| 词条 | Laie, Hawaii |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Laie, Hawaii |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Census-designated place |motto = |image_skyline = Laie Hawaii Temple (1400).JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = The Laie Hawaii Temple, the fifth oldest LDS Church temple worldwide |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Honolulu County Hawaii Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Laie Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in Honolulu County and the state of Hawaii |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = Hawaii |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 5.5 |area_land_km2 = 3.3 |area_water_km2 = 2.2 |area_total_sq_mi = 2.1 |area_land_sq_mi = 1.3 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.9 |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 6138 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = Hawaii-Aleutian |utc_offset = -10 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|21|38|55|N|157|55|32|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = 9 |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 96762 |area_code = 808 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 15-43250 |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = 0361691 |website = |footnotes = }}Laie ({{lang-haw|Lā{{okina}}ie}}) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the Koolauloa District on the island of Oahu ({{lang|haw|O{{okina}}ahu}}) in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. In Hawaiian, {{lang|haw|lā{{okina}}ie}} means "{{lang|haw|{{okina}}ie}} leaf" ({{lang|haw|{{okina}}ie{{okina}}ie}} is a climbing screwpine: Freycinetia arborea). The population was 6,138 at the 2010 census.[1] HistoryHistorically, {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} was a {{lang|haw|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, a sanctuary for fugitives. While a fugitive was in the {{lang|haw|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, it was unlawful for that fugitive's pursuers to harm him or her. During wartime, spears with white flags attached were set up at each end of the city of refuge. If warriors attempted to pursue fugitives into the {{lang|haw|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, they would be killed by sanctuary priests. Fugitives seeking sanctuary in a city of refuge were not forced to permanently live within the confines of its walls. Instead, they were given two choices. In some cases, after a certain length of time (ranging from a couple of weeks to several years), fugitives could enter the service of the priests and assist in the daily affairs of the {{lang|haw|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}. A second option was that after a certain length of time the fugitives would be free to leave and re-enter the world unmolested. Traditional cities of refuge were abolished in 1819.[2] The history of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} began long before European contact. The name {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is said to derive from two Hawaiian words: {{lang|haw|lau}} meaning "leaf", and {{lang|haw|{{okina}}ie}} referring to the {{lang|haw|{{okina}}ie{{okina}}ie}} (red-spiked climbing screwpine, Freycinetia arborea), which wreaths forest trees of the uplands or {{lang|haw|mauka}} regions of the mountains of the {{lang|haw|Koʻolau|nocat=y|italic=no}} Range behind the community of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}}. In Hawaiian mythology, this red-spiked climbing screwpine is sacred to {{lang|haw|Kāne|italic=no}}, god of the earth, god of life, and god of the forests, as well as to {{lang|haw|Laka|italic=no}}, the patron goddess of the hula. The name {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} becomes more environmentally significant through the Hawaiian oral history ({{lang|haw|ka{{okina}}ao}}) entitled {{lang|haw|Laieikawai}}. In this history, the term {{lang|haw|ikawai}}, which means "in the water", also belongs to the food-producing tree called {{lang|haw|kalalaikawa}}. The {{lang|haw|kalalaikawa|italic=no}} tree was planted in a place called {{lang|haw|Paliula|italic=no}}'s garden, which is closely associated with the spiritual home, after her birth and relocation of {{lang|haw|Laieikawai|italic=no}}. According to Hawaiian oral traditions, the planting of the {{lang|haw|kalalaikawa|italic=no}} tree in the garden of {{lang|haw|Paliula|italic=no}} is symbolic of the reproductive energy of male and female, which union in turns fills the land with offspring. From its close association with nature through its name, and through its oral traditions and history, the community of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} takes upon itself a precise identification and a responsibility in perpetuating life and in preserving all life forms. Sometimes the land itself provided sanctuary for the Hawaiian people. {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} was such a place. The earliest information about {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} states that it was a small, sparsely populated village with a major distinction: "it was a city of refuge". Within this city of refuge were located at least two {{lang|haw|heiau}}, traditional Hawaiian temples, of which very little remains today. {{lang|haw|Moohekili heiau|italic=unset}} was destroyed, but its remains can be found in taro patches {{lang|haw|makai}} (seaward) of the LDS Church's Laie Hawaii Temple. Towards the mountain ({{lang|haw|mauka}}), the remains of {{lang|haw|Nioi heiau|italic=unset}} can be found on a small ridge. All that is left of {{lang|haw|Nioi}} is a coral platform.