请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of firsts in aviation
释义

  1. The forerunners

     First alleged human flights  First recorded lighter-than-air (aerostat) flights 

  2. Heavier than air; 1853–1947

  3. Heavier than air; 1947–present

  4. See also

  5. Notes and references

  6. Bibliography

This is a list of firsts in aviation.

The forerunners

First alleged human flights

  • In the year 559, several prisoners of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi, including Yuan Huangtou of Ye, were forced to launch themselves from a tower attached to a kite, as an experiment. Yuan Huangtou was the sole survivor, successfully gliding over the city walls. He was later executed.[1]
  • Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), a Muslim Andalusian polymath, is rumored to have made a successful attempt at flying, according to the account of the historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari seven centuries later. He built his own glider, and launched himself from a mountain.[2]
  • In the early 11th century (possibly first decade), Eilmer of Malmesbury, an English Benedictine monk, attempted a gliding flight using wings. According to the Gesta Regum Anglorum, Eilmer travelled over a furlong (660 feet, 201 metres) through the air before falling and breaking both his legs, rendering him lame for the rest of his life.[3]
  • Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi, unpowered gliding flight over the Bosphorus strait from the Galata Tower to Uskudar district in Istanbul between 1630–1632.[4][5]
  • In 1633, Lagari Hasan Çelebi, brother of Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi launched in a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[6][7]
  • Albrecht Berblinger (dubbed The Tailor from Ulm) is believed to have constructed a primitive hang glider in Ulm, Germany. Urged to make a public demonstration on May 30, 1811, he failed due to limited thermal updrafts over the cold Danube.

First recorded lighter-than-air (aerostat) flights

  • First recorded manned flight Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes piloted a hot air balloon (built by the Montgolfier brothers) from the Château de la Muette to the Butte-aux-Cailles, Paris, on November 21, 1783.[8][9] This was the first free manned flight; however, de Rozier had flown in a tethered balloon on October 15, 1783.[10]
  • First manned gas balloon flight: Professor Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert flew from Paris to Nesles-la-Vallée in a hydrogen-filled balloon on December 1, 1783.[11]
  • First women in a flight: The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon over Paris, on May 20, 1784.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
  • First woman in an untethered balloon: Élisabeth Thible flew over Lyon singing arias on June 4, 1784, in order to entertain Gustav III of Sweden.[12]
  • First steerable balloon (or airship): On July 15, 1784, the Robert brothers (Les Frères Robert) flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres, in their elongated balloon. The steerable craft, designed by Jacques Charles, followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals (1783–85) for a dirigible balloon, with a rudder, but the use of oars as a means of propulsion was not successful.[11]
  • First flight across the English Channel: Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries crossed the Channel in a balloon on January 7, 1785.[13]
  • First aviation disaster: On May 10, 1785, the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland, was seriously damaged when the crash of a hot air balloon resulted in a fire that burned down about 100 houses.[14]
  • First known fatalities in an air crash: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Pierre Romain died when their Rozière balloon deflated and crashed to the ground near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, on June 15, 1785.[15]
  • First jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jean-Pierre Blanchard used a parachute in 1793 to escape his hot air balloon when it ruptured.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
  • First successful jump from a balloon with a parachute: Andre Jacques Garnerin in Paris in 1797.[16]
  • First woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse jumped from an altitude of {{convert|900|m|ft}} on October 12, 1799.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
  • First woman to pilot her own balloon: Sophie Blanchard flew solo from the garden of the Cloister of the Jacobins in Toulouse on August 18, 1805.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
  • First woman to be killed in an aviation accident: Sophie Blanchard was killed when her hydrogen-filled balloon caught fire and crashed to the ground on July 6, 1819.[17]
  • First successful steerable powered balloon: The Giffard dirigible was invented by Henri Giffard, who piloted it from the Hippodrome in Paris to Trappes on September 24, 1852.[18]
  • First balloon mail service: Paris used balloons to pass vital information over Prussian lines during the five-month Siege of Paris in 1870-71.[19]
  • First tethered balloon for passengers: Developed by Henri Giffard in the Tuileries Garden, Paris, in 1878.[20]
  • First flight in an airship powered by an internal combustion engine: Alberto Santos Dumont, 1898.[21]
  • First flight of a rigid airship: Theodor Kober and Ferdinand von Zeppelin's LZ 1 first flew from the Bodensee on July 2, 1900, using a set of seventeen, hydrogen-filled internal gas cells for lift within a light metal structure and powered with a pair of Daimler inline-4 engines of 14 horsepower each.
  • First woman to pilot a powered aircraft: Rose Isabel Spencer, in Stanley Spencer's Airship Number 1, at Crystal Palace, London on 14 July 1902.[22][23]
  • First trans-Atlantic rigid airship flight: The British rigid airship R34 made the first trans-Atlantic flight by a rigid airship from July 2 to July 6, 1919, in a westerly direction from her base at RAF East Fortune to Mineola, New York, the first-ever east-west trans-Atlantic aircraft flight of any type.[24]
  • First people to reach the stratosphere: Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer ascended to the height of {{convert|51,000|ft|m|-2}} in a hydrogen-filled balloon over Augsburg, Germany, on May 27, 1931.[25]
  • First trans-Pacific solo flight in a balloon: Steve Fossett flew in a helium balloon from Seoul, South Korea, to Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, on February 21, 1995.[26]
  • First non-stop balloon flight around the Earth: Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones flew from Château d'Oex, Switzerland, to Egypt, on board the balloon Breitling Orbiter 3, between March 1 and March 21, 1999, taking a total time of 19 days, 21 hours and 47 minutes.[27]
  • First solo non-stop balloon flight around the Earth: Steve Fossett, in the 10-story high balloon Spirit of Freedom, circumnavigated the globe between June 19 and July 3, 2002.[28]

