| 释义 |
- References
{{Inline|date=April 2018}}This page lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing. Abbreviations beginning with {{sc|n-}} (a common prefix for non-) or ending with {{sc|-z}} (a common suffix for -izer) may not be listed separately. For example, {{nowrap|{{sc|npst}} non-past}} and {{nowrap|{{sc|trz}} transitivizer}} are not listed below, as they are composable from {{nowrap|{{sc|n-}} non-}} + {{nowrap|{{sc|pst}} past}} and {{nowrap|{{sc|tr}} transitive}} + {{nowrap|{{sc|-z}} -izer}}. Abbreviations are generally written in all caps or—apart from the terms A, S, O and P—in small caps, to distinguish them from lexical words. | Gloss | Meaning | | › | direction of transitivity or possession in polypersonal agreement
(2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum) | | 0 | zero (null), covert form
(such as gender in a language where the word does not show it) | | 1 | first person | | 2 | second person | | 3 | third person | | A | agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb | | ab}} | abstract | | abe}} | aka}} caritive case or privative case: 'without') | | abl}} | ablative case ('from') | | abs}} | absolutive case | | acc}} | accusative case | | accom}} | accompanier | | act}} | active voice, actor role (in role and reference grammar) | | adj}} | adjective | | ade}} | loc}}) | | adm}} | admonitive mood (warning) | | adv}} | adverb(ial), adverbial case | | aff}} | affirmative | | ag, agt}} | cf {{sc>act}}) | | agr}} | agreement | | all}} | allative case ('to') | | al, alloc}} | allocutive agreement | | alien}} | alienable possession | | an}} | cf {{sc>r}}) | | and}} | andative ('going towards', cf venitive) | | ant}} | prf}} in some traditions) | | ante}} | antessive case ('before') | | antic}} | anticausative | | antip, ap}} | antipassive voice | | aor}} | pfv}} or {{sc|pst.pfv}}) | | app}} | apposition | | apl, appl}} | applicative voice | | appr}} | apprehensive mood | | aprx}} | approximative | | art}} | article | | asp}} | aspect | | ass}} | com}}), assumptive mood, assertive mood | | at}} | av}} agent voice) | | att}} | attenuative | | attr}} | attributive | | aud}} | auditory evidential | | aug}} | augmentative | | aux}} | auxiliary verb | | b}} | benefactive (when it is a core argument) | | be}} | exist}} and {{sc|cop}}) | | ben}} | benefactive case ('for') | | c}} | common gender; complementizer | | cap}} | (cap)ability, modal case | | cau, caus}} | causative | | cent}} | centric case | | cf}} | counterfactual conditional | | circ}} | circumfix | | cit}} | citation form | | cl, clf}} | classifier | | cmpd}} | compound | | cnj}} | conj}}) | | cnsq}} | consequential mood | | cntr}} | contrastive | | col}} | collective number | | com}} | comitative case ('together with') | | comp}} | comparative; complementizer | | compl, cpl}} | completive aspect | | con}} | concrete | | conc}} | concessive | | cond}} | conditional mood | | conj}} | cnj}}) | | conn}} | connective particle | | cont, ctn}} | continuous aspect; continuative aspect | | cop}} | copula | | cor}} | coreference | | cras}} | crastinal tense ('tomorrow') | | crs}} | current relevance marker (as in the perfect) | | cvb}} | converb | | d}} | core dative case | | dat}} | dative case | | de}} | cf {{sc>ds}}) | | dec, decl}} | declarative mood | | def}} | definite | | dei, deix}} | deixis, deictic | | del}} | delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) | | del}} | delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood | | dem}} | demonstrative | | deo}} | deontic mood | | dep}} | dep.fut}}) | | der}} | derivation, derivational | | des, desi}} | desiderative mood | | dest}} | destinative aspect | | det}} | determiner | | detr}} | detransitive | | dh}} | cf {{sc>dr}}) | | dim}} | diminutive | | dir}} | exp}}); directional (= {{sc|lat}}); direct case | | disj}} | disjunction | | dist}} | distal demonstrative | | distr}} | distributive case | | ditr}} | ditransitive | | dlm}} | delimited | | dm}} | discourse marker | | do}} | direct object | | dr}} | cf {{sc>dh}}) | | ds}} | cf {{sc>de}}) | | du}} | dual number | | dub}} | dubitative mood | | dur}} | durative aspect, continuous aspect | | dy, dyad}} | dyadic | | dyn}} | dynamic aspect | | e}} | epenthetic morpheme | | -e}} | (used to form various -essive cases) | | ela}} | elative case ('out of') | | emp}} | emphatic | | epis}} | epistemic mood or modality | | erg}} | ergative case | | ess}} | essive case | | ev, evid}} | evidential | | evit}} | evitative case (= aversive case) | | ex, excl}} | exclusive person | | exclam}} | exclamative | | ex.dur}} | excessive duration | | exess}} | exessive case | | exh}} | exhortative | | exist}} | existential ('there is') | | exo}} | exocentric case | | exp, exper}} | experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential | | expl}} | expletive (dummy / meaningless form) | | f, fem}} | feminine gender | | fact}} | factive evidential | | fam}} | familiar register (as the T–V distinction) | | fin}} | finite verb | | foc}} | focus | | form}} | formal register (as the T–V distinction) | | fp}} | final particle (joshi) | | fr, freq}} | frequentative aspect | | fmr}} | former, deceased | | fut}} | future tense | | g}} | gender (G4 = the 4th gender) | | gen}} | genitive case | | ger}} | gerund | | gno}} | gnomic (generic) aspect | | gt}} | gv}} goal voice) | | hab}} | habitual aspect | | hbl}} | humble register | | hest}} | hesternal tense ('yesterday') | | hist}} | historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense | | hod}} | hodiernal tense ('today') | | hon}} | honorific | | hort}} | hortative | | hsy}} | hearsay, reported evidential | | hum}} | cf. {{sc>hbl}}; {{sc|r}}) | | hyp}} | hypothetical mood | | i}} | inflected | | id}} | nid}}) | | identif}} | identifiable | | ideo}} | mim}}) | | ignor}} | ignorative | | ill}} | illative case ('into') | | imm}} | immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense | | imp}} | imperative mood | | imperf}} | pst.ipfv}}) | | impr, imprec}} | imprecative mood | | imprs}} | impersonal verb | | in, incl}} | inclusive person | | inal}} | inalienable possession | | inan}} | inanimate gender | | inch, incho, incep}} | inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect | | ind}} | indicative mood | | indf, ndef}} | indefinite | | ine}} | inessive case ('in') | | inf}} | infinitive | | infer, infr}} | inferential mood | | inel}} | inelative case ('from within') | | ins}}, {{sc|instr}} | instrumental case | | int}} | q}}) | | inten}} | intentional | | intr, ntr}} | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) | | inv}} | inverse | | io}} | indirect object | | ipfv}} | npfv}}) | | irr}} | irrealis mood | | is}} | indirect speech | | iter}} | iterative aspect | | jus}} | jussive mood | | -l}} | (used to form various -lative cases) | | l2}} | second language (code-switching) | | lat}} | mvmt}}, direction) | | ld}} | locative case + directional | | lk}} | linking element, interfix | | loc}} | locative case (includes essive case) | | log}} | logophoric | | m, masc}} | masculine gender | | man}} | manner | | mid}} | middle voice | | mim}} | ideo}}) | | mir}} | (ad)mirative | | mlt, mltp}} | multiplicative case | | mod}} | mood, modal, modal case | | mom}} | single action verb (not iterative) | | mvt}} | movement | | n, neut}} | neuter gender | | n-}} | e.g. {{sc>nsg}} non-singular, {{sc|npst}} non-past, {{sc|nf}} non-feminine) | | neg}} | negation, negative | | nf}} | non-finite (nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) or non-feminine | | nh}} | non-human | | nmz, nz, nomi}} | nominalizer/nominalization | | nom}} | nominative case | | ns}} | non-subject (see oblique case) | | ntr, intr}} | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) | | num}} | numeral | | O | patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) | | obj, ob}} | object; objective case | | obl}} | oblique case | | obv}} | obviative | | opt}} | optative mood | | P | patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O) | | p}} | p.hod}} prehodiernal) | | part}} | ptcp,pcp}}); particle (= {{sc|ptcl}}); partitive case (= {{sc|ptv}}) | | pas, pass}} | passive voice | | pat}} | und}}) | | pa, pau}} | paucal number | | peg}} | pegative case (a special case for the giver) | | per}} | perlative case ('per', using) | | perf, prf}} | ret}}) | | pers}} | personal | | pfv}} | perfective aspect | | pl}} | plural | | plu, plur}} | pluractional | | pm}} | phrase