| 词条 | List of national instruments (music) |
| 释义 |
This list contains musical instruments of symbolic or cultural importance within a nation, state, ethnicity, tribe or other group of people. In some cases, national instruments remain in wide use within the nation (such as the Puerto Rican cuatro), but in others, their importance is primarily symbolic (such as the Welsh triple harp). Danish ethnologist Lisbet Torp has concluded that some national instrument traditions, such as the Finnish kantele, are invented, pointing to the "influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas".[1] Governments do not generally officially recognize national instruments; the only exceptions are the Paraguayan harp,[2] the Japanese koto[3] and the Trinidadian steelpan.[4] This list compiles instruments that have been alleged to be a national instrument by any of a variety of sources, and an instrument's presence on the list does not indicate that its status as a national instrument is indisputable, only that its status has been credibly argued. Each instrument on this list has a Hornbostel-Sachs number immediately below it. This number indicates the instrument's classification within the Hornbostel-Sachs system (H-S), which organizes instruments numerically based on the manner in which they produce sound.[4] Images and recordings are supplied where available; note that there are often variations within a national musical tradition, and thus the images and recordings may not be accurate in depicting the entire spectrum of the given nation's music, and that some images and recordings may be taken from a region outside the core of the national instrument's home when such distinctions have little relevance to the information present in the image and recordings. A number of countries have more than one instrument listed, each having been described as a national instrument, not usually by the same source; neither the presence of multiple entries for one nation, nor for multiple nations for one instrument, on this list is reflective of active dispute in any instance. Alternative names and spellings are given. These mostly come from alternative spellings within English or alternative methods of transliterating from a foreign language to English, such as the Chinese yangqin, also transliterated yang ch'in and yang qin. Others reflect regions or subcultures within a given nation, such as the Australian didgeridoo which is or has been called didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi and ihambilbilg in various Australian Aboriginal languages. All non-English words are italicized. {{clear}}{{List of national instruments- start}}{{List of national instruments| Name = rubab[5][7] | Number = 321.321-6 | Tradition = Afghanistan | Description = Short-necked three-stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a plectrum, with a double-chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings | Other names = rabab | Image = Rubab.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Çiftelia Gajde Lahuta | Number = | Tradition = Albania | Description = | Other names = | Image = Ciftelia.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = oud[6] | Number = 321.321-6 | Tradition = Arab | Description = Pear-shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl-shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick | Other names = | Image = Oud2.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = bandoneón[7][8] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = Argentina | Description = Button accordion with a box shape, played with both hands using buttons that produce two sets of notes per hand | Other names = | Image = Bandoneon-curved.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = guitar[9][10] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Argentina | Description = Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and a soundboard | Other names = | Image = Guitar 1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = duduk[7] | Number = 421.211.12 | Tradition = Armenia | Description = Double-reed pipe with wide reeds made from pieces of cane in a duckbill-type assembly, generally diatonic and with a single octave range | Other names = daduk | Image = Duduk1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = didgeridoo[11][12] | Number = 423.121.11 | Tradition = Australian, Indigenous | Description = Straight trumpet without fingerholes, traditionally made from a trunk or thick branch of a tree, sometimes with a rim of beeswax around the blowing end, requires circular breathing | Other names = didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi, ihambilbilg | Image = Didgeridoo_(Imagicity_1070).jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = balaban[13][14] | Number = 422.121-62 | Tradition = Azerbaijan | Description = Set of cylindrical shawm-like instruments, with an air reservoir like a bagpipe | Other names = | Image = Balaban Azerbaijani.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = endongo[15] | Number = 321.21 | Tradition = Baganda peoples of Uganda | Description = Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms | Other names = | Image = COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lier_met_acht_snaren_TMnr_2435-1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = suroz[16] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Balochs | Description = Bowed string instrument with a long neck, similar to a fiddle or sarangi and played vertically | Other names = | Image = }}{{List of national instruments | Name = dotara[17] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Bangladesh | Description = Small stringed instrument, with plucked metal strings, elongated belly as soundboard and narrow neck ending in a pegbox, decorated with carvings of animals and covered with skin | Other names = | Image = Dotar.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kurai[18][19] | Number = 421.111.12 | Tradition = Bashkir | Description = Long open endblown flute with five fingerholes | Other names = | Image = Quraybash.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = lesiba[20] | Number = 311.121.222 | Tradition = Basotho | Description = Stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with a single string and tuning noose attached both to a bow and a feather quill, with a frame made from a coconut shell | Other names = | Image = Lesiba quill.