| 词条 | List of birds of Idaho |
| 释义 |
This list of birds of Idaho includes species documented in the U.S. state of Idaho and accepted by the Idaho Bird Records Committee (IBRC). As of July 2013, there were 426 species on the official list.[1] Of them, 176 are review species in part or all of the state.(see note)[2] Eight species found in Idaho have been introduced to North America. Between 2013 when the official list was published and July 2018, seven additional species have been photographically documented in the state.[3] These species are also included in this list, though their reports are pending with the IBRC. Only birds that are considered to have established, self-sustaining, wild populations in Idaho are included on this list. This means that birds that are considered probable escapees, although they may have been sighted flying free in Idaho, are not included. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North American Birds, 7th edition through the 59th Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[4][5] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list. The following tags have been used to annotate some species:
Ducks, geese, and waterfowlOrder: Anseriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AnatidaeThe family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Forty-one species have been recorded in Idaho.
New World quailOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: OdontophoridaeThe New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. Four species have been recorded in Idaho.
Pheasants, grouse, and alliesOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhasianidaePhasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Ten species have been recorded in Idaho.
GrebesOrder: Podicipediformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PodicipedidaeGrebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Six species have been recorded in Idaho.
Pigeons and dovesOrder: Columbiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ColumbidaePigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Five species have been recorded in Idaho.
CuckoosOrder: Cuculiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CuculidaeThe family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
Nightjars and alliesOrder: Caprimulgiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CaprimulgidaeNightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
SwiftsOrder: Apodiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ApodidaeThe swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have very long, swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Four species have been recorded in Idaho.
HummingbirdsOrder: Apodiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TrochilidaeHummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards. Eight species have been recorded in Idaho.
Rails, gallinules, and cootsOrder: Gruiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RallidaeRallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and tend to be weak fliers. Five species have been recorded in Idaho.
CranesOrder: Gruiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GruidaeCranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
Stilts and avocetsOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RecurvirostridaeRecurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
OystercatchersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: HaematopodidaeThe oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Lapwings and ploversOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CharadriidaeThe family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Seven species have been recorded in Idaho.
Sandpipers and alliesOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ScolopacidaeScolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Thirty species have been recorded in Idaho.
JaegersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: StercorariidaeSkuas and jaegers are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers. Three species have been recorded in Idaho.
Auks, murres, and puffinsOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlcidaeThe family Alcidae includes auks, murres, and puffins. These are short-winged birds that live on the open sea and normally only come ashore for breeding. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Gulls, terns, and skimmersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaridaeLaridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Twenty-five species have been recorded in Idaho.
LoonsOrder: Gaviiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GaviidaeLoons are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. Four species have been recorded in Idaho.
StorksOrder: Ciconiiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CiconiidaeStorks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills, and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
CormorantsOrder: Suliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhalacrocoracidaeCormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
PelicansOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PelecanidaePelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
Bitterns, herons, and egretsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ArdeidaeThe family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills. Eleven species have been recorded in Idaho.
Ibises and spoonbillsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ThreskiornithidaeThe family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills. Three species have been recorded in Idaho.
New World vulturesOrder: Cathartiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CathartidaeThe New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers, however, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
OspreyOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PandionidaePandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.
Hawks, kites, and eaglesOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AccipitridaeAccipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Thirteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
Barn-owlsOrder: Strigiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TytonidaeBarn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Typical owlsOrder: Strigiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: StrigidaeTypical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Thirteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
KingfishersOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlcedinidaeKingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
WoodpeckersOrder: Piciformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PicidaeWoodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Fifteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
Caracaras and falconsOrder: Falconiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FalconidaeFalconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Six species have been recorded in Idaho.
Tyrant flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TyrannidaeTyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous. Nineteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
ShrikesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaniidaeShrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
VireosOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: VireonidaeThe vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills. Nine species have been recorded in Idaho.
Jays, crows, magpies, and ravensOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CorvidaeThe family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Ten species have been recorded in Idaho.
LarksOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlaudidaeLarks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Swallows and martinsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: HirundinidaeThe family Hirundinidae is a group of passerines characterized by their adaptation to aerial feeding. These adaptations include a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and short bills with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Seven species have been recorded in Idaho.
Chickadees and titmiceOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ParidaeThe Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Five species have been recorded in Idaho.
Long-tailed titsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AegithalidaeLong-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
NuthatchesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SittidaeNuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet. Three species have been recorded in Idaho.
TreecreepersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CerthiidaeTreecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical tree limbs and tree trunks. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
WrensOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TroglodytidaeWrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Seven species have been recorded in Idaho.
GnatcatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PolioptilidaeThe family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
DippersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CinclidaeDippers are small, stout, birds that feed in cold, fast moving streams. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
KingletsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RegulidaeThe kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds in the genus Regulus. The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their names. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
Old World flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MuscicapidaeThe Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
ThrushesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TurdidaeThe thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Eleven species have been recorded in Idaho.
Mockingbirds and thrashersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MimidaeThe mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance. Five species have been recorded in Idaho.
StarlingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SturnidaeStarlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
WaxwingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: BombycillidaeThe waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Two species have been recorded in Idaho.
Silky-flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PtiliogonatidaeThe silky flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America. They are related to waxwings and most species have small crests.
AccentorsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PrunellidaeAccentors are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but unrelated to, sparrows. However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Old World sparrowsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PasseridaeOld World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
Wagtails and pipitsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MotacillidaeMotacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country. One species has been recorded in Idaho.
FinchesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FringillidaeFinches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Sixteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
Longspurs and snow buntingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CalcariidaeThe Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Four species have been recorded in Idaho.
New World sparrowsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PasserellidaeUntil 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns. Twenty-five species have been recorded in Idaho.
Yellow-breasted chatOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: IcteriidaeThis species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.
IcteridsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: IcteridaeThe icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. Fourteen species have been recorded in Idaho.
Wood-warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ParulidaeThe wood-warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some like the ovenbird and the two waterthrushes, are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores. Thirty-seven species have been recorded in Idaho.
Cardinals and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CardinalidaeThe cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages. Ten species have been recorded in Idaho.
Notes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.idahobirds.net/ibrc/ibrc.html |title=Review Species |author=Chuck Trost|display-authors=etal| date=July 2013|website= |publisher=Idaho Bird Records Committee |access-date=22 May 2017 |quote=}} 2. ^For some species, the IBRC requires detailed reports only from one part of the state. Such entries on this list are tagged with the most conservative requirement. For instance, a species which is reviewable only in the Panhandle will be tagged (R), just like a species which is reviewable statewide. However, species which are reviewable only in their "off" season, for instance many warblers in winter or Ross's goose in summer, are not tagged here. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=https://ebird.org/barchart?byr=1900&eyr=2018&bmo=1&emo=12&r=US-ID |title=Idaho eBird Bar Chart |author= |date=17 July 2018 |website= |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |access-date=17 July 2018 |quote=}} 4. ^American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 5. ^R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, Benjamin M. Winger, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2018, vol. 135:798-813 retrieved 16 July 2018 References{{reflist}}See also
External links
1 : Lists of birds of the United States |
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