marker, predicate marker | | pn, pro}} | pronoun | | po}} | primary object | | pol}} | polite register | | pos, poss}} | possessive marker | | post}} | postposition, postpositional case | | poste}} | postessive case ('after') | | postel}} | postelative case | | pot}} | potential mood | | pp}} | past / passive participle | | ppfv}} | past perfective | | ppp}} | past passive participle | | pr}} | proper noun | | prec}} | precative mood (requests) | | pred}} | predicate, predicative | | prep}} | preposition, prepositional case | | presp}} | present participle | | pret, prt}} | pfv.pst}}) | | prf, perf}} | ret}}) | | priv}} | privative case | | prs, pres}} | present tense | | prob}} | probability | | prog}} | progressive aspect | | proh}} | prohibitive mood ('don't!') | | prol}} | via}}) | | prop}} | propositive mood | | pros}} | prosecutive case ('across', 'along') | | prosp, prsp}} | prospective aspect | | prot}} | protasis | | prox}} | proximal demonstrative; proximate | | pst}} | past tense | | pt}} | patient trigger | | ptcl, ptc}} | particle | | ptcp, pcp}} | participle | | ptv}} | partitive case ('some of') | | purp}} | purposive case | | q}} | int}}) | | quot}} | quotative (quotative case or quotative mood) | | r}} | rational gender (thinking beings) | | real}} | realis mood | | rec}} | recent past tense | | recp}} | reciprocal voice | | ref, rfr}} | referential | | refl}} | reflexive (reflexive pronoun, reflexive voice) | | rel}} | relative(izer) | | rem}} | remote past tense | | rep}} | hsy}}); repetitive (cf {{sc|iter}}) | | res}} | resultative; resumptive | | ret}} | Retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) | | root}} | root | | S | cf {{sc>cit}}) | | sbj, sub}} | subject | | sbjv, sjv}} | subjunctive mood | | se}} | cf {{sc>ss}}) | | sem}} | semelfactive aspect ('once') | | sens}} | vis}}+{{sc|aud}}) | | seq}} | sequential | | sg}} | sg}} = 1s, 3{{sc|masc.sg}} = 3ms) | | sgv}} | singulative number | | sim}} | simultaneous aspect; similative | | sjv, sbjv}} | subjunctive mood | | spec}} | specifier; speculative mood | | ss}} | cf {{sc>se}}) | | stat, stv}} | stative aspect, stative verb | | stem}} | stem | | sub, su}} | subject | | subr, subord, sbrd, sr}} | subordinator | | sube}} | subessive case ('under') | | subl}} | sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') | | suc}} | successive ('then') | | sup(l)}} | supl}}); supine; supplicative | | supe}} | superessive case ('on') | | -t}} | at}}, {{sc|pt}}) | | tam}} | tense, aspect, or mood | | tel}} | cf {{sc>pfv}}) | | temp}} | temporal case | | term}} | terminative case | | tns}} | tense | | top}} | topic | | tr, trans}} | transitive verb, transitive case (rare) | | transl}} | translative case (becoming) | | tri}} | trial number | | trn}} | sg}} nor {{sc|pl}}) | | tvf}} | truth-value focus | | u}} | uninflected | | uh}} | cf {{sc>ur}}) | | und}} | cf {{sc>pat}}) | | ur}} | cf {{sc>uh}}) | | usit}} | usitative, for usual, customary or typical events | | v, vb}} | verb or verbal | | vbz}} | verbalizer | | vd}} | verb, ditransitive | | ven}} | venitive (coming towards; cf andative) | | ver}} | veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional) | | via}} | vialis case | | vis}} | visible, visual | | vi}} | verb, intransitive | | vn}} | verbal noun | | voc}} | vocative case | | vol}} | volitive mood | | vt}} | verb, transitive | | wh.q}} | wh- question | | -z}} | e.g. {{sc>trz}} transitivizer) | | zo}} | zoic gender (animals) |
References - Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition.
- Leipzig Glossing Rules
- Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
- Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar.
- {{cite book |last=Blake |first=Barry J. |edition=Second |origyear=1994 |year=2001 |title=Case |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521807611 |pages=195–206}}
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2004. Evidentiality.
- Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. Argument splits in Finnish grammar and discourse.
- Bernd Heine, Tania Kuteva. 2006. The changing languages of Europe.
- Paul Kroeber. 1999. The Salish language family: reconstructing syntax.
2 : Linguistics lists|Lists of abbreviations |