| 词条 | Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge |
| 释义 |
|bridge_name = Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge |image = I-90 floating bridges looking east.JPG |image_size = 220 |caption = The Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge (right) and the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge (left), looking east toward Mercer Island |carries = {{jct|state=WA|I|90}}, eastbound lanes |crosses = Lake Washington |locale = Seattle / Mercer Island, Washington, USA |maint = Washington State DOT |design = Pontoon bridge |length = {{convert|6620|ft|abbr=on}} |open = July 2, 1940 |rebuilt = September 12, 1993 }} The Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge is in the northwest United States, one of the Interstate 90 floating bridges that carries the eastbound lanes of Interstate 90 across Lake Washington from Seattle to Mercer Island, Washington. Westbound traffic is carried by the adjacent Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge (1989). The Murrow Bridge is the second-longest floating bridge on Earth at {{convert|6620|ft|abbr=on}}; the longest is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge—Evergreen Point (2016, original: 1963), a few miles north on the same lake. The third-longest is the Hood Canal Bridge, about {{convert|30|mi|-1|spell=in}} to the northwest. The original Murrow Bridge opened in 1940 and was called the Lake Washington Floating Bridge. It was renamed the Lacey V. Morrow bridge in 1967. [1] The original bridge closed {{nowrap|in 1989;[2][3]}} with the current bridge opening {{nowrap|in 1993.[4]}} Along with the east portals of the Mount Baker Ridge Tunnel, the bridge is an official City of Seattle landmark.[5] While the bridge originally had an opening span at the center of the bridge to allow a horizontal opening of {{convert|202|ft}} for major waterborne traffic, the only boat passages currently are elevated fixed spans at the termini with {{convert|29|ft}} of vertical clearance.[6] HistoryThe bridge was the brainchild of engineer Homer Hadley, who had made the first proposal in 1921.[7] The bridge came about after intensive lobbying, particularly by George Lightfoot, who came to be called the "father of the bridge." Lightfoot began campaigning for the bridge in 1930, enlisting the support of Miller Freeman.[8][9][10] Construction began January 1, 1939 and was completed in 1940.[11] The construction cost for the project, including approaches, was approximately $9 million. It was partially financed by a bond issue of $4,184,000.[12] Tolls were removed in 1949.[13] The bridge sank in a storm on November 25, 1990 while it was undergoing refurbishing and repair.[14] The current bridge was built in 1993. The eponymous Lacey V. Murrow {{nowrap|(1904–1966)}} was the second director of the Washington State Highway Department and a highly-decorated U.S. Air Force officer who served as a bomber pilot in World War II and rose to the rank of {{nowrap|brigadier general.[15][16][17]}} {{nowrap|A 1925}} graduate of Washington State College in Pullman, he was the oldest brother of CBS commentator Edward R. Murrow.[17] The original bridge was built under a {{frac|1|1|2}}-year contract awarded to the Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company (the project was led by engineer Peter John Jensen) in the amount of $3,254,000.[18] It included a movable span that could be retracted into a pocket in the center of the fixed span to permit large boats to pass. This design resulted in a roadway "bulge" that required vehicles to swerve twice across polished steel joints as they passed the bulge. A reversible lane system, indicated by lighted overhead lane control signals with arrow and 'X' signs, compounded the hazard by putting one lane of traffic on the "wrong" side of the bulge at different times of day in an effort to alleviate rush-hour traffic into or out of Seattle. There were many serious collisions on the bridge. The problems grew worse as the traffic load increased over the years and far outstripped the designed capacity. Renovation or replacement was essential and a parallel bridge, the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, was completed in 1989, and named for Hadley in 1993. With the opening of the new bridge, the 49-year-old Murrow Bridge closed on June 23, 1989, for renovation work that was originally projected to take {{nowrap|three years.[19][20][21]}} 1990 disasterIn November 1990, while under re-construction, the original bridge sank because of a series of human errors and decisions. The process started because the bridge needed resurfacing and was to be widened by means of cantilevered additions in order to meet the necessary lane-width specifications of the Interstate Highway System. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) decided to use hydrodemolition (high-pressure water) to remove unwanted material (the sidewalks on the bridge deck). Water from this hydrodemolition was considered contaminated under environmental law and could not be allowed to flow into Lake Washington.