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词条 List of meteor air bursts
释义

  1. Frequency

  2. Events

      Airbursts per year  

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

Many explosions recorded in Earth's atmosphere are likely caused by the air burst that results from a meteor exploding as it hits the thicker part of the atmosphere. These types of meteors are also known as fireballs or bolides with the brightest known as superbolides. Before entering Earth's atmosphere, these larger meteors were originally asteroids and comets of a few to several tens of meters in diameter, contrasting with the much smaller and much more common "shooting stars".

The most powerful recorded air burst is the 1908 Tunguska event. Extremely bright fireballs traveling across the sky are often witnessed from a distance, such as the 1947 Sikhote-Alin meteor and the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor, both in Russia. If the bolide is large enough, fragments may survive such as the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Modern developments in infrasound detection by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and infrared Defense Support Program satellite technology have increased the likelihood of detecting airbursts.

Frequency

The table from Earth Impact Effects Program (EIEP) estimates the average frequency of airbursts and their energy yield in kilotons (kt) or megatons (Mt) of TNT equivalent.

Stony asteroid impacts that generate an airburst[2]
Impactor
diameter		Kinetic energy atAirburst
altitude		Average
frequency
(years)
atmospheric
entry		 airburst
4|m|abbr=on|lk=on}} 3 kt 0.75 kt 42.5|km|ftlk=on} 1.3
7|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 16 kt 5 kt 36.3|km|ftlk=off} 4.6
10|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 47 kt 19 kt 31.9|km|ftlk=off} 10
15|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 159 kt 82 kt 26.4|km|ftlk=off} 27
20|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 376 kt 230 kt 22.4|km|ftlk=off} 60
30|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 1.3 Mt 930 kt 16.5|km|ftlk=off} 185
50|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 5.9 Mt 5.2 Mt 8.7|km|ftlk=off} 764
70|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} 16 Mt 15.2 Mt 3.6|km|ftlk=off} 1,900
Based on density of 2600 kg/m3, speed of 17 km/s, and an impact angle of 45°

Events

While airbursts undoubtedly happened prior to the 20th century, reliable reports of such are quite scanty. A relatively well-documented case is the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event which has an unknown energy yield but was apparently powerful enough to cause 10,000 deaths.[3] Modern researchers are skeptical about the figure, but had the Tunguska event occurred over a highly populous district, it may cause a similar level of destruction.[3]

Depending on the estimate, there were only 3–4 known airbursts in the years 1901-2000 with energy yield greater than 80 kilotons (in 1908, 1930?, 1932?, and 1963), roughly consistent with the estimate of the EIEP table. Most values for the 1930 Curuçá River event put it well below 1 megaton.[4][5][6]

The first airburst of the 21st century with yield greater than 100 kilotons came from the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor, which had an estimated diameter of 20 meters.

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and modern technology has improved multiple detection of airbursts with energy yield 1–2 kilotons every year within the last decade. The table below contains a chronological list of events with yield at least 3 kilotons since 2005, with earlier or smaller events included if widely covered in the media.

Note: For sorting purposes, location is given in "general:specific" format. For example, "Europe: Spain". The event is understood to be overhead the given location.

