |primeminister =A. K. Cajander Risto Ryti |predecessor=P. E. Svinhufvud |successor=Risto Ryti| |order2=8th Prime Minister of Finland[2] |term_start2=7 October 1936 |term_end2=15 February 1937 |president2=P. E. Svinhufvud |predecessor2=T. M. Kivimäki |successor2=A. K. Cajander |term_start3=16 August 1929 |term_end3=4 July 1930 |president3=Lauri Kristian Relander |predecessor3=Oskari Mantere |successor3=P. E. Svinhufvud |term_start4=31 December 1925 |term_end4=13 December 1926 |president4=Lauri Kristian Relander |predecessor4=Antti Tulenheimo |successor4=Väinö Tanner |term_start5=14 November 1922 |term_end5=18 January 1924 |president5=K. J. Ståhlberg |predecessor5=A. K. Cajander |successor5=A. K. Cajander |birth_date={{Birth date|1873|4|10|df=y}} |birth_place=Ylivieska, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire |death_date={{Death date and age|1940|12|19|1873|4|10|df=y}} |death_place=Helsinki, Finland |party=Agrarian League |signature=KallioKyostiSignature.png |occupation = Farmer, bank clerk |spouse = Kaisa Nivala |children =6 |}}Kyösti Kallio ({{IPA-fi|ˈkyø̯sti ˈkɑlːio}}; 10 April 1873 – 19 December 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937–1940). He was a prominent leader of the Agrarian League, and served as Prime Minister four times and Speaker of the Parliament six times.[3][4] BiographyEarly lifeKyösti Kallio, originally Gustaf Kalliokangas (forename's {{IPA-sv|²ɡɵsːtav}}, surname's {{IPA-fi|ˈkɑlːioˌkɑŋːɑs}}), was born in Ylivieska, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was an autonomous region of the Russian Empire at the time. His father was a farmer and a prominent local politician. Kyösti Kallio was educated in Oulu where he became acquainted with Santeri Alkio, author and future ideologue of the Agrarian League. Start of careerKallio entered into politics during the first Russification campaign of Finland as a member of the Young Finnish Party. He served in the Diet of Finland 1904–1906 as a member of the Estate of the Peasantry. He joined the newly founded Agrarian League in 1906 and became one of its most prominent leaders. Finland gains independenceAfter the February Revolution of 1917 dethroned Tsar Nicholas II, the Russian provisional government tasked Vice Admiral Adrian Nepenin with overseeing the change of government in Finland. Nepenin started by inviting a handful of Finnish politicians to discuss the situation on March 17. Kallio represented the Agrarian League, and when the Finnish politicians the next day sent a delegation to St. Petersburg to negotiate a cessation to the Russification campaign, Kallio was again a member. The delegation was successful, and Finland was permitted to assemble a fully parliamentary Senate. Kallio came to serve as Agrarian minister in the Senate of Oskari Tokoi, which took office March 26. Most of his time was spent trying to mediate the agrarian strikes and finding foodstuffs for the country, while the First World War raised the prices in Europe. After the Tsar had been dethroned, the Finnish Parliament had to decide whether the highest authority in the country had passed on to the Russian Provisional Government, the Finnish Parliament or the Finnish Senate. The question led to serious strife between the right-wing and the left-wing elements of the Parliament. Kallio initially supported the socialists in demanding said power to the Parliament, but disapproved of their cooperation with Russian Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and ultimately voted against the bill they had drafted. Nonetheless, the socialist proposal passed, which the Russian Provisional Government saw as an affront to their power, and Alexander Kerensky consequently dissolved the Parliament on September 8. Kallio and the Socialist Senators resigned from the Senate, which continued to operate under the leadership of E. N. Setälä. After the October Revolution the bourgeoisie were willing to compromise and give the Parliament the highest authority fearing Bolshevik rule would spread to Finland. Setälä's Senate resigned immediately after the question was settled. Kallio was again named Agrarian Minister in the Senate of P. E. Svinhufvud whose first priority was to declare Finland independent. On December 4 the Senate introduced a declaration of independence to the Parliament, and the next day Kallio wrote a resolution, which the Parliament passed with votes 100-88. Civil warDuring the Civil War in Finland, Kallio hid in Red-dominated Helsinki, because he was at least nominally on the White side and therefore a "class enemy"; he formed a new senate (government) in Helsinki after German troops had defeated the Reds in the