[22] Engineers then analyzed the pontoons of the bridge, and realized that they were over-engineered and the water could be stored temporarily in the pontoons. The watertight doors for the pontoons were therefore removed. A large storm on November 22–24 (the Thanksgiving holiday weekend),[23] filled some of the pontoons with rain and lake water. On Saturday, November 24, workers noticed that the bridge was about to sink, and started pumping out some of the pontoons; on Sunday, November 25, a {{convert|2790|ft|adj=on}} section of the bridge sank, dumping the contaminated water into the lake along with tons of bridge material. It sank when one pontoon filled and dragged the rest down, because they were cabled together and there was no way to separate the sections under load. No one was hurt or killed, since the bridge was closed for renovation and the sinking took {{nowrap|some time.[2][3]}} All of the sinking was captured on film and shown on live TV. The cost of the disaster was $69 million in damages. A dozen anchoring cables for the new Hadley bridge were {{nowrap|severed,[19][24]}} and it was closed for a short time afterward.[25] Westbound traffic was allowed {{nowrap|on Tuesday,[26]}} and eastbound traffic was resumed in early December.[27] The disaster delayed the bridge's reopening by 14 months, to September 12, 1993.[4][28] Precedents and lessons learnedWSDOT had lost another floating bridge, the Hood Canal Bridge, in February 1979 under similar circumstances. It is now known that the other major floating bridge in Washington, the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, was under-engineered for local environmental conditions; that 1963 bridge was replaced with a new floating span {{nowrap|in 2016.[29]}} See also
Notes1. ^Lange, G. (1999). Lake Washington Floating Bridge is dedicated on July 2, 1940. Washington State Department of Transportation. http://www.historylink.org/File/682 2. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lp1fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wDEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4255%2C3266955 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |agency=Associated Press |last=Costello |first=Nancy |title=Flood waters send bridge to bottom |date=November 26, 1990 |page=1A}} 3. ^1 {{cite new|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qGtXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lPADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5984%2C5882189 |work=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |title=Floating bridge collapses after storm hits |date=November 26, 1990 |page=A1}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M5MyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_vADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6912%2C2787497 |work=Spokesman-Review |title=Floating bridge opens |agency=Associated Press |date=September 13, 1993 |page=A12}} 5. ^[https://www.cityofseattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/l.htm Landmarks Alphabetical Listing for L] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035534/https://www.cityofseattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/l.htm |date=July 21, 2011 }}, Individual Landmarks, Department of Neighborhoods, City of Seattle. Accessed December 28, 2007. 6. ^Tudor Engineering Company for Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways. Legislative Reconnaissance and Feasibility Report "Lake Washington Bridge Crossings, Parallel Evergreen Point Bridge, North Lake Bridge. December 1968. 7. ^{{cite web |last=Burrows |first=Alyssa |date=January 18, 2005 |title=Homer Hadley formally proposes a concrete pontoon floating bridge across Lake Washington on October 1, 1921. |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7212 |work=HistoryLink |accessdate=September 19, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite news |date=April 18, 1941 |title=G. W. Lightfoot Taken By Death |newspaper=The Seattle Times}} 9. ^{{cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Peggy |date=May 24, 1989 |title=George Lightfoot's Vision Spanned Lake Washington |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB533666D01A021?p=AMNEWS |subscription=yes |via=NewsBank |newspaper=The Seattle Times |page=H1 |accessdate=September 19, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Brahm |first=Jane Meyer |year=2013 |title=Mercer Island History: From Haunted Wilderness to Coveted Community |publisher=Island Books |page=}} 11. ^{{cite web |last=Zylstra |first=Brian |date=January 28, 2011 |title=Building the first Lake Washington floating bridge |url=http://blogs.sos.wa.gov/FromOurCorner/index.php/2011/01/building-the-first-lake-washington-floating-bridge/ |work=From Our Corner |publisher=Washington Office of the Secretary of State |accessdate=September 19, 2015}} 12. ^Tudor Engineering Company for Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways. Legislative Reconnaissance and Feasibility Report "Lake Washington Bridge Crossings, Parallel Evergreen Point Bridge, North Lake Bridge. December 1968. 