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词条 List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
释义

  1. Pre-prohibition

  2. Legislation

  3. During prohibition

  4. See also

  5. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants with species that have long been used for fibre (hemp), for medicinal purposes, and as a drug. Industrial hemp products are made from cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber and minimal levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychoactive molecule that produces the "high" associated with cannabis as a drug.

Pre-prohibition

Cannabis may have been known in Britain as far back as the Bronze Age (ca. 2800 BP) when pieces of textiles and string were found at a site at St. Andrews in Scotland. Microscopic inspection showed that the fibres of these items appeared to have several different characteristics to those of flax.[1]

The first hard evidence of hemp in England are seeds that have been identified as cannabis sativa found in a Roman well in York.[2] Palynologists then find an increasing pollen curve in sediments, dating from the early Saxon period and peaking between 800 AD and 1200 AD.[3] Hemp cultivation was widespread and appears to have been concentrated around the coastal areas of Britain which would indicate its importance for making nets, sail-cloth and rope.[4]

However, to satisfy the increased demand for rope and sailcloth for King Henry VIII's new navy, he decreed (1533) that all landholders set aside one-quarter acre for the cultivation of flax or hemp for every sixty acres of land that they tilled in order to provide the necessary fibre. Queen Elizabeth I reintroduced the law (1563 AD) to expand her navy and imposes a £5 fine for any eligible landlord who failed to comply. From then on the demand increased and the hemp industry became very important to the British economy. Indeed, it was their need to improve the supply of this strategic raw commodity that come the 1630s the British sped up their colonization of the new world.[5]

Furthermore, cannabis also became an important medicine. There are claims that Queen Victoria took tincture of Cannabis to ease the pain of childbirth but these have been disputed.[6][7]

NameLifetimeNotable positions heldPartyRef.
David Urquhart{{sort|1805–1877|1805–1877}} Member of Parliament Independent[8]
Parties
{{legend2|#EEEEEE|Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Legislation

In order that Britain could ratify international treaties which it signed up to, it added tincture of cannabis to the list of drugs which already required an importation or exportation licence, granted by the Home Secretary. This took the form of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920.

Secondary legislation was introduced to ensure better standardization and quality of cannabis tincture. This was achieved by tight legislative control over sourcing the raw materials, processing and distribution. An effect of this control was to restrict the use of tincture to purposes that were strictly medical or scientific. Other forms of cannabis were not affected.

One of the regulations to maintain quality is briefly alluded to by Maud Grieve in her book A Modern Herbal, where she mentions in the section about Indian Hemp that "two-year-old ganja is almost inert, and the law requires it to be burnt in the presence of excise officers."[9]

The League of Nations was put in charge of international drug control after World War One. Cannabis was not initially subject to international control but was controlled as part of the 1925 Geneva Opium Conventions . Control came about due to the local situation in Egypt and the desire of the new leaders of the country to embarrass their former British rulers by claiming that its use had led to widespread insanity.[10] Due to its importance as a medicine and its other industrial uses, this proposal was reduced to prohibiting the unlicensed possession of cannabis. Britain ratified this agreement by amending the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 with the Dangerous Drugs Act 1925 which added some other of cannabis hitherto ignored. Namely, cannabis resin, cannabis oil (hash oil), cannabis leaf, flower-heads and the raw plant itself. However, whole seeds, seed oil (hemp oil) and fibre are not included. They can still be used for baiting fish, feeding birds, cooking, making strong ropes and high quality paper. In order that the government could avoid paying out compensation, enforcement of the act was delayed until 1928, thus giving people time to legitimately dispose of their stock which contravenes the new Bill.[11]

Following the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) the cultivation of cannabis ceased in the UK.

Cannabis tincture was finally removed from the British National Formulary in 1971 by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

During prohibition

{{Dynamic list}}

Politicians that have admitted to recreational use following prohibition include, Members of Parliament, Home Secretaries and other Ministers, Peers, and Mayors.