Heavier than air; 1853–1947

  • First glider flights
    • First glider flight: In 1853, a glider designed by George Cayley first flew. One report gives John Appleby as the pilot.[29][30][31]
    • First photographed manned glider flight: Otto Lilienthal, in 1891.[32]
  • First flight in a powered airplane:
    • On October 9, 1890, Clément Ader flew uncontrolled for approximately {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the steam-powered Éole.[33]
    • Gustave Whitehead claimed a flight on August 14, 1901, which was described in detail in a contemporary newspaper article.[34] His claims are dismissed by many aviation historians, as are those of persons who stated decades later that they saw short flights.[35][36]
    • Richard Pearse is said to have flown a fixed-wing aircraft several hundred meters on March 31, 1903. Pearse himself later denied this claim.[37] Several persons stated decades later that they witnessed or were told of short flights or hops by Pearse in 1903 prior to December, the month the Wrights flew.[38]
    • The Wright brothers are widely regarded as the inventors of the first fixed-wing aircraft to achieve sustained, controlled flight, the Wright Flyer. Orville Wright made the first successful flight in this aircraft on December 17, 1903, travelling {{convert|120|ft|m}} at a speed of {{convert|6.8|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.[39]
  • First circular flight by a powered airplane: Wilbur Wright flew 4,080 feet (1,244 m) in about a minute and a half on September 20, 1904.[40]
  • First heavier-than-air flight of more than 25 meters in Europe: On October 23, 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flew a distance of {{convert|60|m|ft}} in his 14-bis at the Chateau de Bagatelle, Paris, winning the Archdeacon Prize.[41]
  • First flight certified and registered by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI): On November 12, 1906, in the presence of official observers from the newly founded FAI, Alberto Santos Dumont flew his 14-bis a distance of {{convert|220|m|ft}} at the Chateau de Bagatelle, Paris.[42]
  • First airplane passenger:
    • Léon Delagrange, with pilot Henri Farman, on March 29, 1908.[43]
    • Charles Furnas, Wright Company mechanic, in a Wright Flyer III flown by Wilbur Wright on May 14, 1908.[44][45]
  • First use of the modern aircraft flight control system: Originally devised by French aviator Robert Esnault-Pelterie, in April 1908 Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII first took to the air with Esnault-Pelterie's control layout, using a joystick for elevator/aileron control, and a pivoted foot-bar for rudder control.[46][47]
  • First person to die in a crash of a powered airplane: Thomas Etholen Selfridge, a passenger on an aircraft piloted by Orville Wright which crashed at Fort Myer on September 17, 1908.[48] Wright was badly injured, and was hospitalised for seven weeks.
  • First ditching of an airplane in the sea: Hubert Latham, while attempting to complete the first powered flight across the English Channel on July 19, 1909, instead became the first person to perform a water landing when his aircraft suffered engine failure.[49]
  • First airplane flight across the English Channel: Louis Blériot crossed the Channel on July 25, 1909,[50] winning the Daily Mail prize of £1,000.[51]
  • First woman to earn a pilot license: Raymonde de Laroche on March 8, 1910.[52][53]
  • First documented and witnessed seaplane flight under power from water's surface: Henri Fabre, piloting the Fabre Hydravion, at Martigues, France, on March 28, 1910.[54]
  • First Chief of State to fly on an airplane: Ferdinand I of Bulgaria was a passenger in an aircraft flown by Jules de Laminne on July 15, 1910, during a visit in Belgium.[55]
  • First mid-air collision between two airplanes: An Antoinette monoplane, piloted by Rene Thomas, rammed Bertram Dickson's Farman biplane on October 1, 1910.[56][57]
  • First shipboard take-off and landing by an airplane: Eugene Burton Ely, in a Curtiss pusher, took off from a temporary platform aboard light cruiser USS Birmingham on November 14, 1910.[58] Ely was also the first to land an airplane on a ship, touching down on a temporary platform aboard armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania on January 11, 1911.[59]
  • The first non-stop flight from London to Paris: Pierre Prier on 12 April 1911 in 3 hours and 56 minutes.[60]
  • First woman to die in a crash of a powered airplane: Denise Moore, on July 21, 1911.[61]
  • First flight across the Continental Divide of the Americas: Cromwell Dixon flew over the Rocky Mountains in a Curtiss pusher on September 30, 1911, reaching an altitude of 7,100 feet.[62]
  • First ordnance deployment from an airplane: Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti released explosive grenades from his Etrich Taube airplane against Ottoman troops in Libya on 1 November 1911.[63]
  • First transcontinental flight across North America: Calbraith Perry Rodgers piloted the Wright Model EX pusher biplane, the Vin Fiz Flyer through a seventy-plus-stop cross-country flight from his departure from Sheepshead Bay, New York on September 17, 1911, flying westwards across the United States to arrive in Long Beach, California by December 10, 1911.[64]
  • First parachute jump from an airplane:
    • Grant Morton, according to some sources, jumped from a Wright Model B over Venice, California, in 1911.[65][66]
    • Albert Berry jumped from a Benoist biplane over Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, on March 1, 1912.[67] Berry is generally considered to have been the first to jump from an airplane, notwithstanding Morton's claim.[65]
  • First night mission: Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti in campaign against Ottoman Empire on 4 March 1912 [68]
  • First woman to fly across the English Channel: Harriet Quimby flew from Dover to Hardelot-Plage on April 16, 1912.[69]
  • First airplane flight across the Irish Sea: Denys Corbett Wilson took off from Goodwick in Wales in his Bleriot XI and landed at Enniscorthy in Ireland 100 minutes later, on April 22, 1912.[70]
  • First take-off by an airplane from a moving ship: Commander Charles R. Samson took off from a temporary platform aboard battleship HMS Hibernia in a Short Improved S.27 No. 38, on May 9, 1912.[71]
  • First bombing attack against a surface ship: Didier Masson and Captain Joaquín Bauche Alcalde, flying for Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza, dropped dynamite bombs on Federalist gunboats at Guaymas, Mexico, on May 10, 1913.[72]
  • First air drop of propaganda leaflets: Didier Masson, flying for the Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza, post May 10, 1913.[72]
  • First pilot to fly a loop: Pyotr Nesterov in a Nieuport IV, on September 9, 1913.[73]
  • First aircraft to exceed {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}} in level flight A Deperdussin Monocoque flown by Maurice Prévost in the 1913 Gordon Bennett Trophy race.[74]
  • First flight across the Mediterranean Sea: Roland Garros flew from the South of France to Tunisia, on September 23, 1913.[75]
  • First dogfight: Dean Ivan Lamb (flying a Curtiss pusher) and Phil Rader (in a Christopherson biplane) fired pistol shots at each other while airborne, during the Siege of Naco, Mexico. This incident took place sometime around November/December 1913; the exact date is unknown.[76]
  • First scheduled commercial flight using winged aircraft: On January 1, 1914, Tony Jannus piloted the inaugural flight of the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line with a Benoist XIV biplane flying-boat, carrying former St. Petersburg mayor Abraham C. Pheill as its first paying passenger. The flight from St. Petersburg to Tampa took 23 minutes, and was repeated twice daily, six days a week, until May 5, 1914.[77]
  • First flight across the North Sea: On July 30, 1914, Tryggve Gran flew from Cruden Bay in Scotland to Jæren in Norway, a distance of {{convert|320|mi|km}}, in 4 hours and 10 minutes.[78]
  • First aircraft shot down by ground fire: On 20. Aug 1914. during a reconnaissance mission, a Lohner B.I with a painted nickname "Bub" of the Fliegerkompagnie 13 of the Austro Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops was damaged by small arms fire of the infantry of the Combined Division of the Royal Serbian Army and forced to land near Lešnica, Serbia on the Serbian-held territory during the Battle of Cer. The pilot, Artur Schlett managed to avoid capture and reach the Austro-Hungarian troops. The airplane was captured by the Serbs who made great effort to repair it and include it in their own "Aircraft Command", but without success.
  • First aircraft intentionally downed by another aircraft: A Russian Morane-Saulnier G flown by Pyotr Nesterov rammed an Austrian Albatros B.II reconnaissance aircraft operated by observer Baron Friedrich von Rosenthal and pilot Franz Malina from FLIK 11 on September 7, 1914. Both aircraft were destroyed and all three individuals died.[79]
