Based partially on the list made by Rauni Puranen and the article [https://web.archive.org/web/20100111005554/http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn16/translation.html here].
Language | Year | Translator | Remark |
German | 1840 | N. Mühlberg | The first 60 lines of the first song, published in: Verhandlungen der gelehrten Esthnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Ersten Bandes erstes Heft. 1840, 94-96. |
1848 | Jacob Grimm | A short 38 line reading at a presentation in the Berlin Academy of Sciences. |
1852 | Franz Anton Schiefner | A very important translation used by many other translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. |
1885–1886 | H. Paul |
1967 | Lore Fromm, Hans Fromm | Full translation directly from Finnish. |
2004[1] | Gisbert Jänicke | Full translation. |
Swedish | 1841 | M. A. Castrén | Full translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala. |
1864–1868 | Karl Collan | Full translation of the 1849 Kalevala. |
1884 | Rafaël Hertzberg |
1944 | Olaf Homén | An abridged edition |
1948 | Björn Collinder |
1999 | Lars Huldén and Mats Huldén |
French | 1845 and 1867 | Louis Léouzon le Duc | An important translation used by many other translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. |
1926 | Charles Guyot | Abridged version of Louis Léouzon le Duc's translation. |
1927 | Jean Louis Perret | Full translation in metric verse. |
1991 | Gabriel Rebourcet | Full translation. In old style French vocabulary. |
English | 1868 | John Addison Porter | Partial translation (The story of Aino[2]) via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. |
1869 | Edward Taylor Fletcher | Partial translation directly from Finnish (with a lengthy essay). |
1888[3] | John Martin Crawford | Full translation, via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. |
1893[4][5] | R. Eivind | A complete prose adaptation for children via Crawford's translation. |
1907[6][7] | William Forsell Kirby | Second full translation. Directly from Finnish. Imitates the Kalevala meter. |
1950[4] | Aili Kolehmainen Johnson | Abridged prose translation. |
1954[4] | Margaret Sperry | Adapted verse translation of song 50. |
1963[8] | Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. | Scholarly prose translation. Included with detailed essays and background information. |
1969[9] | Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. | Scholarly prose translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala. |
1977 | Ursula Synge | Abridged prose version. Using W. F. Kirby's translation as a reference. |
1989 | Eino Friberg | Editing and introduction by George C. Schoolfield. Imitates the Kalevala meter selectively. The songs in this version are also not of the same length or structure as in the original.[10] Released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication. |
1989[11] | Keith Bosley | Uses a syllabic verse form to allow for accuracy and metrical variety; released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication. Subsequently published as an audiobook read by the translator himself in 2013. |
Hungarian | 1871 | Ferdinánd Barna | Full translation via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation. |
1909[12] | Béla Vikár |
1971 | Kálmán Nagy |
1976 | István Rácz |
1985[13] | Antal Reguly | Old Kalevala songs 1-3 and 29. |
1987 | Imre Szente |
Russian | 1888[14] | Leonid Petrovic Belsky | An important translation used by many other Slavic translators to bring Kalevala to their own language. |
1998[15] & 2006[13] | Eino Kiuru and Armas Hiiri |
Estonian | 1891–1898 | M. J. Eisen |
1938 | August Annist |
Czech | 1894–1895 | J. Holeček | Full translation in metric verse. |
Ukrainian | 1901 | Jevhen Tymčenko |
Danish | 1902 | Ferdinand Ohrt | Partial translation. |
1994 | Hilkka and Bent Søndergaard |
Italian | 1909[16] | Igino Cocchi | Verse translation (hendecasyllable) |
1910[17] | Paolo Emilio Pavolini | Verse translation (original metre) |
1912[16] | Francesco Di Silvestri Falconieri | Prose translation |
1980 | Liliana Calimeri | Used Ursula Synge's version as a model. |
1988[16] | Gabriella Agrati and Maria Letizia Magini | Prose translation |
2007[16] | Marcello Ganassini | Verse translation (blank verses) |
Lithuanian | 1922 | Adolfas Sabaliauskas |
1972 | Justinas Marcinkevičius |
Latvian | 1924[13] | Linards Laicens |
1965 | ? | Uses trochaic tetrameter and syllable stress rhythm. |
Dutch | 1928[13] | Maya Tamminen | Partial prose translation. |
1940[13] | Jan H. Eekhout. | An excerpt in poetic form. |
1969 | Jr. Henrik Hartwijk | Translation of song #5. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society. |
1985[13] | Mies le Nobel | Utilised German as well as English translations in her translation process. |
Serbian | 1935 | Ivan S. Šajković |
Japanese | 1937 | Kakutan Morimoto |
1961[13] | Tsutomu Kuwaki |
1976 | Tamotsu Koizumi |