13. ^{{cite news |date=July 19, 1949 |title=Floating Bridge Pays For Itself |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pa0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-9YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2091,2198919&hl=en |via=Google News Archive |agency=Newspaper Enterprise Association |newspaper=The Southeast Missourian |page=3 |accessdate=May 18, 2010}} 14. ^{{cite news |date=November 26, 1990 |title=Pontoon Bridge Sinks in Flooding As Seattle Is Battered by Storms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/26/us/pontoon-bridge-sinks-in-flooding-as-seattle-is-battered-by-storms.html |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=September 19, 2015}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JbwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wvcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3128%2C298060 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |title=Gen. Lacey Murrow found dead in hotel |date=December 17, 1966 |page=3}} 16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/106105/brigadier-general-lacey-van-buren-murrow/ |publisher=United States Air Force |agency=(Biographies) |title=Brigadier General Lacey Van Buren Murrow |accessdate=August 8, 2018}} 17. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/7278 |work=History Link |last=Oldham |first=Kit |title=Lacey V. Murrow becomes Director of Highways on March 20, 1933 |agency=(Essay 7278) |date=March 16, 2005 |accessdate=August 8, 2018}} 18. ^{{cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=F.E. |date=January 5, 1939 |title=Low Bidder Get Contract on Pontoon Bridge |journal=Engineering News-Record |volume=122 |issue=1 |page=5 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing Company |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/?id=48ojAAAAMAAJ |via=Google Books |accessdate=December 28, 2008}} 19. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DmxXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r_ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2277%2C40057 |work=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |title=Contractor on old bridge goes after big projects |date=December 1, 1990 |page=A8}} 20. ^{{cite news |last=Gough |first=William |date=June 22, 1989 |title=That'll be one bridge – to go – The old I-90 closes tomorrow|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB53370D87BFC49?p=AMNEWS|newspaper=The Seattle Times |page=A1 |accessdate=May 16, 2018 |via=NewsBank |registration=yes }} 21. ^{{cite news |author= |date=June 23, 1989 |title=Eastbound I-90 lanes to close over weekend in shift to new bridge|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB0492B6716847B?p=AMNEWS|newspaper=The Seattle Post-Intelligencer |page=B1 |accessdate=May 15, 2018 |via=NewsBank |registration=yes }} 22. ^Donald O. Dusenberry, et al. (Feb. 1995). "Failure of Lacey V. Murrow floating bridge, Seattle, Washington." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, v. 9, n. 1, p 4-23. 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lp1fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wDEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4313%2C3310099 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |agency=Associated Press |last=Cabrera |first=Luis |title=Record rains create chaos in parts of western Washington |date=November 26, 1990 |page=6A}} 24. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=whhXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=__kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6019%2C4443540 |work=Spokane Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |title=I-90 bridge opened and shut and... |date=November 29, 1990 |page=A1}} 25. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qWtXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lPADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3152%2C6126370|work=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |last=Costello |first=Nancy |title=Surviving I-90 bridge still at mercy of wind |date=November 27, 1990 |page=A1}} 26. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qmtXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lPADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5013%2C6800158 |work=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |title=Crews rush to anchor I-90 bridge |date=November 28, 1990 |page=B1}} 27. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=erkSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1996%2C41340 |work=Spokane Chronicle |last=Rosenwald |first=Lonnie |title=Bridge still creates splash |date=December 3, 1990 |page=A6}} 28. ^{{cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Peggy |date=September 9, 1993 |title=Last link of I-90 ends 30-year saga |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB536A94159C1EC?p=AMNEWS|newspaper=The Seattle Times |page=A10 |accessdate=May 16, 2018 |via=NewsBank |registration=yes }} 29. ^{{cite web |title=SR 520 - Floating Bridge and Landings Project |url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/SR520Bridge/BridgeAndLandings/Default.htm |publisher=Washington State Department of Transportation |accessdate=September 19, 2015}} External links
17 : Bridge disasters in the United States|Bridge disasters caused by construction error|Bridges in Seattle|Bridges in King County, Washington|Bridges completed in 1993|Bridges completed in 1940|Interstate 90|Landmarks in Seattle|Monuments and memorials in Washington (state)|Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Road bridges in Washington (state)|Bridges on the Interstate Highway System|Transportation disasters in Washington (state)|Former toll bridges|1940 establishments in Washington (state)|Construction accidents in the United States|Pontoon bridges in the United States |
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