词条 | List of human Sesame Street characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Since the premiere of the children's television program Sesame Street on July 21, 1969, it has included what writer Malcolm Gladwell has called "the essence of Sesame Street—the artful blend of fluffy monsters and earnest adults".[1] The original cast, chosen by original producer Jon Stone, consisted of four human actors—Matt Robinson, who played Gordon; Loretta Long, who played Gordon's wife, Susan; Will Lee, who played Mr. Hooper; and Bob McGrath, who played Bob. Unlike most children's television programs at the time, the producers of Sesame Street decided against using a single host and cast a group of ethnically diverse, primarily African American actors/presenters,[2] with, as Sesame Street researcher Gerald S. Lesser put it, "a variety of distinctive and reliable personalities".[3] Stone did not audition actors until spring 1969, a few weeks before five shows, designed to test the show's appeal to children and to examine their comprehension of the material, were due to be filmed. Stone videotaped the auditions, and researcher Ed Palmer took them out into the field to test children's reactions. The actors who received the "most enthusiastic thumbs up" were cast.[4] For example, when the children saw Long's audition, they stood up and sang along with her rendition of "I'm a Little Teapot".[4][5] As Stone said, casting was the only aspect of the show that was "just completely haphazard".[6] Most of the cast and crew found jobs on Sesame Street through personal relationships with Stone and the other producers.[6] The results of the test shows, which were never intended for broadcast and shown to preschoolers in 60 homes throughout Philadelphia and in day care centers in New York City in July 1969,[6] were "generally very positive".[7] The researchers found that children learned from the shows, that the show's appeal was high, and that children's attention was sustained over the full hour.[6] However, they found that, although children's attention was high during the Muppet segments, their interest wavered when there were only humans on screen. The producers had followed the advice of child psychologists who were concerned that children would be confused, and had recommended that human actors and Muppets not be shown together. As a result of this decision, the appeal of the test episodes was lower than they would have liked,[7][8] so the show's producers knew they needed to make significant changes, including defying the recommendations of their advisers and show the human and Muppet characters together. Lesser called this decision "a turning point in the history of Sesame Street".[1] Muppet creator Jim Henson and his coworkers created Muppets for Sesame Street that could interact with the human actors, and many segments were re-shot.[1] In 2016, after Sesame Street moved from PBS to HBO, three of its longtime cast members, Bob McGrath (Bob), Emilio Delgado (Luis), and Roscoe Orman (Gordon), were removed from contract status. After fan outcry was reported, the Sesame Workshop apologized, stating that the actors would continue to represent Sesame Workshop at public events.[9][10] Characters
See also
Citations1. ^1 2 Gladwell, p. 106 2. ^Lesser, p. 99 3. ^Lesser, p. 125 4. ^1 Borgenicht, p. 15 5. ^Davis, p. 172 6. ^1 2 3 Davis, p. 167 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title = "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street|last = Fisch|first = Shalom M.|publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers|year = 2001|isbn = 0-8058-3395-1|location = Mahweh, New Jersey|pages = 39|last2 = Bernstein|first2 = Lewis|editor-last = Fisch|editor-first = Shalom M.|editor2-last = Truglio|editor2-first = Rosemarie T.|chapter = Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research}} 8. ^Gladwell, p. 105 9. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Andrew R.|title=Three Longtime ‘Sesame Street’ Cast Members Are Let Go|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/29/arts/television/three-longtime-sesame-street-cast-members-are-let-go.html?_r=0|accessdate=8 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=28 July 2016}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Hines|first1=Ree|title='Sesame' CEO apologizes, says Bob, Luis and Gordon may return to 'Sesame Street'|url=http://www.today.com/parents/sesame-street-fans-take-heart-beloved-actors-may-return-thanks-t101409|accessdate=8 January 2017|work=Today.com|publisher=NBC News}} 11. ^Gikow, p. 81 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Frances Kai-Hwa|title=From Broadway to Big Bird: Behind the Scenes With Sesame Street’s Alan Muraoka|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/broadway-big-bird-behind-scenes-sesame-streets-alan-muraoka-n387456|accessdate=4 September 2017|work=NBC News|date=15 July 2015}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Gikow, p. 83 14. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/arts/television/a-chameleon-onstage-and-on-tv.html?_r=0|title = A Chameleon Onstage and on TV|last = Grode|first = Eric|date = 30 August 2013|work = The New York Times|accessdate = 4 September 2017}} 15. ^1 {{Cite press release|title = Jane Tuesday World Broadcast Premiere|date = 29 April 2004|publisher = PR Web.com|url = http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/04/prweb121693.htm|accessdate = 24 October 2017}} 16. ^Borgenicht, p. 120 17. