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词条 Labiodental nasal
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa number=115
|ipa symbol=ɱ
|ipa symbol2=m̪
|decimal=625
|xsampa=F
|kirshenbaum=M
|braille=235
|braille2=134
|imagefile=Labiodental nasal (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr|{{IPA|ɱ}}}}. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an em with a dental diacritic: {{angbr|{{IPA|m̪}}}}.

It is pronounced very similarly to the bilabial nasal {{IPA|[m]}}, except instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the other labiodental consonants, like {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}, though closure is incomplete for the fricatives.

Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly present non-phonemically, largely restricted to appear before labiodental consonants like {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}. A phonemic {{IPA|/ɱ/}} has been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with {{IPA|/m, mpf, mbv/}} and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is {{IPA|[ɱʷ]}} before {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|[ɱ]}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before back (rounded) vowels.[1]

It is doubted by some scholars that a true stop can be made by this gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion;[2] this is particularly pertinent considering that one of the words with this consonant, {{IPA|/ɱáá/}}, means a 'gap between filed incisors,'[3] a practice of the local people. The {{IPA|/ɱ/}} might be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive.

Nonetheless, it is common phonetically, as it is a typical allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} before the labiodental fricatives {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}, as in English comfort, circumvent, infinitive, or invent. In Angami, it occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/ə/}}. For Drubea, {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is reported as an allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} before nasal vowels.[4]

A proposal to retire the letter {{angbr|{{IPA|ɱ}}}} was made at the Kiel Convention, at the same time the extensions to the IPA were presented, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by {{angbr|{{IPA|m̪}}}}, but the proposal was defeated in committee.[5]

Features

Features of the labiodental nasal:

{{nasal stop}}{{labiodental}}{{voiced}}{{nasal}}{{central-lateral}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Phonemic {{IPA|/ɱ/}} is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before {{IPA|[f]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}, however, {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is very common.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalancs|càmfora}}[ˈkaɱfuɾə]}} 'camphor' See Catalan phonology
Czechcs|tramvaj}}[ˈtraɱvaj]}} 'tram' See Czech phonology
Danishda|symfoni}}[syɱfoˈniˀ]}} 'symphony' See Danish phonology
Dutch[6][7]nl|omvallen}}[ˈʔɔɱvɑlə(n)]}} 'to fall over' See Dutch phonology
English symphony symphony-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[ˈsɪɱfəni]|help=no}} 'symphony' See English phonology
Finnishfi|kamferi}}[ˈkɑɱfe̞ri]}} 'camphor' See Finnish phonology
Germande|fünf}}[fʏɱf]}} 'five' See German phonology
Greek[8]el|έμβρυο/émvryo}}[ˈe̞ɱvrio̞]}} 'embryo' Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrewhe|סימפוניה|rtl=yes}}[siɱˈfoɲja]}} 'symphony' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarianhu|hamvad}}[ˈhɒɱvɒd]}} 'smoulder' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[9]it|invece}}[iɱˈveːt͡ʃe]}} 'instead' See Italian phonology
Kukuya[10][ɱíì]}} 'eyes' Phonemic.
Macedonianmk|трамвај}}[traɱˈvaj]}} 'tram' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegianno|komfyr}}[kɔɱˈfyːɾ]}} 'stove' See Norwegian phonology
Romanianro|învăța}}[ɨɱˈvət͡sä]}} 'to learn' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11]sh|tramvaj}}[trǎɱʋaj]}} 'tram' /m/}} before {{IPA|/f, ʋ/}}.[11] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[12]sl|simfonija}}[siɱfɔˈníːja]}} 'symphony' m}} and {{IPAslink|n}} before {{IPAslink|f}} and {{IPAslink|ʋ}}.[12]
Spanish[13]es|influir}}[iɱfluˈiɾ]}} 'to have influence' See Spanish phonology
Swedishsv|amfibie}}[aɱˈfiːbjɛ]}} 'amphibia' See Swedish phonology
West Frisianfy|ûnwis}}[uːɱ'ʋɪs]}} 'unsure' /n/}} before labiodental sounds.

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=57}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=18}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=40}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Hajek|first=John|title=Labiodental ɱ in Drubea|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|year=2009|volume=48|issue=2}}
5. ^Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Kooij|Van Oostendorp|2003|p=9}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=243}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Newton|1972|p=10}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=118}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=41}}
11. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}
12. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=136}}
13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}

References

{{refbegin}}
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|last=Kooij
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|year=2003
|title=Fonologie: uitnodiging tot de klankleer van het Nederlands
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7r6YHscTk5kC}}
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|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Maddieson
|first2=Ian
|authorlink2=Ian Maddieson
|year=1996
|title=Sounds of the World's Languages
|publisher=Blackwells
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Landau
|first=Ernestina
|last2=Lončarić
|first2=Mijo
|last3=Horga
|first3=Damir
|last4=Škarić
|first4=Ivo
|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=66–69
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Martínez-Celdrán
|first=Eugenio
|last2=Fernández-Planas
|first2=Ana Ma.
|last3=Carrera-Sabaté
|first3= Josefina
|year=2003
|title=Castilian Spanish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=255–259
|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001373
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Newton
|first=Brian
|year=1972
|title=The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology
|series=Cambridge Studies in Linguistics
|volume=8
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Paulian
|first=Christiane
|year=1975
|title=Le Kukuya Langue Teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales
|publisher=Peeters Publishers
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Rogers
|first=Derek
|last2=d'Arcangeli
|first2=Luciana
|year=2004
|title=Italian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=117–121
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001628
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Šuštaršič
|first=Rastislav
|last2=Komar
|first2=Smiljana
|last3=Petek
|first3=Bojan
|year=1999
|chapter=Slovene
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=135–139
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
}}
  • {{citation

|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=243–247
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}

3 : Pulmonic consonants|Nasal consonants|Voiced consonants
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