Date General:Specific Location CoordinatesEnergy
(TNT equivalent)		 Height of explosion Notes
1908, Jun 30}}60|km}} W-NW of Vanavara[7] near Tunguska River60|53|09|N|101|53|40|E}}15000|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}8.5|km|abbr=on}} Tunguska event (Largest witnessed meteor airburst to date)
1919, Nov 26}} United States: southern Michigan and northern Indiana42|N|86|W}} A gigantic meteor was seen approaching from the east. A brilliant flash of light, thunder, & an earthquake lasting 3 minutes were reported. Damage to property over a large area as well as to telegraph, telephone and electrical systems.[8]
1927, Jul 13}} United States: Illinois38|12|N|89|41|W}}20|km|abbr=on}} Tilden meteor. From more than a hundred miles it appeared like "a piece falling off the sun." Then it exploded.[9]
1930, Aug 13 South America: Curuçá River, Brazil5|11|S|71|38|W}}100|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} ?Also known as the 1930 Curuçá River event or "Brazilian Tunguska".[12] Generally assumed to be generated by three meteor fragments. An astrobleme of 1 km was found on the ground, but may be related to an older feature.[10][11][12][13][14]
1932, Dec 8 Europe: Arroyomolinos de León, Spain38|01|00|N|6|25|00|W}}190|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} ?15.7|km|abbr=on}} Assumed to be produced by an 18-meter object and connected to the December delta-Arietids meteor shower.[15]
1941, Apr 9 Russia: Ural mountains, Katav-Ivanovo district of Chelyabinskdate=February 2013}}
1947, Feb 12 Russia: Sikhote-Alin Mountains in eastern Siberia46|09|36|N|134|39|12|E}}10|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Sikhote-Alin bolide. The largest meteorite fall of recent times with total mass of fragments at 23 tons.[16] A bright flash and a deafening sound were observed for 300 km. Estimated explosive yield of 10 kt equivalent.[17]
1948, Feb 18 United States: Norton County, Kansas39|41|N|99|52|W}} Norton County bolide. One of the 5 largest meteorite falls of the 20th century, with more than 1 ton of fragments collected.[18] A brilliant fireball appeared in the sky. Then there was a loud explosion as the meteor broke apart.[19]
1959, Nov 24 Asia: Azerbaijan38|56|N|48|15|E}} Yardymly bolide. A bright object that illuminated the area for almost 3,000 square km before it shattered into pieces with a thunderous noise.[20][21]
1963, Aug 3 Indian Ocean: about 1100 km west of the Prince Edward Islands51|S|24|E}}260|±|90|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}1100|km|abbr=on}} W-SW from the Prince Edward Islands off the coast of South Africa by a U.S. govt instrument network for detecting atmospheric explosions.[22]
1965, Mar 31 Canada: Revelstoke, British Columbia0.6|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}13|km|0|abbr=on}} Revelstoke bolide. It exploded brilliantly and detonations were heard up to 130 km away.[23] About 1 g of meteorite found. Sometimes placed in SE Canada on May 31.[24]
1966, Sep 17 Canada: Lake Huron, Michigan, Ontario0.6|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}13|km|0|abbr=on}} The Kincardine fireball.[22] A brilliant meteor illuminated the whole of SW Ontario.[25]
1967, Feb 5 Canada: Vilna, Alberta0.6|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}13|km|0|abbr=on}} Vilna bolide. Photographed.[26] Its detonation was also clearly recorded by the seismograph of the Univ. of Alberta.[27] Two very small fragments < 1 g found and stored by the university.[28]
1969, Feb 8 Mexico: Chihuahua26|58|N|110|19|W}} Allende bolide. The 3rd largest meteorite fall of the 20th century. A huge, brilliant fireball lit the sky and ground for hundreds of miles. It exploded and broke up. About 2 tons of fragments were later found.[29]
1976, Mar 8 Asia: Jilin Province in China43|42|N|126|12|E}} Jilin bolide. After the Sikhote-Alin, it is the 2nd largest meteorite fall of the 20th century. A fireball larger than the full moon was seen. There were several explosions then a violent breakup.[30] It yielded a piece at 1770 kg, more than twice the Chelyabinsk meteorite (654 kg), and total fragments collected was about 4 tons.[31]
1984, Apr 3 Africa: Nigeria11|29|N|11|39|E}} Gujba bolide. A bright object was witnessed then an explosion was heard. More than 100 kg of fragments were found.[32]
1993, Jan 19 Europe: Lugo, Italy10|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} 30 km Superbolide airburst caused by the breakup of a low density meteoroid traveling at approximately 26 km/s.[33]
1994, Jan 18 Europe: Cando, Spain{{Coord|42|50|34.8|N|8|51|40.4|W}}1|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Cando event. An unexplained ground explosion at 7:15 UTC. Topsoil and large trees were thrown tens of meters away. No fragments found and there are problems with the trajectory. It might not be an impact event.[34]
