请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of hospital ships sunk in World War I
释义

  1. Background

  2. Hospital Ships sunk

  3. Notes

  4. References

During the First World War, many hospital ships were attacked, both on purpose or by mistaken identity.

They were sunk by either torpedo, mine or surface attack. They were easy as well as tragic targets, since they carried hundreds of wounded soldiers from the front lines.

Background

A hospital ship (HS) is designated for primary function as a medical treatment facility or hospital; most are operated by the military forces or navies of various countries around the world, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones.[1] Hospital ships were covered under the Hague Convention X of 1907.[2] Article four of the Hague Convention X outlined the restrictions for a hospital ship:

  • The ship should give medical assistance to wounded personnel of all nationalities
  • The ship must not be used for any military purpose
  • Ships must not interfere or hamper enemy combatant vessels
  • Belligerents as designated by the Hague Convention can search any hospital ship to investigate violations of the above restrictions.

If any of the restrictions were violated, the ship could be determined as an enemy combatant and be sunk. Investigators from neutral countries like Spain were allowed to inspect hospital ships to confirm that Article Four wasn't being violated.[3]

Hospital ships display large Red Crosses or Red Crescents

The high command of Imperial German viewed Allied hospital ships as violating the Hague Convention and ordered its submarine forces to target them as part of their Unrestricted submarine warfare on Allied shipping.[4] Even with the inspections from neutral countries the German High command alleged that hospital ships were violating Article Four by transporting able-bodied soldiers to the battleground.[4] The biggest hospital ship sunk by either mine or torpedo in the First World War was Britannic, the sister of Olympic and the ill-fated Titanic. Britannic hit a mine on November 21, 1916; 30 people were killed, but the rest of the crew and passengers were able to escape.[5] The largest loss of life caused by the sinking of a hospital ship would be Llandovery Castle. The ship was hit by a torpedo from the German U-boat {{SMU|U-86||2}} on June 27, 1918. Shortly thereafter, the submarine surfaced and gunned down most of the survivors; only 24 were rescued.[6] After the war, the captain of U-86, Lieutenant Helmut Patzig, and two of his lieutenants were charged with war crimes and arraigned for trial, but Patzig disappeared, and the two lieutenants both escaped after being convicted and sentenced to prison.[7] The Allies weren't the only ones who had their ships attacked at the beginning of the war, the German hospital ship Ophelia was seized by British naval forces as a spy ship[8] and near the close of the war the Austrian hospital ship Baron Call was unsuccessfully attacked by torpedo on October 29, 1918.[9]

Hospital Ships sunk

NameImage Nationality Date Location of wreck Cause Lives lostNote
HMHS|Anglia}} UK1915-11-17|17 November 1915}} One mile east of Folkestone Gate05|Struck mine that had been laid by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-52}}}134[10]
HMHS|Asturias}} UK1917-03-20|20 March 1917}} 6 miles off Start Point [11]66|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-662}}}35[12][13][14][15]
HMHS|Huntley}} [16] UK1915-12-21|21 December 1915}}.75|mi|km}} off the Boulogne LV.10|Torpedoed by German U-boat German U-boat UB-10}}2[17][18]
HMHS|Britannic}} UK1916-11-21|21 November 1916}}37|42|05|N|24|17|02|E|}}73| Struck a mine laid by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-732}}}30[5]
HMHS|Dover Castle}} UK1917-05-26|26 May 1917}}37|45|00|N|007|45|00|E|}}67|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-672}}}7[19]
HMHS Donegal UK1917-04-17|17 April 1917}}50|26|00|N|01|00|00|W|}}21|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-212}}}40[20][21][22][23]
HS Elektra Austria-Hungary1916-03-18|18 March 1916}} Off Cape Planka Torpedoed by French submarine Ampère. Out of service until early Sep 1916; returned to her owner 04 Dec 19162[24][25]
HMHS Galeka UK1916-10-28|28 October 1916}}49|34|01|N|000|05|05|E|}}UC-262}19[26]
HMHS|Glenart Castle}} UK1918-02-26|26 February 1918}}51|07|00|N|005|03|00|W|}} [27]56|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-562}}}162[28]
HMHS|Gloucester Castle}} UK1917-03-30|30 March 1917}} en route from Le Havre to Southampton[29]32|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|U-32|Germany|2}}}}3[30]
SS|India}}Greece}}1917-04-12|12 April 1917}} Greek hospital ship India being sunk in the Mediterranean Sea, east of Gibraltar, by German U-boat SM U-35 U 35 (Captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière), 12 April 1917. [31]U-35|Germany|2}}[32][33]
HS|Koningin Regentes}} Netherlands1918-06-06|06 June 1918}} 21 miles East of Leman lightship107|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UB-1072}}}7[34][35]
HMHS|Lanfranc}} UK1917-04-17|17 April 1917}}50|09|00|N|000|10|04|W|}}40|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UB-402}}}40[36]
HMHS|Letitia|1912|6}} Canada1917-08-01|1 August 1917}} Portuguese Cove, Halifax Harbour Grounded out due to a pilot error in heavy fog1[37][38]
HMHS|Llandovery Castle}} Canada1918-06-27|27 June 1918}}51|18|00|N|009|54|00|W|}}86|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|U-862} }}234[6]
HS|Marechiaro}} Italy1916-02-21|21 February 1916}} Off Cape Laghi, Durazzo, Albania12|Struck a mine laid by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-122}}}33[39]
HS Oceania Austria-Hungary1918-10-04|04 October 1918}} Between Cape Rodoni and Durazzo Mined and beached near Cape Rondoni, and on October 15, 1918 was blown up by the Austrians to avoid falling into Italian hands.?[24][40]
HS Portugal (Португаль) Russia
(French crew, Russian medical staff)		1916-03-17|17 March 1916}} Near Rize Province off the Turkish coast in the Black Sea33|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|U-33|Germany|2}}}} [41]90[42]