  • First aircraft to shoot down another aircraft: A French Voisin III, piloted by Sergeant Joseph Frantz and Corporal Louis Quénault, engaged a German Aviatik B.II near Rheims on October 5, 1914. After expending all of his machine-gun ammunition, Quénault shot the German pilot (Wilhelm Schlichting) with his rifle, causing the Aviatik to crash.[80]
  • First shooting down of a military aircraft with ground-to-air fire: During Italo-Turkish War in 1912 Turks shot an aeroplane by rifle.[81]
  • First shooting down of a military aircraft with ground-to-air artillery fire: Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac shot an Austro-Hungarian aircraft with a cannon on 30 September 1915, during a bombing raid on Kragujevac.[82][83]
  • First female military pilot: Eugenie Mikhailovna Shakhovskaya was a reconnaissance pilot in the Imperial Russian Air Service, having been ordered to active service on November 19, 1914.[84]
  • First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a forward-firing synchronized machine gun: Leutnant Kurt Wintgens of the Deutsches Heer's Fliegertruppe air service, while serving with its Feldflieger Abteilung 6b squadron flying a production prototype (M.5K/MG) of the Fokker E.I Eindecker, downed a French Morane-Saulnier L "Parasol" near Lunéville, France, on July 1, 1915.[85][86]
  • First female fighter pilot: According to Guinness World Records, Sabiha Gökçen.[87] However, others such as Marie Marvingt in 1915 [88][89] or Eugenie Mikhailovna Shakhovskaya[90][91][92] preceded her as military pilots in other roles, probably without a military academy enrollment.
  • First aerial torpedo attack on a ship: Charles Edmonds, flying a Short 184, torpedoed and sunk a Turkish supply ship in the Sea of Marmara on August 12, 1915. The ship was abandoned, having been crippled by a British submarine four days earlier.[93][94]
  • First combat search and rescue by airplane: Richard Bell Davies rescued a comrade who had been shot down in Bulgaria on November 19, 1915.[95]
  • First medical evacuation (medevac) by air: Louis Paulhan evacuated the seriously ill Milan Stefanik from the Serbian front in 1915.[96]
  • First black military pilot: Ahmet Ali Çelikten a.k.a. Arap Ahmet Ali was the first black military pilot in the history, served in Ottoman Aviation Squadrons from 1914 or 1915.[97][98][99] His grandmother came from Bornu (now in Nigeria) to the Ottoman Empire as a slave.[72][100]
  • First flights by an all-metal aircraft: The Junkers J 1 pioneering all-metal demonstrator aircraft was flown on several flight trials starting on 12 December 1915 through to 19 January 1916, by both Gefreiter Paul Arnold and Leutnant Theodor Mallinckrodt on separate occasions, with the J 1 attaining altitudes up to 900 meters (3,000 ft) and airspeeds up to 170 km/h (106 mph).[101]
  • First landing by an airplane on a moving ship: Squadron Commander Edwin Dunning, in a Sopwith Pup, landed on {{HMS|Furious|47|6}} on August 2, 1917.[102]
  • First flight by an airplane across the Andes: Luis Candelaria flew from Zapala, Argentina, to Cunco, Chile, on April 13, 1918; reaching an altitude of 4,000 meters.[103]
  • First flight across the Andes for its top mountains, Chile - Argentina: Teniente Dagoberto Godoy, on December 12, 1918. Made the crossing on a Bristol M.1C and was awarded by a bi-national Chilean-Argentinian prize. Reach an altitude of more 6.300 meters, without oxygen supply.
  • First transatlantic flight: US Navy flying boat NC-4 flew from New York to Plymouth, England via the Azores and Portugal. The flight was accomplished from May 8-31,1919. The fliers were awarded special congressional medals in 1929. [104]
  • First non-stop transatlantic flight: John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew a modified Vickers Vimy from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, on June 14–15, 1919. They were awarded a Daily Mail prize of £10,000, and both men were knighted by King George V.[105]
  • First England to Australia flight: Keith Macpherson Smith and Ross Macpherson Smith (plus mechanics Sergeant W.H. (Wally) Shiers and J.M. (Jim) Bennett) completed the journey from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Darwin in a Vickers Vimy on December 10, 1919, winning a prize of £A10,000.[106]
  • First African-American woman to obtain a pilot's license: Bessie Coleman on June 15, 1921.[107]
  • First flight to sustain a speed over {{convert|200|mph|abbr=on}} : Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan flown by Joseph Sadi-Lecointe over a distance of {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} in 1922.[108]
  • First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic: Artur de Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho flew from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between March 30 and June 17, 1922.[109] The first to use astronomical navigation (and to rely solely on it during the crossing), with an artificial horizon for aeronautical use.[110][111]
  • First aerial refueling: An Airco DH.4B biplane of the United States Army Air Service successfully refuelled another DH.4B in mid-air on June 27, 1923.[112]
  • First Portugal to China flight: Sarmento de Beires and Brito Pais flew from Vila Nova de Milfontes, Alentejo, to Canton, between April 7 and June 20, 1924.[113][114]
  • First aerial circumnavigation: A pair of Douglas World Cruisers of the United States Army Air Service completed an aerial circumnavigation of the world starting and ending in Seattle Washington, between April 6 and September 28, 1924.[115]
  • First solo non-stop transatlantic flight: Charles Lindbergh, flying the Spirit of St. Louis, made the 33-hour journey from New York to Paris on May 20–21, 1927, winning the Orteig Prize.[116]
  • First transpacific flight from U.S. mainland to Hawaii: U.S. Army lieutenants Albert Francis Hegenberger and Lester J. Maitland flew from California to Hawaii in the Bird of Paradise, a C-2 transport, on June 28–29, 1927.[117]
  • First female airline pilot: Marga von Etzdorf was hired by Lufthansa in 1927.[118] One year later, Mary, Lady Heath, was hired by KLM.
  • First transpacific flight to Australia: Charles Kingsford Smith and crew, in the Southern Cross, flew from Oakland, California, to Brisbane, Australia, between May 31 and June 9, 1928.[119]
  • First woman to fly across the Atlantic (as passenger): Amelia Earhart was flown by Wilmer Stultz and Louis Gordon, in a Fokker F.VII, from Trepassey, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales, on June 17, 1928.[120]
  • First successful trans-Tasman flight: Charles Kingsford Smith and crew, in the Southern Cross, flew from Richmond, New South Wales, to Christchurch, New Zealand, on September 9–10, 1928, becoming the first airplane pilots to successfully cross the Tasman Sea.[121]
  • First solo trans-Tasman flight: Guy Menzies, flying an Avro Avian named the Southern Cross Junior, took off from Sydney on January 7, 1931, and crash-landed in a swamp near Hari Hari, New Zealand, nearly twelve hours later.[122]
  • First nonstop flight across the Pacific Ocean: Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon flew Miss Veedol from Samushiro, Japan, to Wenatchee, Washington, on October 4–5, 1931. The journey took 41 hours, 13 minutes.[123]
  • First female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean: Amelia Earhart, in a Lockheed Vega 5B, flew from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, to Culmore, Ireland, on May 20, 1932.[124]
  • First successful single-lift rotor helicopter: Alexei Cheremukhin and Boris Yuriev's TsAGI-1EA, which flew to a record altitude of 605 meters (1,985 ft) on August 14, 1932.[125][126]
  • First flight over the world's highest peak, Mount Everest: Lord Clydesdale and David McIntyre, in Westland's PV-3 and PV-6 respectively, flew over Everest on April 3, 1933.[127]
  • First flight by a liquid-fueled rocket-powered aircraft: The Heinkel He 176, piloted by Erich Warsitz, made its maiden flight on June 20, 1939.[128]
  • First flight by a turbojet-powered aircraft: The Heinkel He 178, piloted by Erich Warsitz, made its maiden flight on August 27, 1939.[129]
  • First aerial combat engagement with a jet fighter: The Messerschmitt Me 262A-1a twin-jet fighter, Werknummer (serial number) 130 017 flown by Leutnant Alfred Schreiber, serving with the Ekdo 262 service test unit at Lechfeld Air Base, Bavaria, engaged an RAF de Havilland Mosquito twin-piston engined reconnaissance aircraft of 540 Squadron on July 26, 1944, in an inconclusive combat sortie.[130]
  • First combat sortie by any rocket-powered military aircraft: Major Wolfgang Späte flew the Messerschmitt Me 163B V41 Komet interceptor aircraft of the EK 16 service test unit from Bad Zwischenahn in northwest Germany on May 13, 1944.[131]