[3] Between 1846 and 1848, the traditional Hawaiian feudal ownership of land by the king, the {{lang|haw|ali{{okina}}i nui}}, and his leading chiefs or {{lang|haw|konohiki}} was changed through the Great {{lang|haw|Mahele|nocat=y}}, or major land division. The {{lang|haw|ali{{okina}}i nui}} at the time was {{lang|haw|Kauikeouli|italic=no}} King Kamehameha III, and his {{lang|haw|konohiki}} (leading chief) for {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} was {{lang|haw|Peni Keali{{okina}}iwaiwaiole|italic=no}} (which means "The Chief without Riches"); the wife to this {{lang|haw|konohiki}} descended directly from the {{lang|haw|ali{{okina}}i nui}} of {{lang|haw|O{{okina}}ahu|italic=no}} named {{lang|haw|Kakuiewa}}, making his wife of higher rank than he. The result of the {{lang|haw|mahele}} was not in compliance with the original intent of Kamehameha III. The result was that the chiefs received about {{convert|1500000|acre|km2}}, the king kept about {{convert|1|e6acre|km2}}, which were called crown lands, and about {{convert|1|e6acre|km2}} were set aside as government lands. The land of the {{lang|haw|mahele}} itself was cut up into parcels, much like the traditional Hawaiian land divisions, centering on the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}}, which followed a fairly uniform pattern. Each parcel was shaped roughly like a piece of pie with the tip in the mountains, the middle section in the foothills and coastal plain, and the broad base along the ocean front and the sea. The size and shape of the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}} varied. However, the purpose of these remained the same. The village of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is located in the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}}. As such, {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} followed the general pattern of life in the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}}, but only the valleys in the foothills had ample water. There were ten streams that flowed through the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} before 1865 (see 1865 map). Their names were {{lang|haw|Kahooleinapea|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Kaluakauila|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Kahawainui|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Kaihihi|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Kawaipapa|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Kawauwai|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Wailele|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Koloa|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Akakii|italic=no}}, and {{lang|haw|Kokololio|italic=no}}. There were more streams flowing through the {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} than through any of the other surrounding {{lang|haw|ahupua{{okina}}a}}, including {{lang|haw|Kaipapau|italic=no}} and {{lang|haw|Hauula|italic=no}} to the southeast and {{lang|haw|Malaekahana|italic=no}}, {{lang|haw|Keana|italic=no}}, and {{lang|haw|Kahuku|italic=no}} to the northwest. Latter-day SaintsA new phase of development for {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} began when the plantation of that name was purchased by George Nebeker, the president of the Hawaiian Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Latter-day Saints in Hawaii were then encouraged to move to this location.[4] This purchase occurred in 1865.[5] The sugarcane plantation was rarely profitable, and through 1879 the church had subsidized its operations with about $40,000.[5] Soon after the settlement a sugar factory was built. Much of the land was used to grow sugar, but other food crops were also raised. Significantly, {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} was one of the few sugarcane plantations where both {{lang|haw|kalo}} (taro) and sugar were grown simultaneously. This was unusual because sugar and {{lang|haw|kalo}} are both thirsty crops. In the plantation economy of Hawaii in the late 19th century and early 20th century, {{lang|haw|kalo}} usually lost out to sugar. One of the reasons both {{lang|haw|kalo}} and sugar grew on the plantation is because of the commitment of Hawaiian plantation workers to growing their staple. Their dedication to growing {{lang|haw|kalo}} included their insistence that Saturday not be a work day on the plantation so that they could make {{lang|haw|poi}} for their families.[6] Both schools and church buildings were constructed in the town in the ensuing years. Samuel E. Woolley, who served as mission president for 24 years, pushed the expansion of the operations at Laie. In 1898 he negotiated a $50,000 loan that allowed for the building of a new pump.[7] The Hawaiian Mission was headquartered in {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} until 1919 when the headquarters were moved to Honolulu, but by then the temple had been built in {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}}, so it remained the spiritual center of the Latter-day Saint community in Hawaii.[8] Community{{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is one of the best known communities of the LDS Church and the site of the Laie Hawaii Temple, the church's fifth oldest operating temple in the world. Brigham Young University–Hawaii is located in {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}}. The Polynesian Cultural Center, the state's largest living museum, draws millions of visitors annually.[9][10]Though small, {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} has had a significant impact on Hawaiian culture, despite many of its residents' tracing their lineages from various Pacific Island countries such as Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, and New Zealand. Fundraisers and feasts on the beach in the late 1940s inspired "The Hukilau Song",[11] written, composed and originally recorded by Jack Owens, The Cruising Crooner, and made famous by Alfred Apaka. Geography{{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is located at {{coord|21|38|55|N|157|55|32|W|type:city}}.