1994, Feb 1 Pacific Ocean: near the Marshall Islands2.6164.1E}11|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}21|-|34|km|0|abbr=on}} Marshall Islands fireball (about 9 ± 5 meters in diameter). Two fragments exploded at 34 km and 21 km of altitude. This impact was observed by space-based sensors both in infrared (by the DOD) and visible wavelength (by the DOE).[35]
1997, Oct 10 United States: Las Cruces, New Mexico; El Paso, Texas31|59|N|106|50|W}}0.3|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} 10–15 Miles An airburst detected in El Paso and Las Cruces. The fireball traveled S-SE before disintegrating 10–15 miles above the surface with a loud explosion, traveling around 30,000 MPH. Luminosity is described only as "a very bright flash of light, bright orange-red, similar to a distant sunset".[36]
1997, Dec 9 Europe: 150 km south of Nuuk, Greenland62|54|N|50|06|W}}0.1|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}25|km|0|abbr=on}} One airburst at 46 km, three more breakups detected between 25 and 30 km. No remains found so far. Yield only based on luminosity, i.e. the total energy might have been considerably larger.[37]
1998, June 20 Asia: Kunya-Urgench in Turkmenistan42|15|N|59|12|E}} Kunya-Urgench bolide. One of the 5 largest meteorite falls of the 20th century, with more than 1 ton of fragments collected.[38] A large bolide brightened the sky, and a loud whistling then a crashing noise was heard.[39][40]
1999, Nov 8 Europe: Northern Germany1.5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Detected by the Deelen Infrasound Array in the Netherlands[41]
2000, Jan 18 Canada: Yukon, BC60|43|N|135|03|W}}1.7|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}[46] 30 km Tagish Lake bolide. One airburst at ~08:00, fragments recovered.[42]
2001, Apr 23 Pacific Ocean2|-|5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Infrasound detection. Meteor estimated to be 2–3 meters in diameter.[43] Occurred 1,800 km away from the Scripps detector.
2002, Jun 6 Mediterranean Sea: 230 km N-NE of Benghazi, Libya34|N|21|E}}12|-|26|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}[44][45][46] 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event
2002, Sep 25 Russia: Vitim River, near Bodaybo, Irkutsk Oblast58.27|N|113.45|E}}0.2|-|2|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} 30 km Vitim event or Bodaybo event[47]
2003, Mar 26 United States: Park Forest, Illinois41|29|N|87|41|W}}0.5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}[22] Park Forest bolide. Residents in Illinois and neighboring states witnessed a bright meteor exploding overhead.[48]
2004, Sep 3 Antarctic Ocean: north of Queen Maud Land69|S|27|E}}12|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}28|-|30|km|0|abbr=on}} Asteroid 7–10 meters in diameter. Coordinates are for dust trail observed an hour after event by NASA's Aqua satellite. Event was also observed by military satellites and infrasound stations. Dust was observed after event by LIDAR in Davis Station.[49]
2004, Oct 7 Indian Ocean10|-|20|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Infrasound detection
2005Start of JPL Fireball and Bolide Reports. (Dates in yellow are not in the JPL reports.)
2005, Jan 1 Africa: Libya32.7|N|12.4|E}}1.2|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}31.8|km|abbr=on}} Largest for 2005.
2006, Apr 4 Atlantic Ocean26.6|N|26.6|W}}5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}25|km|abbr=on}}
2006, Dec 9 Africa: Egypt26.2|N|26.0|E}}10|-|20|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}26.5|km|abbr=on}} Infrasound detection
2007, Sep 28 Europe: Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland40|km|abbr=on}}[50] Meteoritic material was suspected to have landed southeast of Oulu but none has been found.{{citation needed>date=February 2013}}
2008, Oct 7 Africa: Nubian Desert, Sudan20|48|00|N|32|12|00|E}}1|-|2.1|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}37|km|abbr=on}} 2008 TC3, the first asteroid detected before impacting Earth. Fragment has been named as Almahata Sitta meteorite.[51] In JPL as 1 kt.
2008, Nov 20 Canada: Saskatchewan53.1|N|109.9|W}}0.4|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}28.2|km|abbr=on}} Buzzard Coulee bolide. Five times as bright as the full moon and broke apart before impact.[52] Over 41 kg of fragments collected.[53]
2009, Feb 7 Russia: Tyumen Oblast56.6|N|69.8|E}}3.5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}40|km|abbr=on}}
2009, Oct 8 Asia: coastal region in South Sulawesi, Indonesia04|30|00|S|120|00|00|E}}31|-|50|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}25|km|abbr=on}} 2009 Sulawesi superbolide. No meteoritic material found (most likely fell into the ocean).[54] Occurred ~03:00 UTC; ~11:00 local time.[54]
2009, Nov 21 Africa: South Africa / Zimbabwe22.0|S|29.2|E}}18|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}38|km|abbr=on}}32.1|km/s|abbr=on}}. There were 56 witnesses of the bolide and two seismic recorder detections.[55]