Heavier than air; 1947–present

  • First human to break the sound barrier: Chuck Yeager first exceeded the speed of sound in level flight in a Bell X-1 on October 14, 1947.[132]
  • First nonstop around-the-world flight: B-50A Superfortress Lucky Lady II, commanded by Capt. James Gallagher, flew around the world from 26 February to 2 March 1949, taking off and landing at Carswell AFB, Texas. The Superfortress refuelled inflight four times from KB-29M tankers.[133]
  • First woman to fly for a major U.S. airline: In March 1973 at age 24 Bonnie Tiburzi became the first female pilot for a major U.S. airline, American Airlines.
  • First supersonic scheduled passenger flights: Concorde, the world's first supersonic passenger transport, made two simultaneous maiden flights – from London to Bahrain, and from Paris to Rio de Janeiro – on January 21, 1976.[134]
  • First all-female airline flight crew: The British Air Ferries flight from Southend to Düsseldorf was captained by Caroline Frost on October 31, 1977.[135]
  • First all-female jet airliner flight crew: Cheryl Peters captained an all-female cockpit crew on a Piedmont Airlines Boeing 737 from Norfolk, Virginia to Newark, New Jersey on July 2, 1982.[136]
  • First non-stop, un-refueled fixed-wing aircraft flight around the Earth: Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, aboard the Rutan Model 76 Voyager, December 14–23, 1986. The flight took 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds.[134]
  • First all-female jet airliner cockpit and flight attendant crew: Beverley Bass captained the American Airlines flight of a Boeing 727 from Washington D.C. to Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1986.[137]
  • First deployment of an FAA-certified whole-plane parachute recovery system: Scott D. Anderson successfully flew all 7 inflight test deployments of the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS). The tests were done in a Cirrus SR20 during the summer of 1998; the plane became type certified in October of that year.[138][139][140]
  • First solo non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight around the Earth: Steve Fossett flew from Salina, Kansas, eastbound and back, on a Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, between February 28 and March 3, 2005, taking a total time of 67 hours.[141]
  • First piloted overnight solar-powered flight in a fixed-wing aircraft: Andre Borschberg piloted the Solar Impulse 1 for a continuous flight of more than 24 hours, between 7 July and 8 July 2010.[142]
  • First piloted non-stop solar-powered transatlantic flight: Bertrand Piccard flew from New York City to Seville in the Solar Impulse 2 between 20 June and 23 June 2016.[143]
  • First circumnavigation of the world by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power: Solar Impulse 2 between March 2015 and July 2016; Borschberg and Piccard alternated piloting stages of the journey.[144]

See also

  • Australian aviation firsts
  • Circumnavigation
  • Firsts in human spaceflight
  • Timeline of women in aviation