HMHS|Rewa}} UK1918-01-04|4 January 1918}}50|55|00|N|004|49|00|W|}}55|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|U-552}}}4[46]
HMHS Rohilla UK1914-10-30|30 October 1914}} Saltwick Nab, one mile south of Whitby Struck Whitby Rock84[47][48][49]
HMHS|Salta}} UK1917-04-10|10 April 1917}}49|32|08|N|00|02|18|W|}}26|Struck a mine laid by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-262}}}130[50]
HS|Tabora}} German Empire1916-03-23|23 March 1916}} Dar es Salaam harbour, East Africa Sunk by gunfire from the British warships HMS Vengeance and HMS Challenger?[51][52][53]
HS Tirol Austria-Hungary1916-04-16|16 April 1916}} Off Durazzo Mined. Returned to service 07 Oct 191640[24]
HS Vpered (Вперёд)[54] Imperial Russia1916-07-08|8 July 1916}} In the Black Sea, between Batoum and the Rize Province off the Turkish coast00|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|U-382}}} [55]7[56][57][58]
HS|Koningin Regentes}}Netherlands}}1918-06-06|6 June 1918}} 21 nautical miles (39 km) east of the Leman Lightship107|Torpedoed by U-boat {{SMU|UB-107German Empire}})}}7 [59]
HMAT|Warilda}}Australia}}1918-08-03|3 August 1918}}50|12|08|N|000|16|4|W|}}49|Torpedoed by German U-boat {{SMU|UC-492}}}123[60]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.qaranc.co.uk/hospitalships.php|title = Hospital Ships|format = |publisher = Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps| accessdate = August 2, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
2. ^{{cite web |date= October 18, 1907|url = http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague10.asp|title = Convention for the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva Convention|format = |publisher = Yale University| accessdate = August 2, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
3. ^{{cite book | last = R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast| title = The German Submarine War 1914-1918|edition= 2002|pages= 285, 438 | publisher = Periscope Publishing Ltd.| isbn=1-904381-08-1}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|year = 2006|url = http://www.deepwreckmysteries.co.uk/episodes.htm|title = Deep Wreck Mysteries - Red Cross Outrage|format = TV Show|publisher = History Television|accessdate = August 2, 2009|last = Crispin Sadler and Wayne Abbott|quote = |deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090831054621/http://www.deepwreckmysteries.co.uk/episodes.htm|archivedate = August 31, 2009|df = }}
5. ^1 {{cite web |year= 2009 |url = https://www.pbs.org/lostliners/britannic.html|title = Britannic|publisher = Public Broadcasting Service| accessdate = August 21, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |year= 2008 |url = http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/writing/llandoveryCastle.asp|title = The sinking of the Canadian Hospital Ship |format = |publisher = Canadian Great War Project| accessdate = August 21, 2009 | last= Marc Leroux|quote=}}
7. ^pg 312 - {{cite book | last = R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast| title = The German Submarine War 1914-1918|edition= 2002|page= 312 | publisher = Periscope Publishing Ltd| isbn= 1-904381-08-1 }}
8. ^{{cite web |date= May 22, 1915|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/05/22/106786524.pdf|title = Hold German Hospital Ship|format = PDF|publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = September 2, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
9. ^{{cite web|year=2004 |url=http://www.stile.coventry.ac.uk/cbs/staff/beech/ahnavy/1918.htm |title=AH Navy |publisher=coventry.ac.uk |accessdate=September 1, 2009 |last=John Beech |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428025100/http://www.stile.coventry.ac.uk/cbs/staff/beech/ahnavy/1918.htm |archivedate=April 28, 2006 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web |date= November 18, 1915|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1915/11/18/archives/british-hospital-ship-sunk-85-lost-the-anglia-with-300-wounded.html|title = British Hospital Ship sunk, 85 lost|format = |publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = August 28, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
11. ^"Asturias" was beached near Bolt Head, but the damage was so extensive that she was declared a total loss. The government then bought and salvaged her, and she became a floating ammunition hulk at Plymouth for two years.
12. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=515|name=Asturias|type=1ship|accessdate=November 7, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite web |date= Mar 27, 1917|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1917/03/28/archives/31-on-hospital-ship-killed-by-uboat-the-asturias-had-discharged.html|title = 31 ON HOSPITAL SHIP KILLED BY U-BOAT|format = |work= The New York Times| accessdate = November 7, 2011 }}
14. ^{{cite web |date= |url = http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMHSAsturias.html|title = HMHS Asturias|publisher = roll-of-honour.com | accessdate = November 7, 2011}}