2010, July 10 Pacific Ocean: NE of New Zealand34.1|S|174.5|W}}14|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}26|km|abbr=on}}
2010, Sep 3 Pacific Ocean61.0|S|146.7|E}}3.8|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}33.3|km|abbr=on}}
2010, Dec 25 Pacific Ocean: east of Japan38.0|N|158.0|E}}33|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}26|km|abbr=on}}
2011, May 25 Africa: Cameroon4.1|N|14.0|E}}4.8|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}59|km|abbr=on}}
2012, Apr 22 United States: California and Nevada[56]37|6|N|120|5|W|}}4|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}[83][57]{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} 30–47 km [58] Sutter's Mill meteorite. Numerous fragments from object recovered. (Not in JPL reports.)
2013, Jan 25 Canada: Quebec60.3|N|64.6|W}}6.9|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} –
2013, Feb 15 Russia: near Chelyabinsk54|30|N|61|30|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=inline}}500|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} [59] Estimated 30–50 km [60] Chelyabinsk meteor, about ~20 meters in diameter.[61] Largest meteor airburst known since Tunguska in 1908. More than a ton of fragments found, one large piece called the Chelyabinsk meteorite.
2013, Apr 21 South America: Argentina28.1|S|64.6|W}}2.5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}40.7|km|abbr=on}} The bolide was captured on video at a Los Tekis rock concert.[62]
2013, Apr 30 Atlantic Ocean: SW of the Azores35.5|N|30.7|W}}10|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}21.2|km|abbr=on}}
2013, Oct 12 Atlantic Ocean19.1|S|25.0|W}}3.5|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}22|km|abbr=on}}
2013, Nov 26 Canada: heard in Montreal, Ottawa, and New York0.1|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}[63]Montreal bolide.[64][65][66][67]
2014, Feb 18 South America: Argentina32.8|S|61.5|W}}0.1|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} – Even though this was a low-energy event, there were reports of windows and buildings shaking.[68]
2014, Aug 23 Antarctic Ocean61.7|S|132.6|E}}7.6|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}22.2|km|abbr=on}}
2015, Sep 7 Asia: Bangkok, Thailand14.5|N|98.9|E}}3.9|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}29.3|km|abbr=on}} The 2015 Thailand meteor daylight bolide around 08:40 local time (UTC+7). Caught on at least 9 videos of dash and helmet cams online[69][70]
2015, Nov 13 Asia: India16.0|N|124.3|E}}0.3|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}28.0|km|abbr=on}} Komar Gaon bolide. A daylight meteor accompanied by almost a minute of sonic booms.[71]
2015, Dec 12 Asia: eastern Turkey39.1|N|40.2|E}}0.13|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}39.8|km|abbr=on}} Sariçiçek meteorite. A bright fireball was seen and then heard as it exploded over a Turkish village.[72] More than 15 kg of fragments were found and villagers made an est. $300,000 selling the space rocks.[73]
2016, Feb 6 Atlantic Ocean: NW of Tristan da Cunha island30.4|S|25.5|W}}13|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}31|km|abbr=on}} Largest fireball for 2016.[74]
2016, May 16 United States: NE coast3.2|N|6.6|E}}1.3|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}42|km|abbr=on}} Many eyewitnesses, and some heard a sonic boom.[75]
2017, Nov 16 Europe: Inari, Finland69.1|N|28.6|E}} 20–91 km A meteoroid weighing a few hundred kg exploded in an airburst and dropped tens of kg of meteorites into a remote area of Finnish Lapland.[76] The resulting shockwave was felt on the surface.[77] The event was detected by 7 infrasound stations.[78]
2017, Dec 15 Russia: Kamchatka60.2|N|170.0|E}}6.4|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}20|km|abbr=on}} The asteroid likely had a diameter of 2–5 meters prior to impact. But because it happened in a remote area in Kamchatka, there were likely no eyewitnesses. The event was detected at 11 CTBTO infrasound stations.[79]
2018, Jan 16 [80]United States: Michigan 0.01 kilotonnes of TNT[81]Near New Haven, Michigan. Observers across southern Michigan and surrounding states. The air burst registered as a magnitude 2.0 event on seismic equipment. Meteorites were recovered by Robert Ward and Larry Atkins in Hamburg Township.
2018, Jan 22 Atlantic Ocean: off Senegal's coast14.0|N|17.4|W}}0.11|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}} Not related to ATLAS detected object A106fgF that had an impact track well south of Senegal.
2018, June 21 Russia: Kursk Oblast52.8|N|38.1|E}}2.8|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}27.2|km|abbr=on}} Loud sonic booms were reported[82] as well as fragments found.[83]
2018, Dec 18 Bering Sea, near Kamchatka, Russia56.9|N|172.4|E}}173|ktTNT|TJ|abbr=on}}25.6|km|abbr=on}} Kamchatka superbolide asteroid ~10 meters in diameter. Largest airburst since Chelyabinsk.[84]
{{legend|#ffff66|After 2005, but not in JPL reports.|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