Notes and references

1. ^Zizhi Tongjian 167. "（永定三年）使元黄头与诸囚自金凤台各乘纸鸱以飞，黄头独能至紫陌乃堕，仍付御史中丞毕义云饿杀之。" (Rendering: In the 3rd year of Yongding, 559, Gao Yang conducted an experiment by having Yuan Huangtou and a few prisoners launch themselves from a tower in Ye, capital of the Northern Qi. Yuan Huangtou was the only one who survived from this flight, as he glided over the city-wall and fell at Zimo [western segment of Ye] safely, but he was later executed.)
2. ^{{cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |authorlink=Philip Khuri Hitti |title=History of the Arabs, Revised: 10th Edition |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=September 6, 2002 |isbn=978-0-333-63142-3}}
3. ^William of Malmesbury – ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom (1998-9). Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English kings. Oxford Medieval Texts.
4. ^Who is Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121173615/http://www.cmistanbulbogazici.com/who-is-hezarfen-ahmet-celebi/ |date=2016-01-21 }}
5. ^Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi "The First Man to Fly" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121173616/http://www.privatetour.net/hezarfen-ahmet-celebi-the-first-man-to-fly |date=2016-01-21 }}
6. ^Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80
7. ^{{citation|title=Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history|first=John|last=Harding|publisher=Robson Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86105-934-5|page=5}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Brady |first=Tim |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ccymjJZxLcC&pg=PA310 |title=The American Aviation Experience: A History |publisher=SIU Press |page=310 |isbn=978-0-809-32371-5}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Oborne |first=Michael W. |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjSBROnWSywC&pg=PA86 |title=A History of the Château de la Muette |publisher=OECD Publishing |pages=86–7 |isbn=978-9-264-16161-0}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Craig |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QS38bu9iTwC&pg=PA37 |title=The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space |publisher=Naval Institute Press |page=37 |isbn=978-1-591-14748-0}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.fai.org/ballooning/newsletter/pr00-02.htm |title=CIA Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame 2000 Inductees |publisher=The International Air Sports Federation |date=September 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702221040/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/newsletter/pr00-02.htm |archivedate=July 2, 2004}}
12. ^{{cite book |last=Hallion |first=Richard P. |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRqV_PayIKIC&pg=PA58 |title=Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=58 |isbn=978-0-195-16035-2}}
13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1885/07/10/archives/bostons-first-aeronaut-dr-jeffriess-ventureacross-the-english.html |title=Boston's first aeronaut |work=The New York Times |date=July 10, 1885}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Byrne |first=Michael |url=http://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |title=The Tullamore Balloon Fire - First Air Disaster in History |publisher=Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society website |date=January 9, 2007 |accessdate=January 18, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081536/https://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |archivedate=March 26, 2012 |df= }}
15. ^Fulgence, Marion. "Part 2, Chapter 10: The Necrology of Aeronautics". Wonderful Balloon Ascents. Cassel Petter & Galpin.
16. ^Davy 1937, p.46
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/07/sophie-blanchard-first-woman-balloon-pilot/ |title=Sophie Blanchard – First Woman Balloon Pilot |publisher=Historic Wings |date=July 6, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dpzb4MN8?url=http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/07/sophie-blanchard-first-woman-balloon-pilot/ |archivedate=January 21, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/images/I009/10237471.aspx |title=The Giffard Airship, 1852 |publisher=The Science Museum, London |accessdate=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526055807/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/images/I009/10237471.aspx |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
19. ^Loving, Matthew (2011). Bullets and Balloons: French Airmail during the Siege of Paris. Franconian Press.
20. ^{{cite news|last=Williams |first=Amanda |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2247131/Pictured-Henri-Giffard-floats-war-damaged-buildings-Paris-worlds-balloon-passenger-flights-1878.html |title=Victorian Paris photographed from the air |work=The Daily Mail |date=December 12, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DpxmBDJP?url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2247131/Pictured-Henri-Giffard-floats-war-damaged-buildings-Paris-worlds-balloon-passenger-flights-1878.html |archivedate=January 21, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}
21. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t3ZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZEENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1126%2C2777181 |title=Was Brazilian first to fly? |work=The Leader-Post |date=November 12, 1986}}
22. ^Motoring Illustrated, August 2, 1902, pp 215-216
23. ^Manawatu Times, Volume XXVII, Issue 7526, 11 September 1902, Page 3
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airshipsonline.com/airships/r34/R34-Altanticflight.html |title=The Airship Heritage Trust - R34 - The Record Breaker - Atlantic Crossing |author= |date= |website=airshipsonline.com |publisher=The Airship Heritage Trust |access-date=June 21, 2017 |quote=The Air Ministry had now finally decided to take the R34 to the USA, and a northerly coastal route was decided in case the ship ran out of fuel, then she would never be too far from landfall...Major Scott made the decision to continue onto the agreed landing area at Mineola, Long Island, New York....The R34 landed at 9:54 am after 108 hours 12 minutes flying time.}}
25. ^{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Craig |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QS38bu9iTwC&pg=PA40 |title=The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space |publisher=Naval Institute Press |pages=40–44 |isbn=978-1-591-14748-0}}
26. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WcUxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WuYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4009%2C7873400 |title=Trans-Pacific trek beats ballooning flight record |work=Lawrence Journal-World |date=February 19, 1995}}
27. ^{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Glen |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nwMzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VggGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6551%2C6104094 |title=Historic balloon on show |work=The Free Lance-Star |date=September 24, 1999}}
28. ^{{cite news |last=Tinkler |first=Emma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lh8LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sFIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6817%2C874749 |title=Fossett lands after first around-the-world solo balloon quest |work=The Daily Courier |location=Yavapai County, Arizona |date=July 7, 2002}}
29. ^{{cite web| title = Sir George Cayley | url = http://www.flyingmachines.org/cayl.html| publisher = Flyingmachines.org| accessdate =26 July 2009}}
30. ^{{cite web| title = The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling| url = http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html| publisher = | accessdate =26 July 2009}}
31. ^{{cite web| title = U.S Centennial of Flight Commission – Sir George Cayley.| url = http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Prehistory/Cayley/PH2.htm| publisher = | accessdate =10 September 2008}}
32. ^{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=John D. |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OeCJFJY3ZYC&lpg=PA155&pg=PA155 |title=A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying Machines |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=155 |isbn=978-0-521-66955-9}}
33. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gibbs-Smith |first1=Charles H. |date=April 3, 1959 |title= Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs |journal=Flight |volume=75 |issue=2619 |page=468 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html}}
34. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c2wmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wf8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1605%2C3461876 |title=Flying |work=Bridgeport Herald |date=August 18, 1901}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/gwinfo/statement.html|publisher=Flying Machines |title=Statement Regarding The Gustave Whitehead Claims of Flight |accessdate=24 February 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Who_Was_First/Gustav_Whitehead/Gustav_Whitehead.htm |title=The Case for Gustave Whitehead |publisher=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