city. Afterwards he became a moderate peace-maker and disapproved of retaliation against the Reds. Formation of the republicDuring the debates over the form of the new state in 1918, Kallio resigned from the Senate because he supported a republic instead of constitutional monarchy. Eventually, the monarchist stand lost and he returned to the Cabinet to become Prime Minister. He was a reformist who emphasized education, settlement, and land reform. His greatest achievement was "Lex Kallio" in 1922, legislation allowing the state to buy land to encourage new settlements, and to let the former tenant farmers and other landless rural people buy small farms (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen"). Supported prohibitionHe supported Prohibition in Finland, and was dismayed when it was repealed in 1932. Non-violent anti-communistKallio was an anti-communist, suppressing the Finnish Communist Party (SKP) in 1923, but he resorted to legislative methods. When the violent right-wing Lapua Movement asked him to become their leader, he refused and was then instead subjected to their death threats. PresidentKallio was elected president with the votes of a centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social democratic coalition, which wanted to ensure that President Svinhufvud would not be re-elected. Kallio took the role of a parliamentarian president and avoided use of his personal power. On the eve of the Winter War, when Marshal Mannerheim once again threatened to resign from his post as chairman of Finland's Defence Council due to a schism with the cabinet, Kallio convinced him to stay. During the war Kallio resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the Soviet Union, but was forced to agree to sign the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940. His health begun to fail – his right arm was paralyzed – and he was not active in the dealings with Germany leading to the Continuation War. On 27 August Kallio suffered a serious stroke.[5] Prime Minister Risto Ryti took over his duties. Kallio's heart became weak while he knowingly took risks by agreeing to the formal farewell ceremonies.[6][7] Resignation and deathKallio left a notice of resignation on 27 November 1940. He was planning to leave the capital and retire to his farm at Nivala after the farewell ceremonies on the evening of 19 December 1940; but he collapsed and died that night at the Helsinki Central Railway Station in the arms of his adjutant before a guard of honour while a band played the patriotic Finnish march Porilaisten marssi.[8][9] Religious viewsA significant part of Kallio's personality and a motive for the social reforms which he supported and promoted was his deep Christian faith, which he had adopted already at home, and which was deepened during his marriage to Kaisa Kallio, who was also a devout Christian. Although Kallio was often too busy to go to church, he prayed often when encountering difficulties in making political decisions, and some of these prayers he recorded in his diary. He also read Christian books with his wife and often discussed them by exchanging letters. He often referred to God in his speeches, and during the Winter War he asked the Finns who were serving their country to read the Bible. When he was forced to sign the harsh Moscow Peace Treaty in March 1940, Kallio quoted freely from the Book of Zechariah, saying: "May my hand, which is forced to sign such a paper, wither." His right arm was paralysed the following summer, and he was forced to switch his writing hand. In the Presidential Palace, shortly before leaving for Helsinki Central Railway Station for the last time, Kallio sang a hymn with his family.[6][10][11]{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear left}}Cabinets
|name = Kyösti Kallio |image =Kyösti Kallio Coat of Arms.svg |alt = |image_width = 140 |middle = |middle_width =90 |middle_caption = |lesser = |lesser_alt = |lesser_width =45 |lesser_caption = Coat of arms |image2 = |image2_alt = |image2_width = |image2_caption = |image3 = |image3_alt = |image3_width = |image3_caption = |armiger = Kyösti Kallio |year_adopted = |crest = |torse = |shield = |supporters = |compartment = |motto = |orders = |other_elements = |earlier_versions = |use = |notes = }} HonoursAwards and decorations