Airbursts per year

As of January 2019, the number of airbursts each year since 2005, as reported in the JPL Fireball and Bolide Reports are:

Year Number of
airbursts
2018 39
2017 26
2016 29
2015 43
2014 33
2013 20
2012 31
2011 23
2010 32
2009 25
2008 27
2007 21
2006 32
2005 38

See also

  • 1972 Great Daylight Fireball – assumed to be still in an Earth-crossing orbit
  • 2007 Carancas impact event – mostly intact until object hit the ground
  • Impact event
  • Asteroid impact prediction
  • Meteorite fall
  • List of bolides

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=We are not Alone: Government Sensors Shed New Light on Asteroid Hazards|url=http://www.universetoday.com/116355/we-are-not-alone-government-sensors-shed-new-light-on-asteroid-hazards/|accessdate=12 April 2015|newspaper=Universe Today}}
2. ^{{cite web |date=2010 |title=Earth Impact Effects Program |publisher=Imperial College London / Purdue University |author1=Robert Marcus |author2=H. Jay Melosh |author3=Gareth Collins |last-author-amp=yes |url=http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/ |accessdate=2013-02-04}} (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17km/s, 45 degrees)
3. ^1 {{Cite journal |bibcode = 1994Metic..29..864Y|title = Meteorite Falls in China and Some Related Human Casualty Events|journal = Meteoritics|volume = 29|issue = 6|pages = 864|last1 = Yau|first1 = Kevin|last2 = Weissman|first2 = Paul|last3 = Yeomans|first3 = Donald|year = 1994}}
4. ^McFarland, John. The Day the Earth Trembled, Armagh, Northern Ireland: Armagh Observatory website, last revised on November 10, 2009.
5. ^Lienhard, John H. Meteorite at Curuçá, The Engines of Our Ingenuity, University of Houston with KUHF-FM Houston.
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Corderoa |first=Guadalupe |author2=Poveda, Arcadio |title=Curuça 1930: A probable mini-Tunguska? |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=10–16 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.012 |bibcode=2011P&SS...59...10C}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Traynor|first=Chris|date=1997|title=The Tunguska Event|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=107|issue=3}}
8. ^Earth quivers as sky phenomenon descends, The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.) 1919 Nov 27 page 1b
9. ^{{Cite journal |bibcode = 1927JRASC..21..338W|title = The Tilden Meteor, an Illinois Daylight Fall|journal = Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume = 21|pages = 338|last1 = Wylie|first1 = C. C.|year = 1927}}
10. ^1 THE EVENT NEAR THE CURUÇÁ RIVER. 67th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2004)
11. ^{{cite journal |title=Curuça 1930: A probable mini-Tunguska? |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.012 | bibcode=2011P&SS...59...10C | volume=59 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |pages=10–16|year=2011 |last1=Cordero |first1=Guadalupe |last2=Poveda |first2=Arcadio }}
12. ^No. 1102: METEORITE AT CURUÇA By John H. Lienhard The Engines of Our Ingenuity
13. ^The Day the Earth Trembled by John McFarland Armagh Observatory
14. ^http://www.comciencia.br/reportagens/espaco/espc17.htm
15. ^Historical Records of δ-Arietids Superfireballs Over Spain by J.M.Madiedo and J. M. Trigo-Rodríguez 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011)
16. ^Sikhote-Alin at LPI{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130073826/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=23593 |date=2012-01-30 }}
17. ^Leonard David (2013). Russia Meteor Blast Is Biggest in 100 Years
18. ^Norton County at LPI
19. ^Meteorite Recon entry for Norton County
20. ^Soviet Azerbaijan Encyclopedia (Baku, 1981), vol. 5, p. 80
21. ^Yardymly at LPI
22. ^1 2 {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010 |title=Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics |volume=68 |issue=10|year=2006 |pages=1136–1160|url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf|last1=Edwards|first1=Wayne N.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter G.|last3=Revelle|first3=Douglas O.}}
23. ^Revelstoke at LPI
24. ^{{cite book|last=Kusky|first=Timothy M.|title=Encyclopedia of Earth and space science|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1438128597|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vMk4t21fOvoC&pg=PA147&dq=canada+1965+meteor+tunguska#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Katherine E. Cullen }}
25. ^{{cite journal|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1966JRASC..60..257H|title=The Bolide of September 17, 1966|author=Halliday, Ian|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=60|page=257|date=December 1966|bibcode=1966JRASC..60..257H}}