37. ^{{cite news |last=Duffy |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3307743.stm |title=Flights of fancy? |publisher=BBC News |date=December 12, 2003 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
38. ^Rodliffe, Geoffrey. "Research". New Zealand Aviation History, AvStop.com. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2016
39. ^{{cite journal |last=Gray |first=Carrol F. |url=http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html |title=The First Five Flights |journal=WW1 Aero - the Journal of the Early Aeroplane |issue=117 |date=August 2002 |pages=26–39}}
40. ^{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Fred |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKaqfYxlsW8C&pg=PA161 |title=Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |page=161 |isbn=978-0-486-40297-0}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Wright_Story/Showing_the_World/Prize_Patrol/Prize_Patrol.htm |title=The Prize Patrol |publisher=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.org/news/31942-FAI-News-17-06 |title=A Century of Sporting Achievements |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |date=November 15, 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DpxucW2m?url=http://www.fai.org/news/31942-FAI-News-17-06 |archivedate=January 21, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}
43. ^{{cite book|last=Vivian|first=E. Charles|title=A History of Aeronautics|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Pub.|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1-4191-0156-4|pages=134–135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7huSV1ijZeAC&pg=PA134}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_may08.html |title=This Month in Exploration - May: 100 Years Ago |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 29, 2012}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/1908_The_Year_the_Airplane_Went_Public.html |title=1908: The Year the Airplane Went Public |author=Tom D. Crouch |publisher=Air & Space/Smithsonian |date=August 29, 2008 |accessdate=August 29, 2012}}
46. ^{{cite book |title=Blériot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft. |last=Crouch |first=Tom |authorlink= |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location= |isbn= |page=22 }}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090725/world/english-channel-armada-to-mark-centenary-of-louis-bleriot-flight.266688|title=English Channel Armada to Mark Centenary of Louis Blériot Flight|author=AFP|publisher=Times of Malta|date=25 July 2009|accessdate=14 September 2015}}
48. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Fatal Fall Of Wright Airship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/09/18/archives/fatal-fall-of-wright-airship-lieut-selfridge-killed-and-orville.html |quote=Falling from a height of 75 feet, Orville Wright and Lieut. Thomas E. Selfridge of the Signal Corps were buried in the wreckage of Wright's aeroplane shortly after 5 o'clock this afternoon. The young army officer died at 8:10 o'clock to-night. Wright is badly hurt, although he probably will recover. |work=New York Times |date=September 18, 1908 |accessdate=2010-10-17 }}
49. ^{{cite news |last=Pattison |first=Jo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/kent/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8285000/8285305.stm |title=First to fly across the Channel |publisher=BBC News – Kent |date=October 1, 2009 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
50. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/07/26/101891525.pdf |title=Blériot Tells of his Flight |work=The New York Times |date=July 26, 1909 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
51. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200387.html |title=The New 'Daily Mail' Prizes |journal=Flight |volume=5 |issue=223 |date=April 5, 1913 |page=393}}
52. ^Air Trails, July 1953. "The Brave Baroness – First Licensed Ladybird" by Harry Harper.
53. ^{{cite web |title=First 10 women in the world to earn a pilot license|url=http://www.centennialofwomenpilots.com|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide |accessdate=December 5, 2015}}
54. ^{{cite book |last=Thurston |first=David E. |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HTPRym0iYIC&pg=PA67 |title=The World's Most Significant and Magnificent Aircraft: Evolution of the Modern Airplane |publisher=SAE |page=67 |isbn=978-0-768-00537-0}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/07/16/102043617.pdf |title=King up in aeroplane |work=The New York Times |date=July 16, 1910}}
56. ^"Aeroplanes in Collision". New York Times. October 2, 1910. p.11.
57. ^{{cite book |last=Driver |first=Hugh |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbrA5NJp2JMC&pg=PA110 |title=The Birth of Military Aviation: Britain, 1903-1914 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |page=110 |isbn=978-0-861-93234-4}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1910/ely-birm.htm |title=Eugene Ely's Flight from USS Birmingham, 14 November 1910 |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1911/ely-pa.htm |title=Eugene Ely's Flight to USS Pennsylvania, 18 January 1911 |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
60. ^"London To Paris By Aeroplane." Times [London, England] 13 Apr. 1911: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.
61. ^{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9t0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA2-PA350 |title=Month of achievement in aviation |journal=Popular Mechanics| date=August 1911 |page=350}}
62. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/10/01/104838096.pdf |title=Flies over the Rockies |work=The New York Times |date=October 1, 1911}}
63. ^{{cite book |last=Hippler|first=Thomas|authorlink= |date=2013 |title=Bombing the People |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages=1–2|id= |url= https://books.google.it/books?id=Fag0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|accessdate=2017-08-17|quote= |isbn=9781107037946}}
64. ^{{cite journal |last=Strother |first=French |authorlink= |date=January 1912 |title=Flying Across The Continent: C. P. Rodgers And The First Aerial Trans-Continental Trip |journal=The World's Work: A History of Our Time |volume=XXIII |issue= |pages=339–345 |id= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv--PfedzLAC&pg=PA339|accessdate=2009-07-10 |quote= }}
65. ^1 {{cite book |last=Bates |first=Jim |year=1990 |title=Parachuting: From Student to Skydiver |publisher=Tab Books |page=42 |isbn=978-0-830-63406-4}}
66. ^{{cite book |last=Poynter |first=Dan |year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKTuTXrXQu0C&pg=PA160 |title=The Parachute Manual: A Technical Treatise on Aerodynamic Decelerators |publisher=Para Publishing |page=160 |isbn=9780915516353}}
67. ^{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Robert K. |last2=Greenwood |first2=John T. |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fi3Q-YvWB9kC&pg=PA1934 |title=Airborne Forces at War: From Parachute Test Platoon to the 21st Century |publisher=Naval Institute Press |page=1 |isbn=978-1-591-14028-3}}
68. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13294524 | title=Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era | work=BBC News Website | date=May 10, 2011 | accessdate=May 10, 2011}}
69. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/04/17/100530585.pdf |title=Miss Quimby flies English Channel |work=The New York Times |date=April 17, 1912}}
70. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.politics.ie/forum/history/186941-day-irish-history-1912-1st-flight-across-irish-sea.html|title=This day in Irish History 1912: The 1st Flight across the Irish Sea|journal=Politics.ie|date=April 22, 2012}}
71. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200442.html |title=The Naval Review and the Aviators |journal=Flight |volume=IV |issue=20 |date=May 18, 1912 |page=442}}
72. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Dan |year=2008 |title=Conquistadors of the Sky: A History of Aviation in Latin America |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |page=76 |isbn=978-0-813-03249-8}}
73. ^{{cite web |last=Diamond |first=Karen |url=http://airsports.fai.org/apr2000/apr200001.html |title=Classic memories from the world of aerobatics |publisher=Air Sports International |date=April 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010424031702/http://airsports.fai.org/apr2000/apr200001.html |archivedate=April 24, 2001}}
74. ^The Gordon Bennett Race Flight International 4 October 1913