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = zither[21][22] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Bavaria | Description = Stringed instrument with a soundbox, with strings stretched across it, originally with four melody strings and no more than fifteen accompaniment strings | Other names = Volkszither | Image = Citera kiendel.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = dranyen[23] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Bhutan | Description = Seven-stringed lute, fretless, long-necked and double-waisted with rosette-shaped sound hole | Other names = dranyen, dramnyen | Image = Nepalese instrument-2.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = charango[24] | Number = 321.321-6 | Tradition = Bolivia | Description = Fretted, hollow-bodied bowl lute, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an armadillo shell | Other names = charanga | Image = Charango boliviano.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = guitar[25] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Brazil | Description = Fretted six-stringed instrument with a soundboard and a hollow body, originally with steel strings, but now more commonly with nylon | Other names = violão | Image = Guitar 1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = berimbau[26] | Number = 311.121.221 | Tradition = Brazil | Description = Single-stringed musical bow {{audio|Toque-de-angola.ogg|Toque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbau}} | Other names = | Image = Hn caxixi baqueta vadero.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = pandeiro[27] | Number = 211.311 + 112.122 | Tradition = Brazil | Description = Handheld frame drum with metal jingles (platinelas) attached, tuned through adjusting the tension of the head, can also be shaken or rasped | Other names = | Image = Pandeiro.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gaida[28] | Number = 422.22-62 | Tradition = Bulgaria | Description = Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea-hole (a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half-step), and the last is a long, no-holed drone | Other names = | Image = Bg piper.jpeg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = guqin[29][30] | Number = 312.22 | Tradition = China | Description = A plucked seven-string zither with open strings and a range of about four octaves | Other names = qin | Image = Gugin -front&back.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = guzheng[31] | Number = 312.22-5 | Tradition = China | Description = Half-tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty-one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand | Other names = zheng, gu-zheng | Image = Guzheng 02.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = pipa[32] | Number = 321.321-5 | Tradition = China | Description = Pear-shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking | Other names = | Image = Pipa MET DP216711.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = yangqin[7] | Number = 314.122-4 | Tradition = China | Description = Hammered dulcimer, with a trapezoidal sounding board and traditionally bronze strings, struck with rubber-tipped bamboo hammers | Other names = yang ch'in, yang qin | Image = Yangqin1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cuatro[33] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Colombia | Description = Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and with four strings | Other names = | Image = Venezuelan cuatro.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tiple[34] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Colombia | Description = Four-stringed small fretted instrument with a hollow body | Other names = | Image = Tiple.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = marimba[35] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Costa Rica | Description = Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, two sets of overlapping keys, struck with mallets | Other names = | Image = Marimba.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cetera | Number = 111.224-4 | Tradition = Corsica | Description = A musical instrument of the cittern family, common in Corsica. | Other names = ceterina, cetara | Image = Cetera.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = lyra[36] | Number = 321.21 | Tradition = Crete | Description = Three-stringed fretted, pear-shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee | Other names = | Image = Lyres-creta.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tamburica and Lijerica[37][38] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Croatia | Description = Lute-like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings | Other names = tamburitza | Image = Celovic, instrument.gif }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tres[39] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Cuba | Description = Guitar-like instrument with a neck and three courses of two strings each | Other names = | Image = Trescubano.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gyil[40] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Dagara peoples of Ghana | Description = Xylophone-like calabash gourd with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame, struck with a hammer | Other names = | Image = Africangyilanddrum.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = rondador[41][42] | Number = 421.112.11 | Tradition = Ecuador | Description = Set of chorded bamboo panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously, consisting of pieces of cane, placed side by side in order by size and closed at one end, played by blowing across the top of the instrument | Other names = | Image = Rondador.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = harp[43] | Number = 322.12 | Tradition = Egypt, Ancient | Description = Open harp, used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased | Other names = | Image = Arched Harp (shoulder harp) MET 43.2.1 EGDP013644.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = sistrum[44] | Number = 112.112 | Tradition = Egypt, Ancient | Description = U-shaped frame drum with small rings that make sound when shaken | Other names = | Image = Mostra Olearie - sistro 1010384.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Concertina[7] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = England | Description = A small free reed instrument, usually hexagonal in shape. The instrument is played by moving bellows between the hands to blow air over reeds, each note being sounded by a button. | Other names = | Image = Wheatstone English Concertina.