26. ^{{cite journal|last=Folinsbee|first=R. E.|authorlink=Robert Folinsbee|author2=Bayrock, L. A. |author3=Cumming, G. L. |author4=Smith, D. G. W. |title=Vilna Meteorite-Camera, Visual, Seismic and Analytic Records|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=63|page=61|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969JRASC..63...61F |bibcode=1969JRASC..63...61F|year=1969}}
27. ^Vilna at LPI
28. ^{{cite book|last=Grady|first=Monica|title=Catalogue of Meteorites|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521663038|pages=514}}
29. ^Allende at LPI
30. ^Meteorite Recon entry on Jilin, A Preliminary Survey Of The Kirin Meteorite Shower, Academia Sinica, October 1976.
31. ^Jilin at LPI
32. ^Gujba at LPI
33. ^The spectacular airburst over (Lugo) Italy on January 19, 1993
34. ^J.A. Docobo, R.E. Spalding, Z. Ceplecha, F. Diaz-Fierros, V. Tamazian, Y. Onda, "Investigation of a bright flying object over northwest Spain, 1994 January 18", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 33.
35. ^{{cite journal |last=Tagliaferri |first=E. |author2=Spalding, R. |author3=Jacobs, C. |author4=Ceplecha, Z. |title=Analysis of the Marshall Islands Fireball of February 1, 1994 |journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets |volume=68 |issue=1–3 |pages=563–572 |date=1995 |doi=10.1007/BF00671553 |bibcode=1995EM&P...68..563T|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232448 |type=Submitted manuscript }}
36. ^http://elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2009/05/meteor-explodes-over-el-paso.html
37. ^Greenland meteor at goes.gsfc.nasa.gov
38. ^Kunya-Urgench at LPI
39. ^http://www.meteorite-recon.com/portfolio_page/kunya-urgench
40. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234202794_Observation_of_a_fireball_and_the_fall_of_the_first_large_meteorite_in_Turkmenistan
41. ^July 2002 Asteroid/Comet News
42. ^January 18, 2000 Yukon/Northern BC Fireball (The Tagish Lake Meteorite)
43. ^{{cite web |date=2001-09-03 |title=Low sounds detect meteor blast |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1522932.stm}}
44. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=P. |author2=Spalding, R. E. |author3=ReVelle, D. O. |author4=Tagliaferri, E. |author5=Worden, S. P. |title=The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth |journal=Nature |volume=420 |pages=294–296 |date=2002 |doi=10.1038/nature01238 |pmid=12447433 |issue=6913|bibcode=2002Natur.420..294B}} (table #1)
45. ^Near-Earth objects dangerous, general says BBC News, September 9, 2002.
46. ^Cambridge Conference Correspondence. Asteroids 'could spark a nuclear war'
47. ^{{cite web |title=CCNet 55/2003 – 10 July 2003 |url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc071003.html |publisher=Cambridge Conference Network archive |accessdate=2014-05-02}}
48. ^Vanessa Thomas (2003). Meteorites fall on Chicago suburbs, Astronomy Magazine, March 2003.
49. ^Cosmic hole-in-one: capturing dust from a meteoroid's fiery demise Australian Antarctic Magazine, issue 8 Autumn 2005
50. ^http://yle.fi/uutiset/super-meteor_lights_up_northern_sky/5803349
51. ^Almahata Sitta in LPI
52. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=62dedb5f-2ef7-4c1f-ade1-516293ac0fd1 |title=Hunt on for space rock |last=Brooymans |first=Hanneke |date=November 22, 2008 |work=The Vancouver Sun |publisher=The Edmonton Journal |accessdate=2008-11-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210081809/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=62dedb5f-2ef7-4c1f-ade1-516293ac0fd1 |archivedate=December 10, 2008 |df= }}
53. ^Buzzard Couleein LPI
54. ^1 {{cite web|last=Yeomans|first=Don|display-authors=etal|title=Asteroid Impactor Reported over Indonesia|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news165.html|work=Near Earth Object Program Office|publisher=NASA-NEOP|accessdate=16 February 2013}}
55. ^Matthew Moore (2009).[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/6654054/South-Africa-meteor-display-caught-on-film.html South Africa meteor display caught on film], The Telegraph
56. ^https://earthsky.org/space/loud-boom-and-bright-fireball-over-california-and-nevada-on-april-22 Booms and fireball over California and Nevada on April 22, 2012 caused by large asteroid
57. ^http://www.rgj.com/article/20120423/NEWS/304230032/Scientist-says-sound-signal-from-exploding-meteor-lasted-18-minutes
58. ^1 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/
59. ^http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-061
60. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/meteorite-strikes-central-russia-hundreds-injured/article8711190/ | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | title=Meteorite strikes central Russia, hundreds injured | date=2013-02-15}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |title=Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt |first1=Natalia |last1=Shurmina |first2=Andrey |last2=Kuzmin |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=February 15, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |archivedate=February 15, 2013 |df= }}