75. ^{{cite news |url=http://dalje.com/en-world/roland-garros-flies-over-mediterranean-sea/185141 |title=Roland Garros Flies Over Mediterranean Sea |publisher=Dalje |date=September 23, 2008 |accessdate=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070605/http://dalje.com/en-world/roland-garros-flies-over-mediterranean-sea/185141 |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pacaf.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100104-042.pdf |title=This Week in USAF and PACAF History – 24-30 November 2008 |publisher=Pacific Air Forces |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DpyJqJvF?url=http://www.pacaf.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100104-042.pdf |archivedate=21 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
77. ^{{cite journal |last=Glines |first=C. V. |url=http://www.historynet.com/st-petersburgtampa-airboat-line-worlds-first-scheduled-airline-using-winged-aircraft.htm/ |title=St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line: World's First Scheduled Airline Using Winged Aircraft |journal=Aviation History |date=May 1997}}
78. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1914/1914%20-%200837.html |title=Lieut. Gran's Flight To Norway |issue=293 |volume=VI |page=837 |journal=Flight |date=7 August 1914}}
79. ^Jon Guttman, et al. Pusher Aces of World War 1. London: Osprey Pub Co, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1846034176}} p.9
80. ^{{cite book |last=Guttman |first=John |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=is-ij4XZRTIC&pg=PA9 |title=Pusher Aces of World War I |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-1-846-03417-6}}
81. ^James D. Crabtree: On air defense, {{ISBN|0275947920}}, Greenwood Publishing Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cJAwkoYgghQC&pg=PA9&dq=italo+turkish+war+1911+deployed+airplanes&hl=de&sa=X&ei=YP0wUYXBJon12wW77YCoDQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22shot%20down%20by%20ground%20fire%20as%20the%20turks%22&f=false page 9]
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html | title=How was the first military airplane shot down|publisher=National Geographic| accessdate=5 August 2015}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pecat.co.rs/2014/09/radoje-raka-ljutovac-prvi-u-svetu-oborio-avion-topom/| title=Radoje Raka Ljutovac – first person in the world to shoot down an airplane with a cannon|publisher=Pečat| accessdate=5 August 2015}}
84. ^{{cite book |last=Robson |first=Pamela |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOPj5ufH7vcC&pg=PT183 |title=Wild Women: History's Female Rebels, Radicals and Revolutionaries |publisher=Pier 9 |isbn=978-1-741-96632-9}}
85. ^{{cite book |last=vanWyngarden |first=Greg |authorlink= |title=Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #73: Early German Aces of World War 1 |url= |year=2006 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Botley, Oxford UK & New York City, USA |isbn=978-1-84176-997-4 |pages=11 & 12}}
86. ^Sands, Jeffrey, "The Forgotten Ace, Ltn. Kurt Wintgens and his War Letters", Cross & Cockade USA, Summer 1985.
87. ^{{cite web|title=First Female Combat Pilot|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-female-combat-pilot|website=Guinness World Records Official Web Site|accessdate=15 May 2016}}
88. ^{{cite news|title=1915 - First woman pilot in combat missions as a bomber pilot - Marie Marvingt (France) |url=http://www.centennialofwomenpilots.com/content/1915-first-woman-pilot-combat-missions-bomber-pilot-marie-marvingt-france |publisher=Centennial of Women Pilots |accessdate=10 January 2015 |quote=In 1915, Marvingt became the first woman in the world to fly combat missions when she became a volunteer pilot flying bombing missions over German-held territory and she received the Croix de Guerre (Military Cross) for her aerial bombing of a German military base in Metz. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111004457/http://www.centennialofwomenpilots.com/content/1915-first-woman-pilot-combat-missions-bomber-pilot-marie-marvingt-france |archivedate=11 January 2015 |df= }}
89. ^Historic Wings – Online Magazine; Article on Hélène Dutrieu Coupe Femina and Marie Marvingt:, Published on December 21, 2012:http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/12/helene-dutrieux-and-the-coupe-feminaRetrieved 10 January 2015.
90. ^{{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Eric and Jane|title=The First Air Campaign: August 1914- November 1918|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9PGHckhHiX0C&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=aviatrix+Shakhovskaya#v=onepage&q=aviatrix%20Shakhovskaya&f=false|date=1996|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-81213-2|page=56|quote=Eugenie Shakhovskaya, a 25 year old Russian princess, was the first female fighter pilot in history.}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/women_combat_pilots_ww1.html|title=Women Combat Pilots of WW1|accessdate=10 January 2015|quote=Princess Eugenie M. Shakhovskaya was Russia's first woman military pilot. Served with the 1st Field Air Squadron. Unknown if she actually flew any combat missions, and she was ultimately charged with treason and attempting to flee to enemy lines. Sentenced to death by firing squad, sentence commuted to life imprisonment by the Tsar, freed during the Revolution, became chief executioner for Gen. Tchecka and drug addict, shot one of her assistants in a narcotic delerium and was herself shot.|publisher=Monash University}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/women/timeline?tocId=9404138§ion=249216|title=300 Women who changed the world |accessdate=10 January 2015|quote=In Russia, Princess Eugenie Shakhovskaya is the first female military pilot. She flies reconnaissance missions.|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
93. ^{{cite book |last=Nicolaou |first=Stéphane |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs4Ni-w7RO0C&pg=PA54 |title=Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905 |publisher=Bay View Books Ltd |page=54 |isbn=978-1-901432-20-6}}
94. ^{{cite book |title=Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats |edition=3rd |year=1977 }}
95. ^{{cite book |last1=Galdorisi |first1=George |last2=Phillips |first2=Thomas |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNSQm05eFy4C&pg=PA5 |title=Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue |publisher=Zenith Imprint |pages=5–6 |isbn=978-0-760-32392-2}}
96. ^L'homme-vent, special issue of L'Ami de Pézenas, 2010, ISSN 1240-0084.
97. ^"Türk Deniz Havacılık Tarihi" in the official website of the Naval Air Base Command of the Turkish Naval Forces. {{Tr icon}}
98. ^Ajun Kurter, Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Tarihi, Cilt 5, Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=cboLTvCfHKX-mAXaloG-Bg&ct=result&id=Ej8wAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Ahmet+Ali%22+%22T%C3%BCrk+Hava+Kuvvetleri%22&q=%22Ahmet+Ali%22#search_anchor p. 299.] {{Tr icon}}
99. ^Dünyanın ilk siyahi pilotu: ARAP AHMET -4 "Pilotlarla Dolu Bir Aile", Posta, 20 March 2011. {{Tr icon}}
100. ^DÜNYANIN İLK SİYAH PİLOTU: ARAP AHMET {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311212733/http://www.habervitrini.com/dunyanin_ilk_siyah_pilotu_arap_ahmet-518917.html |date=2011-03-11 }}, Havervitrin, 8 March 2011. {{Tr icon}}
101. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Grosz |first1=Peter |last2=Terry |first2=Gerard |date=1984 |title=The Way to the World's First All-Metal Fighter |url= |magazine=AirEnthusiast Twenty-Five, 1984 |pages=60–63 |location= |publisher=Pilot Press |issn=0143-5450 }}
102. ^{{cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Chris |last2=Chant |first2=Chris |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC&pg=PA106 |title=Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft |publisher=Zenith Imprint |page=106 |isbn=978-0-760-32005-1}}
103. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/93428-a-80-anos-del-primer-cruce-aereo-de-los-andes |title=A 80 años del primer cruce aéreo de los Andes |author=Luis Casabal |publisher= Diario La Nación |date= 13 April 1998 |language= Spanish |accessdate=26 April 2015}}
104. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.coolcatcorp.com/Flight%20of%20the%20NCs/First%20Across.html|title=First Across|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
105. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/alcock.htm |title=Alcock and Brown |publisher=The Aviation History Online Museum |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
106. ^{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=John |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/smith-sir-ross-macpherson-8529 |title=Sir Ross Macpherson Smith |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |accessdate=January 21, 2013|chapter=Smith, Sir Ross Macpherson (1892–1922) |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University }}
107. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Coleman/EX11.htm|publisher=United States Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102122750/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Coleman/EX11.htm|archivedate=January 2, 2012}}
108. ^{{cite magazine|date=5 October 1922 |title=The Race for the Coupe Deutsch Trophy|magazine=Flight|volume=XIV|issue=40|page=573|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200573.html}}