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bVP7JyMGSaEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = A Toddle Down 'Sesame Street'|volume = 25|number = 3|date = January 1970|journal = Ebony|accessdate = 5 September 2017|page = 39|pmid = }} 18. ^Davis, p. 236 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Ditchburn|first1=Jennifer|title=Buffy Sainte-Marie to get Governor General’s Award|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2010/04/29/buffy_saintemarie_to_get_governor_generals_award.html|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=Toronto Star|date=29 April 2010}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15863239|title = I is for Illegal: Acting on Sesame Street without a visa|last = Dailey|first = Kate|date = 24 November 2011|work = BBC News Magazine|accessdate = 5 September 2017}} 21. ^Borgenicht, p. 127 22. ^Gikow, pp. 62–63 23. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/13/obituaries/northern-calloway-actor-41-on-stage-and-sesame-street.html|title = Northern Calloway, Actor, 41, on Stage And 'Sesame Street'|last = |first = |date = 13 January 1990|work = The New York Times|accessdate = 5 September 2017}} 24. ^Borgenicht, p. 121 25. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BF0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Ernestine+Lily+Tomlin+Sesame+Street&source=bl&ots=z2pu_6K8BB&sig=GYobPbaHLhNKgIQxy-MB106GO6s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uhRIVK-PFIT-iAK31IHwBA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Ernestine%20Lily%20Tomlin%20Sesame%20Street&f=false|title = Kevin Clash, Principle Muppeteer, Jim Henson Productions|last = Clarke|first = Carolyn V.|date = February 1995|journal = Black Enterprise|accessdate = 22 October 2014|page = 95}} 26. ^1 2 Gikow, p. 122 27. ^{{Cite book|title = "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street|last = Truglio|first = Rosemarie T.|publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers|year = 2001|isbn = 0-8058-3395-1|location = Mahweh, New Jersey|pages = 74|last2 = Lovelace|first2 = Valeria O.|last3 = Seqhi|first3 = Ivelisse|last4 = Scheiner|first4 = Scheiner|editor-last = Fisch|editor-first = Shalom M.|editor2-last = Truglio|editor2-first = Rosemarie T.|chapter = The Varied Role of Formative Research: Case Studies From 30 years}} 28. ^Davis, p. 291 29. ^Gikow, p. 80 30. ^{{cite news|last1=Pesce|first1=Nicole Lyn|title=‘Sesame Street’ axes one, two, three favorite human characters|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/sesame-street-axes-favorite-human-characters-article-1.2729512|accessdate=15 October 2017|work=New York Daily News|date=28 July 2016}} 31. ^Gikow, p. 72 32. ^Davis, p. 168 33. ^Davis, p. 182 34. ^Davis, p. 178 35. ^Davis, p. 284 36. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.sesamestreet.org/parents/theshow/cast/additional_cast|title = Additional Cast|date = |accessdate = 22 October 2014|website = Sesame Street.org|publisher = |last = |first = }} 37. ^Gikow, p. 181 38. ^Davis, p. 232 39. ^{{Cite news|url = http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-11/news/tv-6012_1_sesame-street|title = Dulcy Singer: 22 Years on a Changing 'Street'|last = Lipton|first = Laura|date = 11 November 1990|work = Los Angeles Times|accessdate = 4 September 2017}} 40. ^{{Cite book|title = Historical Dictionary of African-American Television|last = Fearn-Banks|first = Kathleen|publisher = Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|isbn = 0-8108-5335-3|location = Lanham, Maryland|pages = 62}} 41. ^1 Episode 0001 (November 10, 1969), in Old School, Volume 1 (Disc 1) [DVD] (2006), Children's Television Workshop 42. ^1 Gikow, p. 123 43. ^Borgenicht, p. 83 44. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073217,00.html|title = Stardom Was a Catch-22 for Alan Arkin, but His Wife and a Guru Helped Beat the System|last = Lague|first = Louise|date = 26 March 1979|work = People Magazine|accessdate = 28 October 2017|volume = 11|issue = 12}} 45. ^Episode 0131 (1970-11-1090), in Old School, Volume 1 (Disc 2) [DVD] (2006), Children's Television Workshop 46. ^Gikow, p. 63 47. ^1 2 Gikow, p. 125 48. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.playbill.com/features/article/a-life-in-the-theatre-lillias-white-164633|title = A Life in the Theatre: Lillias White|last = Rothstein|first = Mervyn|date = 4 January 2010|work = Playbill|accessdate = 31 October 2017}} 49. ^{{cite book|last1=Schuchmann|first1=John S.|title=Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry|date=1979|publisher=Illini Books|location=Chicago|isbn=0-252-01526-6|page=138|chapter=Filmography}} 50. ^Davis, pp. 234—235 51. ^Davis, p. 293 52. ^Gikow, p. 207 53. ^Gikow, p. 80, 217 54. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.avclub.com/article/44-years-after-joining-show-sesame-streets-maria-r-221689|title = 44 years after joining the show, Sesame Street’s Maria is retiring|accessdate = 17 December 2017|website = A.V. Club}} 55. ^{{cite news|last1=Bever|first1=Lindsey|title=‘Maria,’ surely the most-loved person on TV, is leaving ‘Sesame Street’|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/02/44-years-after-first-singing-one-of-these-things-is-not-like-the-others-the-beloved-maria-bids-farewell-to-sesame-street/|accessdate=17 December 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=2 July 2015}} 56. ^1 >Gikow, pp. 122—123 57. ^{{cite news|title=David Smyrl Dies at 80; Played Mr. Handford on ‘Sesame Street’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/arts/television/david-smyrl-dies-at-80-played-mr-handford-on-sesame-street.html?