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kithara[45] | Number = 321.22 | Tradition = Etruria | Description = Stringed instrument with a deep soundbox made of two tables, connected by ribs, with strings attached to a tuning bar, played with a plectrum | Other names = | Image = Apollo Musagetes Pio-Clementino Inv310.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kantele[1][52][46][47][55] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Finland | Description = Zither–harp, traditionally with five strings, now with up to thirty, held in the lap | Other names = kannel | Image = Concert kantele.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = violin[55][48] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Finland, especially Swedish-speaking Finns | Description = Four stringed instrument, bowed, hourglass-shape and an arched top and back {{Audio|Violin chords.ogg|chords on a violin}} | Other names = | Image = Violin VL100.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tambin[49][50] | Number = 411.111.22 | Tradition = Fula | Description = Diagonal diatonic flute without a bell, made from a conical vine, with three finger-holes and a rectangular embouchere with two wings on either side | Other names = sereendu, fulannu | Image = No image available.svg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gaita[51][52] | Number = 422.211.2-62 | Tradition = Galicia | Description = Diatonic bagpipe with a conical chanter and at least one bass drone, used to accompany both spiritual and secular, as well as lyric and dance music, usually accompanied by a drum (tambour) | Other names = gaita de fole, gaita gallega | Image = GaitaGalega.png }}{{List of national instruments | Name = waldzither[53] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Germany | Description = Cittern with nine steel strings; tuned C, G G, C C, E E, G G; famous for allegedly been played by Martin Luther at the Wartburg | Other names = German lute, also applied to the lute guitar | Image = Hamburger waldzither.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = aulos[54] | Number = 422.121 | Tradition = Greece, Ancient | Description = Highly variant double-shawm with a cylindrical bore | Other names = auloi | Image = Joueur aulos vase borghese.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = lyre[55][56] | Number = 321.21 | Tradition = Greece, Ancient | Description = Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell | Other names = | Image = Mousai Helikon Staatliche Antikensammlungen Schoen80 n1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = bouzouki[1] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Greece, Modern | Description = String instrument with a pear-shaped body and a long neck, played with plectrum | Other names = | Image = BouzoukiFront.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = marimba[57][58] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Guatemala | Description = Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale | Other names = | Image = Marimba grand.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = ukulele[59] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Hawaii | Description = String instrument derived from the Portuguese braguinha, from the Hawaiian uku lele, jumping flea, referring to the swift fingerwork the instrument requires {{Audio|Ukulele chords.ogg|chords on a ukulele}} | Other names = | Image = Ukulele1.png }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cimbalom[60] | Number = 314.122-4 | Tradition = Hungary | Description = Chromatic hammered dulcimer with four legs | Other names = czimbalom, cymbalom, cymbalum, ţambal, tsymbaly, tsimbl, santouri, santur | Image = Cymbalum.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = veena[61] | Number = 311.222 | Tradition = India | Description = Semitonically fretted lute with a long, cylindrical shape, resting on two gourds | Other names = vina | Image = Veena.png }}{{List of national instruments | Name = angklung[62][63] | Number = 112.122 | Tradition = Indonesia | Description = Two bamboo tubes, closed at one end and with tongues, attached to a square frame, played by shaking from side to side, causing the tongues to vibrate | Other names = | Image = Eight-pitch Angklung, Mitchell Park, Milwaukee.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tar[64] | Number = 314.122-4 | Tradition = Iran | description=The musical instrument, which has 6 wires and is the main instrument in traditional Iranian music, is produced by Mazzrab. | Other names = | Image = Iranian_tar.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Irish Harp(Cruit or Cláirseach) | Number = 322.221 | Tradition = Ireland | Description = Polychord wire-strung harp with a fore-pillar | Other names = | Image = Celtic harp dsc05425.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Great Irish Warpipes Píob Mhór | Tradition = Ireland | Description = In modern times this instrument is essentially identical to the Great Highland Bagpipe | Other names = | Image = No image available.svg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Uilleann Pipes Píobaí Uilleann, Union Pipes | Tradition = Ireland | Description = Pump blown Bagpipe | Other names = | Image = UilleannPipes.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kinnor[65] | Number = 321.22 | Tradition = Israel | Description = Biblically described historic instrument, probably a cithara; in modern Hebrew, refers to the violin | Other names = David's harp | Image = Davids-harp.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = mandolin[66] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Italy | Description = Stringed instrument {{audio|Nl-mandoline.ogg|Mandolin performance}} | Other names = | Image = Neapolitan mandolin 001.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = koto[67] | Number = 312.22-7 | Tradition = Japan | Description = Long and hollow thirteen-stringed instrument | Other names = | Image = Japanese Koto.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = shofar[68] | Number = 423.121.1 | Tradition = Jewish | Description = Horn, flattened by heat and hollowed, used for more religious than purely secular purposes, made from the horn of an animal, most typically a ram or kudu | Other names = | Image = Jemenittisk sjofar av kuduhorn.