Spanish | 1944 | Alejandro Casona | Abridged prose translation, based on Charles Guyot's version. |
1953 | María Dolores Arroyo | Full metric verse translation via Perret's French and Pavolini's Italian translations |
1967 | Juan B. Bergua | Full prose translation, via French and English translations |
1985 | Ursula Ojanen and Joaquín Fernández | Full translation directly from Finnish. |
1995 | Carmen Crouzeilles | Abridged prose translation. Published in Buenos Aires. |
Romanian | 1946 | Barbu B. Brezianu's | Full prose translation. |
1959 | Iulian Vesper | Full translation using an eight syllable verse form. |
1985[13] | P. Starostin | Published in Moldovan which is identical to Romanian. Abridged translation. |
Hebrew | 1954 | Saul Tschernichovsky |
1978 | Sarah Tubia |
Yiddish | 1954 | Hersh Rosenfeld |
Belarusian | 1956[13] | M. Mašapa | Prose and poetry excerpts. |
Icelandic | 1957 & 1962[13] | Karl Ísfeld | This translation utilises the Icelandic "three-par" alliteration method. |
Chinese | 1962 | Shih Hêng | Translated via the Russian translation. |
1981[18] | Sun Yong | Translated via W.F.Kirby's English translation. |
2000[13] | Zhang Hua Wen |
Esperanto | 1964 | Johan Edvard Leppäkoski | Full translation in Kalevala meter, published as trochaic octometers (one for every two Finnish verses) with mandatory central caesura |
Turkish | 1965[19] | Hilmi Ziya Ülken | Translation of the first 2 songs. Using the Hungarian and French as basis. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society, volume 43 (1963) |
1982 | Lale and Muammar Oğuz | Full interpreted prose translation. Missing 25% of the original content for artistic purposes. |
Norwegian | 1967 | Albert Lange Fliflet | Nynorsk language translation. Based on an earlier unpublished translation. |
Georgian | 1969[13] | M. Macavarian, Š. Tšantladze & G. Dzneladze. |
Arabic | 1970 | Muhamed Said al-Juneid | Abridged translation published in the yearbook of the Kalevala Society. |
1991[20] | Sahban Ahmad Mroueh |
Armenian | 1972[13] | A. Siras. Proosaa | Abridged prose translation. |
Polish | 1974 | Józef Ozga-Michalski | Full translation based on the work of Karol Laszecki. |
1998 | Jerzy Litwiniuk | Full translation |
Komi | 1980 & 1984[13] | Adolf Turkin | Partial translation (Väinämöinen's playing and song 10.) |
Fulani | 1983 | Alpha A. Diallo | Book was published in Hungary, illustrated with Akseli Gallen-Kallela's artwork. |
Tulu | 1985 | Amrith Someshwar | Used Keith Bosley's Wanton Loverboy to aid in the translation of some parts. |
Latin[21] | 1986 | Tuomo Pekkanen |
Vietnamese | 1986 | Cao Xuân Nghiêp | Full prose translation. |
1991 | Hoàng Thái Anh | Full prose translation. |
1994 | Búi Viêt Hòa's | Full translation in metrical verse. |
Slovak | 1986[13] | Marek Svetlik & Jan Petr Velkoborský. |
Hindi | 1990 & 1997[13] | Vishnu Khare |
Slovene | 1991 | Jelka Ovaska Novak | Partial translation. |
1997 | Jelka Ovaska Novak | Full translation. |
Swahili | 1992 | Jan Knappert | Illustrated with Tanzanian Robino Ntila's graphics. |
Bulgarian | 1992 | Nino Nikolov |
Greek | 1992 [13] | Maria Martzouk | Verse translation of the first 20 poems with prose translation of the rest. |
Faroese | 1993 | Jóhannes av Skarði |
Tamil | 1994[22] | R. Sivalingam (Uthayanan) | Full translation. Introduction by Asko Parpola. |
Catalan | 1997 | Ramon Garriga i Marquès, Pirkko-Merja Lounavaara | Full translation in metric verse, directly from Finnish. |
1997 | Encarna Sant-Celoni i Verger | Abridged prose translation. |
Persian | 1998 | Mahmoud Amir Yar Ahmadi and Mercedeh Khadivar Mohseni | Full translation directly from Finnish. |
Macedonian | 1998 | Vesna Acevska |
Kannada | 2001 | Dr K R Sandhya Reddy | Full translation from English. |
Croatian | 2001 | Stjepan A. Szabo | Partial translation in narrative form. |
2006 | Slavko Peleh | Full translation using the German translation partially. |
Low German | 2001[13] | Herbert Strehmel |
Oriya | 2001[13] | Mahendra Kumar Mishra | Prose translation. |
Udmurt | 2001[13] | Anatoli Uvarov | Summary. |
Veps | 2003[13] | Nina Zaiceva | Verse summary. |
Portuguese | 2007 | Orlando Moreira | Full translation from an English version. |
2009 | José Bizerril and Álvaro Faleiros | Partial translation. Only the first song. |
2013 | Ana Soares & Merja de Mattos-Parreira | Full translation from Finnish; in verse; with critical introduction, and hundreds of footnotes. |
Meänkieli | 2007[13] | Bengt Pohjanen | Translation of a select four songs. |
Urdu | 2012[13] | Arshad Farooq |
Belarusian | 2015[23] | Yakub Lapatka |
Livvi-Karelian | 2015 | Raisa Remšujeva |
Karelian | 2015 | Zinaida Dubinina |
1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.finlandia.org.mx/Public/default.aspx?contentid=187130&nodeid=31939&culture=en|title=National epic "The Kalevala" reaches the respectable age of 175|accessdate=23 August 2010}}
2. ^John Martin Crawford. "Kalevala - The national epic of Finland" Preface to the First edition, (1888).