Key
{{Legend2|{{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|Labour|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{Scottish National Party/meta/color}}|SNP|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color}}|Liberal Democrats|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{Plaid Cymru/meta/color}}|Plaid Cymru|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
NameLifetimeNotable positions heldPartyRef.
Peter Ainsworth{{sort|1956|b. 1956}} Shadow Secretary of State Conservative[12]
Hazel Blears{{sort|1956|b. 1956}} Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Labour[13]
Andy Burnham{{sort|1970|b. 1970}} Secretary of State for Health
Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport		 Labour[13]
Charles Clarke{{sort|1950|b. 1950}} Home Secretary Labour[12]
James Cleverly{{sort|1969|b. 1969}} Member of Parliament Conservative[13]
Vernon Coaker{{sort|1953|b. 1953}} Minister of State for Schools Labour[13]
Yvette Cooper{{sort|1969|b. 1969}} Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Labour[14]
Bruce Crawford{{sort|1955|b. 1955}} Cabinet Secretary for Parliamentary Business and Government Strategy SNP[19]
Alistair Darling, Baron Darling of Roulanish{{sort|1953|b. 1953}} Chancellor of the Exchequer Labour[13]
Fergus Ewing{{sort|1957|b. 1957}} Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity SNP[19]
Caroline Flint{{sort|1961|b. 1961}} Minister of State Labour[13]
Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde{{sort|1960|b. 1960}} Leader of the House of Lords Conservative[12]
Harriet Harman{{sort|1950|b. 1950}} Leader of the House of Commons Labour[13]
John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness{{sort|1955|b. 1955}} Secretary of State for Defence Labour[13]
Fiona Hyslop{{sort|1964|b. 1964}} Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs
Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning		 SNP[19]
Bernard Jenkin{{sort|1959|b. 1959}} Shadow Secretary of State for Defence Conservative[12]
Boris Johnson{{sort|1964|b. 1964}} Foreign Secretary Conservative[15]
Jon Owen Jones{{sort|1954|b. 1954}} Parliamentary Under-Secretary of the Welsh Office Labour[16]
Ruth Kelly{{sort|1968|b. 1968}} Secretary of State for Transport
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
Secretary of State for Education and Skills		 Labour[13]
Liz Kendall{{sort|1971|b. 1971}} Shadow Minister for Care and Older People Labour[17]
Susan Kramer, Baroness Kramer{{sort|1950|b. 1950}} Minister of State for Transport Liberal Democrat[32]
Norman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick{{sort|1942|b. 1942}} Chancellor of the Exchequer Conservative[18]
Oliver Letwin{{sort|1956|b. 1956}} Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Conservative[12]
Tricia Marwick{{sort|1953|b. 1953}} Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament SNP[19]
Francis Maude, Baron Maude of Horsham{{sort|1953|b. 1953}} Minister for the Cabinet Office Conservative[12]
Stewart Maxwell{{sort|1963|b. 1963}} Minister for Communities and Sport SNP[19]
Tony McNulty{{sort|1958|b. 1958}} Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform Labour[13]
Mo Mowlam{{sort|1949–2005|1949–2005}} Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Labour[32]
Archie Norman{{sort|1954|b. 1954}} Shadow Secretary of State Conservative[12]
Shona Robison{{sort|1966|b. 1966}} Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport SNP[19]
Jacqui Smith{{sort|1962|b. 1962}} Home Secretary Labour[19]
Nicola Sturgeon{{sort|1970|b. 1970}} First Minister of Scotland SNP[20]
Matthew Taylor, Baron Taylor of Goss Moor{{sort|1963|b. 1963}} Liberal Democrats Treasury Spokesman Liberal Democrat[21]
Chuka Umunna{{sort|1978|b. 1978}} Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Labour[22]
David Willetts, Baron Willetts{{sort|1956|b. 1956}} Minister of State for Universities and Science Conservative[12]
Leanne Wood{{sort|1971|b. 1971}} Member of the National Assembly for Wales Plaid Cymru[23]
Tim Yeo{{sort|1945|b. 1945}} Shadow Secretary of State Conservative[24]
David Cameron, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and former leader of the Conservative Party, has not clearly communicated whether he has used cannabis but he has said that he is "not issuing denials" about the stories on the front pages of several national newspapers claiming that he had. He did however, while Leader of the Opposition, say, that he supports the legalisation of medical cannabis.[25][26]