References{{commonscat|Kyösti Kallio}}1. ^Courtesy title in Finland for former Presidents of the Republic 2. ^{{cite web|title=Governments in chronological order|url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/government/history/governments-and-ministers/report/-/r/v2|publisher=Finnish government (Valtioneuvosto)|accessdate=27 March 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=139 |title=Ministerikortisto |publisher=Valtioneuvosto |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503110025/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=139 |archivedate=2009-05-03 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=910662&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki |title = Edustajamatrikkeli |publisher = Eduskunta |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212180925/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?%7Bhnro%7D=910662&%7Bkieli%7D=su&%7Bhaku%7D=kaikki |archivedate = 2012-02-12 |df = }} 5. ^Sakari Virkkunen, Suomen presidentit II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim ("Finnish Presidents II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim"), Helsinki: Otava Publishing Ltd., 1994 6. ^1 Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II" 7. ^Kari Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II: 1930-1940" 1930-1940, Helsinki 1986 8. ^Aladár Paasonen (1974). Marsalkan tiedustelupäällikkönä ja hallituksen asiamiehenä (Marshall's chief of intelligence and Government's official. In Finnish). Weilin, Göös, Helsinki 9. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=629 | title= Kallio, Kyösti (1873 - 1940) President of Finland | author= Kari Hokkanen | date= | publisher=Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura | accessdate= 2013-01-10}} 10. ^Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II"; "The Presidents of the Republic 1931-1940". Helsinki, 1994 11. ^Kyösti Kallion puheet (Speeches of Kyösti Kallio, in Finnish) Helsinki, 1941 External links
|title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Lauri Kristian Relander |years=1920 |after=Wäinö Wuolijoki }}{{succession box |title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Wäinö Wuolijoki |years=1922 |after=Wäinö Wuolijoki }}{{succession box| title=Prime Minister of Finland| before=Aimo Cajander| years=1922–1924| after=Aimo Cajander }}{{succession box |title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Paavo Virkkunen |years=1924-1925 |after=Wäinö Wuolijoki }}{{succession box| title=Prime Minister of Finland| before=Antti Tulenheimo| years=1925–1926| after=Väinö Tanner| }}{{succession box |title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Paavo Virkkunen |years=1927 |after=Paavo Virkkunen }}{{succession box |title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Paavo Virkkunen |years=1929 |after=Paavo Virkkunen }}{{succession box| title=Prime Minister of Finland| before=Oskari Mantere| years=1929–1930| after=Pehr Evind Svinhufvud }}{{succession box |title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Juho Sunila |years=1930-1936 |after=Väinö Hakkila }}{{succession box| title=Prime Minister of Finland| before=Toivo Mikael Kivimäki| years=1936–1937| after=Aimo Cajander }}{{succession box| title=President of Finland| before=Pehr Evind Svinhufvud| years=1937–1940| after=Risto Ryti }}{{s-end}}{{FinnishPresidents|state=expanded}}{{FinnishPrimeMinisters}}{{CentrePartyFinlandLeaders}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallio, Kyosti}} 32 : 1873 births|1940 deaths|People from Ylivieska|People from Oulu Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)|Finnish Lutherans|Centre Party (Finland) politicians|Presidents of Finland|Prime Ministers of Finland|Finnish senators|Ministers of Agriculture of Finland|Ministers of Defence of Finland|Ministers of Transport and Public Works of Finland|Members of the Diet of Finland|Speakers of the Parliament of Finland|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907–08)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908–09)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1909–10)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–11)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–13)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1913–16)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1916–17)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–19)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–22)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1922–24)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1924–27)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1927–29)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1929–30)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930–33)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1933–36)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1936–39)|People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)|Finnish anti-communists |
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