109. ^{{cite book |last=Dierikx |first=Marc |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSpUUB054BcC&pg=PA7 |title=Clipping the Clouds: How Air Travel Changed the World |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=7 |isbn=978-0-313-05945-2}}
110. ^{{cite web |url=http://enu.kz/repository/2010/AIAA-2010-156.pdf |title=Gago Coutinho and the Aircraft Navigation |first1=F. M. S. P. |last1=Neves |first2=J. M. M. |last2=Barata |first3=A. R. R. |last3=Silva |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |date=2010 |access-date=2015-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070554/http://enu.kz/repository/2010/AIAA-2010-156.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
111. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&pg=PA533 |title=Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia |first1=Robert |last1=Bud |first2=Deborah Jean |last2=Warner |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |page=533|isbn=9780815315612 }}
112. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/197397/de-havilland-dh-4.aspx |title=First air-to-air refuelling |publisher=National Museum of the US Air Force |accessdate=October 16, 2016}}
113. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=212170721&searchurl=an=john%20wr%20taylor%20kenneth%20munson |title=History of Aviation |publisher=Crown Publishers |year=1972}}
114. ^Força Aérea Portuguesa: De Lisboa a Macau
115. ^{{Cite book|title=Around the world in 175 days|last=Glines|first=Charles|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1560989677|location=|pages=}}
116. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp |title=Lindbergh Flies the Atlantic, 1927 |publisher=Charles Lindbergh – An American Aviator |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
117. ^{{cite book |last=Maurer |first=Maurer |url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100923-007.pdf |title=Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939 |year=1987 |location=Maxwell AFB |publisher=United States Air Force Historical Research Center |pages=256–260}}
118. ^{{cite web |url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marga-von-etzdorf-germany/ |title=Marga von Etzdorf – Germany |publisher=Institute for Women of Aviation Worldwide|accessdate=December 5, 2015|date=2015-07-25 }}
119. ^{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Bruce |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/16/1071336964936.html?from=storyrhs |title=Magnificent machines, home-grown legends |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=December 17, 2003 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
120. ^{{cite book|last=Bryan|first=C.D.B.|title=The National Air and Space Museum|year=1979|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-0666-2|page=132}}
121. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/the-em-southern-cross-em-completes-the-first-successful-trans-tasman-flight |title=First trans-Tasman flight |publisher=New Zealand History online |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
122. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/completion-of-first-trans-tasman-solo-flight |title=Completion of first trans-Tasman solo flight |publisher=New Zealand History online |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
123. ^{{cite book |last1=Heikell |first1=Edward |last2=Heikell |first2=Robert |year=2012 |title=One Chance for Glory: First Nonstop Flight Across the Pacific |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-468-00608-7}}
124. ^{{cite book|last=Briand|first=Paul|title=Daughter of the Sky|year=1964|publisher=Duell, Sloan, Pearce|page=77}}
125. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx565dqF-5M video]
126. ^Savine, Alexandre. "TsAGI 1-EA." ctrl-c.liu.se, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
127. ^{{cite book |last=Bonds |first=Ray |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VpvECpSuzoC&pg=PA136 |title=The Illustrated Dictionary of a Century of Flight |publisher=Zenith Imprints |pages=136–139 |isbn=978-0-760-31555-2}}
128. ^{{cite book |last=van Pelt |first=Michel |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4M9i-FXVKckC&pg=PA70 |title= Rocketing Into the Future: The History and Technology of Rocket Planes |publisher=Springer |page=70 |isbn=978-1-461-43200-5}}
129. ^{{cite book |last=Pavelec |first=Sterling Michael |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSLBdP22fq0C&pg=PA22 |title=The Jet Race and the Second World War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=22 |isbn=978-0-275-99355-9}}
130. ^{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Hugh |last2=Weal |first2=John |date=1998 |title=German Jet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No 17) |url= |location=London, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-85532-634-7}}
131. ^{{cite web |url=http://robdebie.home.xs4all.nl/me163/units.htm |title=Me 163B Komet - Me 163 units - Erprobungskommando 16 (EK 16) |last1=de Bie |first1=Rob |date= |website=robdebie.home.xs4all.nl/me163.htm |publisher=Rob de Bie |accessdate=28 September 2013}}
132. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/yea0bio-1 |title=Chuck Yeager Biography |publisher=Academy of Achievement |accessdate=January 21, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118011834/http://achievement.org/autodoc/page/yea0bio-1 |archivedate=January 18, 2013 |df= }}
133. ^"Factsheets: Lucky Ladies I, II and III". Air Force Historical Support Division. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
134. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Patrick |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=90 Years of Flight |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=December 1993 |volume=170 |issue=12 |page=32}}
135. ^{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Simon |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWkrvr_tB8C&pg=PA52 |title=A Sociology of Commercial Flight Crew |publisher=Ashgate Publisher, Ltd. |page=52 |isbn=978-0-754-64317-3}}
136. ^[https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/piedmont-airlines-first-female-pilot-to-share-story-at-museum/article_3d6a00cb-744c-507b-8271-61b06fcaf473.html "Piedmont Airlines' first female pilot to share story at museum"] Winston-Salem Journal, February 18, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2018
137. ^{{cite web|title=All-female flight crew is aviation first|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/12/30/All-female-flight-crew-is-aviation-first/2054536302800/|website=UPI Archives|publisher=United Press International|accessdate=April 2, 2018|language=en|date=December 30, 1986}}
138. ^{{cite web|last=Higdon |first=Dave |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cirrus-sr20-demonstrator-kills-test-pilot-in-prison-49656/ |title=Cirrus SR20 demonstrator kills test pilot in prison crash |publisher=Flighglobal |date =31 March 1999 |accessdate=2014-07-18}}
139. ^Ballistic Recovery Systems - BRS Milestones http://www.brsaerospace.com/brs_history.aspx
140. ^{{cite web|url=http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/169146a0f8275d0a86257b0b00564a20/$FILE/A00009CH_Rev_19.pdf|title=Type Certification Data Sheet A00009CH|last = Federal Aviation Administration |accessdate=2014-07-18}}
141. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Fossett-just-makes-it/2005/03/05/1109958140283.html |title=Fossett just makes it |work=The Age |date=March 5, 2005 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}}
142. ^{{cite news| title=Solar Impulse completes record-breaking flight| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/solarpower/7878526/Solar-Impulse-completes-record-breaking-flight.html| work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
143. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/23/solar-impulse-2-completes-first-ever-atlantic-crossing-by-solar-plane | title=Solar Impulse 2 completes first ever Atlantic crossing by solar plane| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2016-06-23| last1=Carrington| first1=Damian}}
144. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36890563 "Solar Impulse completes historic round-the-world trip"], BBC News, 26 July 2016

Bibliography

  • Conquistadors of the Sky: A History of Aviation in Latin America. Dan Hagedorn. University Press of Florida, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8130-3249-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3249-8}}.
  • Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue. George Galdorisi, Thomas Phillips. MBI Publishing Company, 2009. {{ISBN|0-7603-2392-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7603-2392-2}}.
  • Interpretive History of Flight. M.J.B Davy. Science Museum, London, 1937.
{{Aviation lists}}{{Portal bar|Aviation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Firsts in aviation}}

6 : History of aviation|Aviation pioneers|Aviation records|Aviation-related lists|Lists of firsts|Number-related lists
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 8:57:07