62. ^Bright Meteor Rocks Argentina Rock Concert
63. ^{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Mystery+Tuesday+boom+solved/9224471/story.html|title=Mystery of Tuesday’s big boom near Montreal solved|author=Anne Sutherland|publisher=montrealgazette.com|date=2013-11-28|accessdate=2014-02-28}}
64. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/meteor-strike-in-quebec-bright-flash-of-light-and-loud-boom-widely-reported-1.1562545 |title=Meteor strike in Quebec? Bright flash of light and loud boom widely reported |date=2013-11-27 |accessdate=2013-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127233218/http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/meteor-strike-in-quebec-bright-flash-of-light-and-loud-boom-widely-reported-1.1562545 |archivedate=2013-11-27}}
65. ^{{cite web |url=http://video.ca.msn.com/watch/video/possible-meteor-in-quebec-ontario/16av5pupp |title=Meteor in Quebec, Ontario |date=2013-11-28 |accessdate=2013-11-29 |quote=Jaymie Matthews, professor of astrophysics at the University of British Columbia, says a meteor was likely the cause of a strange boom heard Tuesday night in Quebec and Ontario}}
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/11/26/massive-blast-heard-near-quebec-ontario-border-likely-a-meteor-expert/ |title=Massive blast heard near Quebec, Ontario border likely a meteor: expert |date=2013-11-26 |accessdate=2013-11-29 |quote="[...] This has the hallmark of a meteor blast," said Andrew Fazekas, a spokesman with the Montreal Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.}}
67. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/speculation-rampant-of-possible-meteorite-strike-in-western-quebec-region/article15625562/ |title='Huge flash of blue light' spotted around Montreal, Ottawa most likely a meteor |date=2013-11-27 |accessdate=2013-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127115606/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/speculation-rampant-of-possible-meteorite-strike-in-western-quebec-region/article15625562/ |archivedate=2013-11-27 |quote=Reports have come from throughout the Ottawa region, through Montreal, Laval, and as far south as upper New York state, near the city of Plattsburgh, he said. There have been no reports of damage. |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail}}
68. ^{{cite web |date=2014-02-18 |title=Scientists probe meteor link to Argentina explosion |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-02-scientists-probe-meteor-link-argentina.html |publisher=Phys.org}} [https://www.facebook.com/groups/inerc/permalink/583944378359407/ INERC]
69. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RavHx9peVM Meteor Meteor over Bangkok, Thailand, 7 September 2015, youtube.com (video 00:51, 7 sights, review of youtube) 07 September 2015, retrieved 08 September 2015.
70. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvBWiz7z6_Y Meteor Fireball Falls in Bangkok Thailand 09/07/201 (Different Angles) VIDEO, youtube.com (video 04:04, 2 sights, repeated) 07 September 2015, retrieved 08 September 2015.
71. ^Komar Gaon at LPI
72. ^Sariçiçek at LPI
73. ^Thomas Seibert (2015). A Meteorite Saved My Town, Dec 12, 2015.
74. ^Paul Rincon (2016).[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35645854 Large space rock burns up over Atlantic], BBC News
75. ^https://www.amsmeteors.org/2016/05/huge-fireball-over-northeastern-us/ Huge Fireball over Northeastern US
76. ^https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/fragments_of_meteor_up_for_grabs_in_lapland_wilderness/9943695
77. ^http://www.euronews.com/2017/11/18/watch-meteor-lights-up-night-sky-as-it-crashes-over-finland
78. ^[https://twitter.com/WRandyBell/status/931553796668514304 Nov 16th fireball over far northern Scandinavia] – W. Randy Bell
79. ^[https://twitter.com/WRandyBell/status/942720050762600449 Dec 15th #fireball over Kamchatka detected at 11 #CTBTO infrasound stations] – W. Randy Bell
80. ^{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/meteor-earthquake-michigan-researchers/story?id=52404372|title=What you need to know about the meteor that caused seismic shock over Michigan|last=News|first=A. B. C.|date=2018-01-17|website=ABC News|access-date=2018-01-17}}
81. ^https://twitter.com/pgbrown/status/953735146540158976
82. ^https://www.imo.net/daytime-fireball-over-russia-on-june-21/ Daytime Fireball over Russia on June 21
83. ^ https://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-exploded-disintegrated-over-russia-june-21-2018 Fragments found for small asteroid that exploded over Russia
84. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47607696 US detects huge meteor explosion]