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = dombra[69][70] | Number = 321.321-6 | Tradition = Kazakhstan | Description = Fretted, long-necked lute with a round body, played by plucking with a plectrum | Other names = | Image = Dombra1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = nyatiti[71][72][73] | Number = 321.21-5 | Tradition = Kenya | Description = {{convert|3|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin | Other names = | Image = Nyatiti.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = goura[74] | Number = 311.121.222 | Tradition = Khoikhoi | Description = Single stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with the string attached to a coconut shell resonator and with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch | Other names = | Image = }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gayageum[75][76] | Number = 312.22-5 | Tradition = Korea | Description = zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings. | Other names = kayagum, kayago | Image = Gayageum 12 string.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = komuz[77][78] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Kyrgyzstan | Description = Three-stringed fretless lute, made from wood with gut strings | Other names = | Image = Komuz.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = pin pia[79] | Number = 311.221 | Tradition = Lanna (Northern Thailand) | Description = Chest-resonated stick zither with two to five strings | Other names = | Image = }}{{List of national instruments | Name = khene[80] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = Laos | Description = Mouth organ with bamboo tubes, attached in pairs to the mouthpiece, and with fixed free reeds | Other names = khaen | Image = Khenesarong.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kokles[81][82] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Latvia and Latvian-Americans | Description = Diatonic, lute-like string instrument | Other names = kūkles | Image = Latgales_kokle.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = darbuka[83] | Number = 211.261.21 | Tradition = Lebanon | Description = Goblet-shaped hand drum | Other names = debakeh | Image = Darbuka drum 1.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = birbyne[84] | Number = 422 | Tradition = Lithuania | Description = Aerophone, can be single- or double-reed, with or without a mouthpiece | Other names = | Image = Birbyne_front_back.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = kanklės[85] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Lithuania | Description = Stringed instrument | Other names = | Image = Kankles.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gyil[40] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Lobi peoples of Ghana | Description = Keyed calabash gourds with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame | Other names = | Image = Africangyilanddrum.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = valiha[86][87] | Number = 312.11 | Tradition = Madagascar | Description = Tubular zither | Other names = | Image = Valiha player in Ambohimahasoa.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = balo[88][89] | Number = 111.212 + 112.111 | Tradition = Mandinka of West Africa | Description = Set of wooden pieces, mounted on gourds, in a frame and played using two rubber-tipped mallets, held in hands with iron cylinders and rings attached to add a jingling sound | Other names = behlanjeh }}{{List of national instruments | Name = abeng[90] | Number = 423.122.2 | Tradition = Maroons of Jamaica | Description = Aerophone made from the end of a cow horn with the tip broken off on the side, which is blown into | Other names = | Image = No image available.svg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = marimba[91] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Mexico | Description = Xylophone-like instrument with wooden square tubes resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale | Other names = | Image = Marimba.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = morin khuur[92][93] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Mongolia | Description = Two-stringed instrument, held between the legs, with a trapezoidal body and a horse's head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox | Other names = horse-head fiddle, igil | Image = Morin khuur.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gusle[94] | Number = 321.321-71 | Tradition = Montenegro | Description = Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg | Other names = | Image = Gusle_na_Cetinju.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = saung-gauk[95] | Number = 322.11 | Tradition = Myanmar | Description = Arched harp with sixteen strings, attached to the harp with red cotton tassels | Other names = saung, Burmese harp | Image = Myanmar_Saung.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = madal[96] | Number = 211.212.1 | Tradition = Nepal | Description = Double-headed cylindrical drum, slightly bulging at the waist, held horizontally and played double-handed | Other names = | Image = Madal_nepal_krish.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = fiddle[97] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Netherlands | Description = Four-stringed instrument, bowed | Other names = | Image = Violin_VL100.png }}{{List of national instruments | Name = marimba[98] | Number = 111.222-4 | Tradition = Nicaragua | Description = Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators | Other names = | Image = Marimba.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Hardingfele[52][99][100] | Number = 321.322-71 | Tradition = Norway | Description = Ornately decorated fiddle with four main strings and four resonating strings beneath them, which are not touched by the bow | Other names = Hardanger fiddle | Image = FeleHel (2).jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = langeleik[101] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Norway | Description = Rectangular zither with five or six strings, one melody string and several drone strings | Other names = | Image = Langeleik.