15. ^{{cite book | title = The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918)|edition= 1918|pages= 14–15| publisher = New York and London : Harper & brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond}} - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
16. ^Formerly known as the German hospital ship Ophelia, seized by the British and changed to Huntley
17. ^{{cite web|year = 2009|url = http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/kirsten.htm|title = Kirsten – The Fleets|publisher = The Ships List|accessdate = 3 September 2009|quote = |deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010180648/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/kirsten.htm|archivedate = 10 October 2009|df = }}
18. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=2925|name=Huntly|type=1ship|accessdate=3 September 2009}}
19. ^{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?32064|title = HMHS Dover Castle (+1917)|format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = 21 August 2009 | last= |quote=}}
20. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?13038|title = SS Donegal (+1917) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 8, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=1686|name=Donegal|type=1ship|accessdate=November 8, 2011}}
22. ^{{cite web |date= |url = http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=15334|title = SS Donegal|format = |publisher = clydesite.co.uk | accessdate = November 8, 2011}}
23. ^{{cite web |date= April 22, 1917|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/23/archives/uboats-destroy-2-hospital-ships-kill-15-germans-donegal-and.html|title = U-BOATS DESTROY 2 HOSPITAL SHIPS|format = |publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = November 8, 2011}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite web |year= 2012 |url = http://www.jeffdonofrio.net/Donofrio%20Albanese/Ship%20and%20Port%20Information/Ship%20Histories/Hospital%20ships.htm|title = AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN HOSPITAL SHIPS OF WORLD WAR I |publisher = jeffdonofrio.net| accessdate = March 10, 2012 | last= |quote=}}
25. ^{{cite web |date= March 20, 1916|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/03/20/100197901.pdf|title = TEUTON HOSPITAL SHIP SUNK IN THE ADRIATIC|format = PDF |work = The New York Times| accessdate = March 10, 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web |year= 2008 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?12561|title = SS Galeka (+1916) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = August 21, 2009 | last= Marc Leroux|quote=}}
27. ^Glenart Castle hit a mine between Harve & Southampton on January 3, 1917 but did not sink and was able to make it to port for repairs
28. ^{{cite web |date = February 28, 1918|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/28/109328815.pdf|title = Hospital Ship Sunk by a U-Boat|format = PDF |work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2 August 2009}}
29. ^Ship was raised, salvaged and returned to service in 1919; in the Second World War she was sunk by {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Michel||2}} in 1942
30. ^{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/unioncastle2.html|title = Union Line and Castle Lines|publisher = merchantnavyofficers.com | accessdate = 21 August 2009 }}
31. ^Imperial War Museum says that it is a hospital ship; Uboat.net says its cargo is coal
32. ^{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 2017|url = http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205331821|title = THE GERMAN NAVY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1914-1918|format = |publisher = Imperial War Museum| accessdate = April 17, 2017 | last=Imperial War Museum| authorlink= Imperial War Museum|quote=}}
33. ^{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 2017|url = http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3000.html|title = India|publisher = Uboat.net| accessdate = April 17, 2017 | last=Helgason| first= Guðmundur |quote=}}
34. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=3380|name=Koningin Regentes|type=1ship|accessdate=November 7, 2011}}
35. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?70926|title = PSS Koningin Regentes (+1918) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 7, 2011 }}
36. ^{{cite web |date= September 25, 2005|url = http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/lanfranc2.html|title = Booth Line's S.S. "Lanfranc" 2|publisher = bluestarline.org| accessdate = August 28, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
37. ^{{cite web|year = 2011|url = http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2818|title = Letitia - 1917|format = |publisher = museum.gov.ns.ca|accessdate = November 8, 2011|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726164912/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2818|archivedate = July 26, 2013|df = }}
38. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?30440|title = SS Letitia |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 8, 2011 }}
39. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=3896|name=Marechiaro|type=1ship|accessdate=August 29, 2009}}
40. ^{{cite web |year= 2012 |url = http://www.jeffdonofrio.net/Donofrio%20Albanese/Ship%20and%20Port%20Information/Donofrio%20ships.html|title = Ships used in Immigration |publisher = jeffdonofrio.net| accessdate = March 10, 2012 | last= |quote=}}
41. ^1916 [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/12/31/100233755.pdf New York Times article] claims that it was sunk by a Turkish sub
42. ^{{cite book | title = The War on hospital ships, from the narratives of eye-witnesses (1917)|edition= 1917|page= 1| publisher = London : T. Fisher Unwin|url=https://archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond }} - Call number: SRLF_UCLA:LAGE-3563453
43. ^1916 [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/12/31/100233755.pdf New York Times article of 1916] claimed that it was sunk by a Turkish submarine
44. ^{{cite book | title = The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918)|edition= 1918|page= 11| publisher = New York and London : Harper & brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond }} - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
45. ^П.Г.Усенко (P.G.Usenko), ]IСТОРIЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВIЙНИ 1914–1917 рр. НА ЧОРНОМУ МОРI (From the history of the Great War of 1914-1917 on the Black Sea). Page 80. {{uk icon}}
46. ^{{cite web |date= July 28, 1918|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/28/102728284.pdf|title = War of the U-Boats|format = PDF |work = The New York Times| accessdate = August 2, 2009}}
47. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?1813|title = SS Rohilla (+1914) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 8, 2011 }}
48. ^{{cite web |year= 2002 |url = http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rohilla.html|title = Rohilla |publisher = merchantnavyofficers.com| accessdate = November 8, 2011 }}
49. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMHSRohilla.html|title = HMHS Rohilla |publisher = roll-of-honour.com| accessdate = November 8, 2011 }}
50. ^{{cite web|year=2008 |url=http://union-castle.net/ship_Salta_wreck_01.html |title=HMS Salta |publisher=union-castle.net |accessdate=21 August 2009 |last=Leroux |first=Marc |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831220711/http://union-castle.net/ship_Salta_wreck_01.html |archivedate=31 August 2011 |df= }}
51. ^Kigoma (1914), 2011{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=September 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web |year= 2000 |url = http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/marine_1916.htm|title = Kaiserliche Marine 1916 |publisher = deutsche-schutzgebiete.de| accessdate = November 8, 2011|language=de}}
53. ^{{cite web |year= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?122057|title = SS Tabora (+1914) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 8, 2011 }}
54. ^Also transcribed as Vperiode, Vperyod, or Vperiod, sometimes mistranscribed with an l instead of i
55. ^1916 [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/12/31/100233755.pdf New York Times article] claims that it was sunk by a Turkish sub
56. ^{{cite book | title = The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918)|edition= 1918|page= 11| publisher = New York and London : Harper & brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond }} - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
57. ^{{cite web |date= December 31, 1916|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/12/31/100233755.pdf|title = Peace Movement Diverts Attention at Year's End from Battlefields to Chancelleries of Belligerents and Principal Neutral Capitals.|format = PDF|publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2009 | last= |quote=}}
58. ^П.Г.Усенко (P.G.Usenko), IСТОРIЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВIЙНИ 1914–1917 рр. НА ЧОРНОМУ МОРI{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (From the history of the Great War of the 1914-1917 on the Black Sea). Page 80. {{uk icon}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?70926 |title=PSS Koningin Regentes [+1918] |publisher=wrecksite.eu |date=22 October 2009 |accessdate=14 July 2016}}
60. ^{{cite web |date= Aug 6, 1918|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/06/archives/wounded-drown-at-night-corporal-buckman-american-among-thewarildas.html|title = Wounded drown at night|format = |work= The New York Times| accessdate = 21 August 2009 }}

References

{{reflist|2}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Hospital Ships Sunk In World War I}}

3 : Hospital ships in World War I|World War I crimes|Lists of World War I ships
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/25 16:28:02