}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. |last3=Astiz |first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |last8=Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. |last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20=G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E. |last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. |last26=Smets |first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |date=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=Nature |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=238–241 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |display-authors=29 |pmid=24196713|hdl=10125/33201 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=C. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |date=2015 |title=Recent multi-kiloton impact events: are they truly random? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=446 |issue=1 |pages=L31–L35 |arxiv=1409.0452 |bibcode=2015MNRAS.446L..31D|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu144}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Yau |first1=Kevin |last2=Weissman |first2=Paul |last3=Yeomans |first3=Donald |date=1994 |title=Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events |journal=Meteoritics |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=864–871 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..864Y |issn=0026-1114 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x }}

External links

  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EZvGL1KvIw Asteroid Impacts on Earth More Powerful than Nuclear Bomb] (YouTube)
  • [https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21601232-skyfalls Asteroid impacts larger than 1 kiloton of TNT]
  • New Map Shows Frequency of Small Asteroid Impacts, Provides Clues on Larger Asteroid Population (Bolide events from 1994–2013 for asteroids ~1+ meter in diameter)
  • [https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/ Fireball and Bolide Reports] (JPL)
  • Newspaper archives drop hints about the Chelyabinsk event and other superbolides
{{Modern impact events}}

4 : Earth mysteries|Impact events|Space lists|Modern Earth impact events
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