_r=0|accessdate=20 December 2017|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=26 March 2016}} 58. ^1 2 Gikow, p. 169 59. ^{{cite news|title=Michael Jeter, 50, Dies; Won Acting Prizes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/02/arts/michael-jeter-50-dies-won-acting-prizes.html|accessdate=21 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=2 April 2003}} 60. ^{{cite news|last1=Heldenfels|first1=Rich|title=TV Q&A: ‘Sesame Street’s’ Mr. Noodle explained|url=http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/latest-news/article16626272.html|accessdate=24 December 2017|work=Akron Beacon Journal|date=19 July 2012}} 61. ^{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=‘Sesame Street’ Will Revive ‘Elmo’s World’|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/elmo-world-sesame-street-hbo-pbs-1201890672/|accessdate=24 December 2017|work=Variety|date=17 October 2017}} 62. ^{{cite news|last1=Reyes|first1=Raul A.|title=Sesame Street Welcomes 'Nina,' a Young Latina, to 46th Season|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/sesame-street-welcomes-nina-young-latina-46th-season-n495761|accessdate=27 December 2017|work=NBC News.com|date=15 January 2016}} 63. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.eonline.com/news/71776/paul-benedict-jeffersons-neighbor-sesame-street-painter-found-dead|title = Paul Benedict, Jeffersons Neighbor & Sesame Street Painter, Found Dead|date = 4 December 2008|accessdate = 27 December 2017|website = Eonline.com|last = Finn|first = Natalie}} 64. ^{{cite news|last1=McLellan|first1=Dennis|title=Alaina Reed Hall dies at 63; actress was Olivia Robinson on 'Sesame Street'|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-alaina-reed-hall22-2009dec22-story.html|accessdate=27 December 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|date=22 December 2008}} 65. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.tvguide.com/news/tina-fey-sesame-42000.aspx|title = Tina Fey Rocks Sesame Street's World (and Vice Versa)|last = Walsh-Boyle|first = Megan|date = 13 August 2007|work = TV Guide.com|accessdate = 27 December 2017}} 66. ^Davis, p. 320 67. ^1 Davis, p. 193 68. ^{{cite news|last1=Schemo|first1=Diane Jean|title=TELEVISION; 'Sesame Street,' Just a Few Steps From Broadway|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/02/arts/television-sesame-street-just-a-few-steps-from-broadway.html|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=2 January 1994}} 69. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19770409&id=7aojAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dSQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,4034652|title = Sesame Street Gets Family|date = 9 April 1977|work = The Times-News|accessdate = 5 September 2017|location = Henderson, North Carolina}} 70. ^Borgenicht, p. 123 71. ^{{Cite news|url = http://articles.courant.com/1993-10-31/news/0000002684_1_sesame-street-big-bird-tarah-schaeffer|title = Plainville Girl Takes Her Own Magic To `Sesame Street'|last = Tofig|first = Diana|date = 31 October 1993|work = Hartford Courant|accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 72. ^{{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l-YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lwcGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3373,3068885&dq=sally+sesame-street&hl=en|title = Girl in Wheelchair Joins 'Sesame Street' Cast|last = Cook|first = Sally Williams|date = 17 January 1994|work = The Free Lance-Star|accessdate = 1 January 2018|location = Fredricksburg, Virginia|agency = Associated Press|page = B6}} 73. ^Gikow, p. 73 74. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/22/obituaries/loretta-tupper-84-a-radio-entertainer.html|title = Loretta Tupper, 84, A Radio Entertainer|date = 22 September 1990|work = The New York Times|accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 75. ^1 {{cite news|last1=McLellan|first1=Dennis|title=Bill McCutcheon, 77; Comedic Actor|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/12/local/me-22247|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 January 2012}} 76. ^{{Cite web|url = http://iamandreamartin.com/andrea-martin-film-television.htm|title = Andrea in Film and Television|accessdate = 1 January 2018|website = I am Andrea Martin.com}} 77. ^{{Cite news |url=http://archive.bangordailynews.com/2005/03/03/funny-woman-fiddler-on-the-roof-latest-role-for-maine-native-andrea-martin/ |title=Funny Woman; ‘Fiddler on the Roof’ latest role for Maine native Andrea Martin |last=Anstead |first=Alicia |date=3 March 2005 |work=Bangor Daily News |accessdate=1 January 2018 |page=C1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103003813/http://archive.bangordailynews.com/2005/03/03/funny-woman-fiddler-on-the-roof-latest-role-for-maine-native-andrea-martin/ |archivedate=November 3, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} 78. ^Gikow, p. 85 79. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/arts/24love.html?_r=0|title = Kermit Love, Costume Creator, Dies at 91|last = Hevesi|first = Dennis|date = 24 June 2008|work = The New York Times|accessdate = 1 January 2018}} References
3 : Sesame Street human characters|Lists of American television series characters|Lists of children's television characters |
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