[12] {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is located north of {{lang|haw|Hauula|italic=no}} and south of {{lang|haw|Kahuku|italic=no}} along {{lang|haw|Kamehameha|nocat=y|italic=no}} Highway (State Route 83).According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of {{convert|2.1|sqmi|km2}}. {{convert|1.3|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.9|sqmi|km2}} of it (40.65%) is water. The coastline is marked by {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} Point, a prominent lithified dune jutting out into the ocean. {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} Point is included many traditional Hawaiian legends.[13] Two other lithified dunes ({{lang|haw|Kukuihoolua|italic=no}} and {{lang|haw|Mokualai|italic=no}}) lie just offshore of the point as scenic islets. {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} Beach Park was originally called {{lang|haw|Pahumoa|italic=no}} Beach Park, after {{lang|haw|Pahumoa|italic=no}} "John" {{lang|haw|Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āina|italic=no}} (1879–1944), a fisherman from {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie Malo{{okina}}o|italic=no}} in the late 19th century and early 20th century who lived here and kept his nets on the beach adjacent to {{lang|haw|Kōloa|italic=no}} Stream. He was well known in {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} for his generosity and gave fish to everyone in the village, especially to those who could not fish for themselves. {{lang|haw|Pahumoa|italic=no}} conducted many {{lang|haw|hukilau}}, a method of community net fishing.[14] His family, the {{lang|haw|Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āinas|italic=no}}, were a well known fishing family in the area, and stories can still be found today of their abilities in fishing. To the south of town is Pounders Beach, named for the pounding shorebreak. The name change occurred in the 1950s, when a group of students at the Church College of the Pacific (now Brigham Young University–Hawaii) called the beach "Pounders" after the shorebreak that provided popular bodysurfing rides; the nickname stuck. Another bodysurfing beach is {{lang|haw|Hukilau|nocat=y|italic=no}}, located at the north end of town, at the mouth of {{lang|haw|Kahawainui|italic=no}} Stream. DemographicsAs of the census of 2000,[15] there were 4,585 people, 903 households, and 735 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,601.7 people per square mile (1,393.9/km²). There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 793.4 per square mile (307.1/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 27.59% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 9.23% Asian, 36.88% Pacific Islander, 0.65% from other races, and 25.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.12% of the population. There were 903 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 9.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.47 and the average family size was 4.75. In the CDP the population was spread out with 31.8% under the age of 18, 21.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,875, and the median income for a family was $59,432. Males had a median income of $40,242 versus $26,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,785. About 10.7% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those ages 65 and older. Education{{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} is within the Hawaii Department of Education. {{lang|haw|Lā{{okina}}ie|italic=no}} Elementary School is in the CDP.[16]Notable people
References1. ^{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Laie CDP, Hawaii| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=May 22, 2012}} 2. ^Mulholland, John F. Hawaii's Religions. Rutland: Tuttle, 1970, p. 121 3. ^Sterling & Summers 1978, p. 158 4. ^Jenson, Andrew. Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1941) p. 324 5. ^1 Mulholland, Hawaii's Religions, p. 122 6. ^{{cite journal |first=Cynthia |last=Compton |title=The Making of the Ahupuaa of Laie into a Gathering Place and Plantation, The Creation of an Alternative Space to Capitalism |date=December 2005 |url=http://contentdm.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/ETD&CISOPTR=562&filename=etd1151.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-10-28 }} 7. ^Mulholland, Hawaii's Religions, p. 123 8. ^Jenson. Encyclopedic History. p. 324 9. ^Polynesian Cultural Center Official Site - Best Luau Oahu, Hawaii 10. ^{{cite web|author1=Theresa Bigbie|title=Lai'e - A Sacred Privilege and Responsibility|url=https://devotional.byuh.edu/node/248|website=devotional.byuh.edu|publisher=byuh.edu|accessdate=28 May 2018|date=July 8, 2004}} 11. ^History of the Hukilau Song {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401052302/http://polynesia.com/alii-luau/alii-luau-and-laie-hukilau.html |date=2008-04-01 }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2011-04-23 |date=2011-02-12 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://seekspot.com/uncategorized/laie-point-legend-moo/ |accessdate=2018-11-13 |title=Laie Point History}} 14. ^"Hawaii Place Names, Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites" by John R. K. Clark, University of Hawaii Press, November 2001, Page 207, referring to Lahilahi Point and the LaMariana Sailing Club. As well as "Beaches of Oʻahu, Revised Edition" by John R. K. Clark, University of Hawaii Press, 2004, page 91. Reference information annotated with updated information from the Kamakeʻeʻāina family genealogical data by Kāwika Kolomona Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āina, great-great grandson of Pahumoa "John" Kamakeʻeʻāina. 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}} 16. ^"Laie CDP, Hawaii." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 21, 2009. Further reading
2 : Census-designated places in Honolulu County, Hawaii|Populated places on Oahu |
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