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5186|accessdate=August 19, 2010|title=Kalevala: The Epic Poem of Finland}}
4. ^1 2 Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. "The Kalevala or Poems of the Kaleva district" Appendix (1963).
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24948|accessdate=31 August 2010|title=Finnish Legends for English Children}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25953|title=Kalevala: The Land of Heroes|last=Kirby|first=W. F.|publisher=Dent|year=1907|isbn=|volume=1|location=London|pages=}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33089|title=Kalevala: The Land of Heroes|last=Kirby|first=W. F.|publisher=Dent|year=1907|isbn=|volume=2|location=London|pages=}}
8. ^The Kalevala; or, Poems of the Kaleva District, compiled by Elias Lönnrot, trans. by Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).
9. ^The Old Kalevala, and Certain Antecedents, compiled by Elias Lönnrot, trans. by Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
10. ^Eino Friberg. "Kalevala - Epic of the Finnish people" Introduction of the first edition, (1989).
11. ^Elias Lönnrot, The Kalevala: An Epic Poem After Oral Tradition, trans. by Keith Bosley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02600/02684/02684.htm|accessdate=August 19, 2010|title=KALEVALA SZEMELVÉNYEK A FINNEK NAIV EPOSZÁBÓL.}}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 {{cite web|url=http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p5a1&s=p5a1s2&h=hp5a1&f=fp5s|accessdate=23 August 2010|title=Kalevalan käännökset ja kääntäjät}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.karelia.ru/book.shtml?levelID=034003&id=274&cType=1|accessdate=August 19, 2010|title=Leonid Petrovic Belsky - Калевала}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://kalevala.gov.karelia.ru/songs/songs.shtml|accessdate=August 19, 2010|title=Eino Kiuru and Armas Hiiri - Калевала}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.bifrost.it/FINNI/Fonti/Kalevala.html|accessdate=February 27, 2011|title=Paolo Emilio Pavolini - KALEVALA - Introduzione}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bifrost.it/Antologia/Kalevala.html|accessdate=February 27, 2011|title=Paolo Emilio Pavolini - KALEVALA}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.niksula.cs.hut.fi/~xyu/kalevala/ |accessdate=August 19, 2010 |title=Sun Yong - Kalevala |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605071037/http://www.niksula.cs.hut.fi/~xyu/kalevala/ |archivedate=June 5, 2010 |df= }}
19. ^Hilmi Ziya Ülken. "Turkish translation of The Kaevala Runos 1 and 2" Yearbook of the Kalevala Society, volume 43 (1963)..
20. ^Sahban Ahmed Mroueh, Kaj Öhrnberg, and Jussi Aro, الكاليفالا: ملحمة الشعب الفنلندي [al-Kālīfālā: malhamat al-šaʿb al-finlandī] (Beirut: Dār Dānāy, 1991).
21. ^Kalevala Latina: Carmen epicum nationis Finnorum in perpetuam memoriam anniversarii centesimi quinquagesimi, trans. by Tuomo Pekkanen, 2nd edn (Helsinki: Societas Kalevalensis, 1996) [first publ. 1986].
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://pm.tamil.net/pub/pm0032/index.html |accessdate=August 19, 2010 |title=R. Sivalingam – KALEVALA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225050751/http://pm.tamil.net/pub/pm0032/index.html |archivedate=December 25, 2010 |df= }}
23. ^"Калевалу" па-беларуску прэзентуюць 10 снежня
{{Kalevala}}