1. The Forty

2. References

3. Source material

Hermann Spiess,^[1] Ferdinand Ludwig Herff^[2] and Gustav Schleicher ^[3] founded Darmstadt Die Vierziger (the Society of Forty), sometimes referred to as the Socialistic Colony and Society. The founders, as well as many of the members, were from Darmstadt. They originally planned to establish socialistic communes in Wisconsin.

Spiess and Herff were approached in Wiesbaden by Adelsverein Vice President and Executive Secretary-Business Director Count Carl Frederick Christian of Castell-Castell,^[4] who made a deal with them to colonize 200 families on the Fisher–Miller Land Grant territory in Texas. In return, they were to receive $12,000 in money, livestock, equipment and provisions for a year. After the first year, the colonies were expected to support themselves.^[5] The colonies attempted were Castell,^[6] Leiningen, Bettina,^[7] Schoenburg and Meerholz in Llano County; Darmstädler Farm in Comal County; and Mills County in Kendall County.^[8] Of these, only Castell and Tusculum survives. The colonies failed after the Adelsverein funding expired, and also due to conflict of structure and authorities. Some members moved to other Adelsverein settlements in Texas. Others moved elsewhere, or returned to Germany.

The Forty

The following list is derived from the first-hand account of Louis Reinhardt.^[9]

References

Source material

• {{cite book|last=King|first=Irene Marschall|title=John O.Meusebach|year=1967| publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73656-6|pages=}}
• {{cite book|last=Morgenthaler|first=Jefferson|title=Boerne, Settlement on the Cibolo|year=2005|publisher=Mockingbird Books|isbn=978-1-932801-08-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Morgenthaler|first=Jefferson|title=The German Settlement of the Texas Hill Country|year=2007|publisher=Mockingbird Books|isbn=978-1-932801-09-5}}
• {{cite book|title=Pioneers in God's Hills|year=1960|publisher=Gillespie County Historical Society}}
• {{cite book|last=Reichstein|first=Andreas|title=German Pioneers on the American Frontier: The Wagners in Texas and Illinois|year=2001|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=978-1-57441-134-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNd_mx9bkY0C&pg=PA261&dq=%22Julius+Wagner%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQura70f7UAhUU22MKHZHDBkgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Julius%20Wagner%22&f=false}}
• {{cite book|last=Sowell|first=Andrew Jackson|authorlink=Andrew Jackson Sowell|title=Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of Southwest Texas|orig-year=1900|date= 2010|publisher=General Books LLC|ISBN=978-1-4590-6750-9|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001264350|via=HathiTrust}}

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