“Labiodental approximant”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. Geographically it is most common in India occurring in many Indo-Aryan Languages and Dravidian Languages and but in also common in many Slavic Languages and Germanic Languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʋ}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\\.

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of {{IPA|/v/}} in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless {{IPA|/f/}} is also realized as an approximant ({{IPAblink|ʋ̥}}), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.^[1]

Features

Occurrence

Language

Word

IPA

Meaning

Notes

Armenian

Eastern^[2]

ոսկի

[ʋɔski]}}

'gold'

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

aii-Syrc|hawa}}

[haːʋa}}]

'wind'

v}} is used. Corresponds to {{IPAblink|w}} in the other varieties.

Catalan

Balearic

[t̪ɾəbəˈʎ̟aʋə]}}

'worked'

Allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}.^[3] See Catalan phonology

Valencian^[3]

[t̪ɾe̠bäˈʎ̟aʋä]}}

Chinese

Mandarin

zh-latn-pinyin|wèi}}

[ʋêi]}}

'for'

/w/}} in other varieties.

Danish

Standard^[4]

da|véd}}

[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]}}

'know(s)'

b̪|b̪̆}}; rarely realized as a fricative {{IPAblink|v}} instead.^[5] See Danish phonology

Dutch

Standard

nl|wang}}

[ʋɑŋ]}}

'cheek'

β̞}}. See Dutch phonology

English

Indian South African^[1]

vine

[ʋaɪn]}}

'vine'

v}} in other accents.

Some speakers

red

[ʋe̞d̥]}}

'red'

Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal^[6] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization

Faroese^[7]

fo|røða}}

[ˈɹøːʋa]}}

'speech'

/v/}}. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative {{IPAblink|v}}.^[7] See Faroese phonology

Finnish

fi|vauva}}

[ˈʋɑuʋːɑ]}}

'baby'

See Finnish phonology

German

Standard

'what'

Post-consonantal allophone of /v/ for most speakers. Also used word-initially by some, especially in the South. See Standard German phonology.

Swiss

/v/}} in Standard German^[8]

Guaraní

gn|avañe'ẽ}}

[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}}

'Guaraní language'

/w/}} and {{IPA|/ɰ/}}

Hawaiian

haw|wikiwiki}}

[ʋikiʋiki]}}

'fast'

[w]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}. See Hawaiian phonology

Hindi

hi|वरुण}}

[ʋəruɳ]}}

'Varuna'

See Hindustani phonology

Italian

Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}}

it|raro}}

[ˈʋäːʋo]}}

'rare'

r}}, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}} or a voiced uvular fricative {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} See Italian phonology.

Marathi

mr|वजन}}

[ʋə(d)zən]}}

'weight'

See Marathi phonology

Miyako^[9]

'thick'

May be syllabic.

Norwegian

Urban East^[10]^[11]

no|venn}}

[ʋe̞nː]}}

'friend'

v}}.^[11]^[12] See Norwegian phonology

Nsenga

nse|ŵanthu}}

[ʋaⁿtʰu]}}

'people'

Punjabi

ਵਾਲ

[ʋäːl]}}

'hair'

Russian^[13]

ru|волосы}}

[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]}}

'hair'

/v/}}; contrasts with palatalized form.^[13] See Russian phonology

Serbo-Croatian

sh|цврчак}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|cvrčak}}

[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]}}

'cricket'

[v]}}, depending on dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology

Slovak^[14]

sk|voda}}

SK-voda.ogg|[ˈʋo̞dä]}}

'water'

/v/}}.^[14] See Slovak phonology

Slovene^[15]

sl|veter}}

[ˈʋéːtər]}}

'wind'

v}}.^[16]^[17] See Slovene phonology

Swedish

sv|vän}}

[ʋɛn]}}

'friend'

Some speakers. See Swedish phonology

Spanish^[18]

Chilean

es|hablar}}

[äˈʋläɾ]}}

'to speak'

Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology

Tamil

ta|வாய்}}

[ʋɑj]}}

'mouth'

See Tamil phonology

Ukrainian^[19]

uk|він}}

[ʋin]}}

'he'

/w/}}, most commonly before {{IPA|/i/}}.^[19] See Ukrainian phonology

West Frisian

fy|wêr}}

[ʋɛːr]}}

'where'

See West Frisian phonology

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Mesthrie|2004|p=960}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=20}}
3. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|pp=27 and 66}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt| Foulkes|Docherty|1999|p=?}}
7. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=115}}
8. ^{{Citation |last=Schmid |first=Stephan |year=2010 |title=Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url=http://edizioni.sns.it/it/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/19/ |accessdate=2015-04-27 }}
9. ^Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113945/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf |date=2015-10-18 }} (presentation)
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=22 and 25}}
11. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=41}}
12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=74}}
13. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}
14. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}
15. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=136}}
16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Priestley|2002|p=394}}
17. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Greenberg|2006|p=18}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf|title=El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
19. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Žovtobrjux|Kulyk|1965|pp=121–122}}

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References