See also

{{Portal|Cannabis|United Kingdom}}
  • Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom
  • Cannabis in the United Kingdom
  • List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
  • {{sectionlink|Drug user|Notable drug users}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last=Ryder|first=M. L.|year=1993|title=Probable hemp fibre in Bronze Age Scotland|journal=Archeological Textiles Newsletter|issue=17|pages=10–13}}
2. ^{{cite book|first=John Peter|last=Wild|date=April 2003|title=Textiles in Archaeology|page=22|publisher=Shire Publications|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-85263-931-3}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=M. P.|last2=Clarke|first2=R. C.|year=1998|title=Physical evidence for the antiquity of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)|journal=Journal of the International Hemp Association|issue=5|pages=80–92|url=http://www.goa-shoom.net/botanica/Fleming%20and%20Clarke_antiquity%20of%20Cannabis%20sativa%20L_IJHA%201998.pdf}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Whittington|first1=Graeme|last2=Edwards|first2=Kevin J.|date=December 1990|title=The cultivation and utilisation of hemp in Scotland|journal=Scottish Geographical Journal|volume=106|issue=3|pages=167–173|doi=10.1080/00369229018736795}}
5. ^Deitch, Robert (2003) Hemp: American history revisited: the plant with a divided history. page 12. Algora Publishing. Accessed 2010-01-16
6. ^A pharmacy of her own: Victorian women and the figure of the opiate by Aikens, Kristina, Ph.D., TUFTS UNIVERSITY, 2008, 276 pages; 3304089
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Berridge|first=Virginia|date=2003-01-01|title=Queen Victoria's Cannabis Use: Or, How History Does and Does Not Get Used in Drug Policy Making|journal=Addiction Research & Theory|volume=11|issue=4|pages=213–215|doi=10.1080/1606635031000135604|issn=1606-6359}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://chapingo.crcnetbase.com/books/4191/TF3142ch1.pdf|title=Cannabis Use and Abuse By Man: An Historical Perspective|page=20|year=1998|first=|last=|website=|publisher=Overseas Publishers Association N.V.|accessdate=20 January 2010}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Grieve|first=Maud|year=1931|title=A modern herbal|page=396|publisher=Johnathan Cape Ltd.}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/1593439|title=Demons: Our changing attitudes to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs|last=V|first=Berridge|date=2013-01-01|website=researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk|access-date=2017-04-27}}
11. ^{{cite book|first1=Nicholas|last1=Dorn|first2=Karim|last2=Murji|first3=Nigel|last3=South|date=20 December 1991|title=Traffickers: drug markets and law enforcement|pages=178–179|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-03537-8}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article2102825.ece|title=Puffing politicians: list of cannabis confessions|date=19 July 2007|accessdate=19 January 2010|work=The Times|publisher= News Corporation|first=Jenny|last=Booth | location=London}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/01/james-cleverly-tory-mp-braintree-marijuana-online-porn|title=Tory MP reveals he smoked marijuana and watched online porn|date=1 November 2015|accessdate=2 November 2015|publisher=The Guardian}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1001628.stm|title=Cannabis laws 'too strict' say doctors|date=2 November 2000|accessdate=19 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/1446705.boris_i_took_cocaine_and_cannabis/|title=Boris: I took cocaine and cannabis|date=4 June 2007|accessdate=16 January 2010|work=Oxford Mail|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/968588.stm|title=Cannabis-smoking past of Cardiff MP|date=12 October 2000|accessdate=16 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
17. ^https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jul/22/jeremy-corbyn-could-lose-frontbenchers-if-elected-labour-leader
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/971632.stm|title=Minister admits cannabis past|date=14 October 2000|accessdate=19 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6907040.stm|title=Top ministers admit cannabis use|date=20 July 2007|accessdate=16 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1720647.ece|title=Half of SNP cabinet used cannabis|date=29 April 2007|accessdate=20 January 2010|work=Sunday Times|publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd | location=London | first=Tom | last=Gordon}}
21. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/616929.stm|title=Senior Lib Dem tried cannabis|date=24 January 2000|accessdate=16 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/9368066/I-smoked-marijuana-admits-Chuka-Umunna.html|title=I smoked marijuana, admits Chuka Umunna|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=13 September 2012|publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}
23. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39920394 Leanne Wood: Plaid Cymru leader 'took drugs as student']. BBC NEWS. Published 15 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/963059.stm|title=Eighth Tory admits cannabis use|date=10 October 2000|accessdate=16 January 2010|publisher=BBC News}}
25. ^Reuters UK (10 February 2007). Cameron smoked cannabis in youth – papers. Accessed 2009-01-18
26. ^Reuters UK (11 February 2007). UK opposition chief won't deny he smoked cannabis. Accessed 2009-01-18
{{Cannabis in the United Kingdom}}{{Cannabis resources}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of British Politicians Who Admit To Cannabis Use}}

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