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Dafli | Number = ? | Tradition = Pakistan | Description = The dafli, also popularly known as daf, dappler or tambourine, is a must for weddings. Made of wooden ring with a double row of bells and a playing surface with a 10" diameter, our dafli is a perfect accompaniment to the dholki. The pleasant sound of the dafli will elevate the tempo and mood of all celebrations. Easy to play with no beforehand practice required - with these daflis anyone can add to the music played in weddings and other celebrations. | Other names = Daf | Image = Pair of dafs.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = harp, Paraguayan[102][103][104] | Number = 322.211 | Tradition = Paraguay | Description = Diatonic harp with 32, 36, 38 or 40 strings, made from tropical wood and with songs in the Guarani language, with an exaggerated neck-arch, played with the fingernail | Other names = | Image = Paraguayan_harp.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cajón[105][106] | Number = 111.221 | Tradition = Peru | Description = Wooden box with a hole in one side, derived from containers used to transport agricultural products by portworkers | Other names = | Image = ToneCajon-Snare.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = charango[107] | Number = 321.321-6 | Tradition = Peru | Description = Guitar-like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back | Other names = charanga, chillador | Image = Charango.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Bandurria[108] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Philippines | Description = rondalla plucked chordophone with 14 strings tuned F# B E A D G. | Other names = | Image = Original_bandurria.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = nose flute[109] | Number = 421.111.22 | Tradition = Polynesia | Description = Flute, made from a single piece of bamboo, with three holes to blow into from the nostrils, with fingerholes | Other names = | Image = NoseFlute.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Portuguese guitar[110] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Portugal | Description = Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body | Other names = | Image = Fado2 - chitarre.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cuatro[111] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Puerto Rico | Description = Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body, derived from the Spanish tiple and other stringed instruments, made from carved wood with strings (ten, in five sets of two) of leather strips or dried animal gut | Other names = | Image = Thinline Cuatro.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = tibiae[112] | Number = 422.122 | Tradition = Rome, Ancient | Description = Double-reed shawm, played paired | Other names = aulos (Greek name) | Image = Auloi_from_Paestum_(14593167246).jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Garmon[113] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = Russia | Description = Garmon, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow {{audio|Accordion chords-01.ogg|chords on an accordion}} | Other names = | Image = Busking Accordionist.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = balalaika[114] | Number = 321.32 | Tradition = Russia | Description = Family of triangle-shaped lute-type instruments | Other names = | Image = Balaika, Nordisk familjebok.png }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gusli[115] | Number = 314.122 | Tradition = Russia | Description = Zither-like instrument with between eleven and thirty-six strings, tuned diatonically | Other names = | Image = Russ instr gusli shlem.GIF }}{{List of national instruments | Name = spoons[116] | Number = 111.141 | Tradition = Russia | Description = Painted wooden teaspoons, used as a percussion instrument | Other names = | Image = Cuillère instrument.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = sanshin[117] | Number = 321.312-6 | Tradition = Ryukyus of Japan | Description = Three stringed banjo-like instrument, covered with snakeskin | Other names = | Image = Sanshin.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = khomus[118] | Number = 121.221 | Tradition = Sakha | Description = jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked | Other names = | Image = Demir-Xomus.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = bagpipe, highland[1][119][120] | Number = 422.112.2-62 + 422.221.1-621 | Tradition = Scotland | Description = Bagpipe with a chanter, blowpipe, two tenor drones and a bass drone | Other names = | Image = Stand of great highland bagpipes.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Accordion[121] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = Serbia | Description = Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow {{audio|Accordion_chords-01.ogg|chords on an accordion}} | Other names = | Image = A_convertor_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = frula[122] | Number = 421.211.12 | Tradition = Serbia | Description = End-blown wooden flute with six fingerholes | Other names = svirala, jedinka | Image = Fluiers.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gajda[28] | Number = 422.22-62 | Tradition = Serbia | Description = Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea-hole (a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half-step), and the last is a long, no-holed drone | Other names = Surle | Image = Bg piper.jpeg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gusle[123] | Number = 321.321-71 | Tradition = Serbia | Description = Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg {{audio|Gusle0001.ogg|Serbian gusle}} | Other names = | Image = Serbian Gusle.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = fujara[124][125] | Number = 421.211.12 | Tradition = Slovakia | Description = Endblown long bass diatonic fipple flute | Other names = | Image = Fujaro ludado tuta bildo.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = accordion[126] | Number = 412.132 | Tradition = Slovenia | Description = Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow {{audio|Accordion_chords-01.ogg|chords on an accordion}} | Other names = | Image = Estrella 24-bass accordion.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = Vuvuzela | Number = 423.121.12 | Tradition = South Africa | Description = Straight plastic natural horn | Other names = Kuduzela | Image = Vuvuzela_red.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = guitar[10][127] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Spain | Description = Fretted stringed instrument, long-necked with a flat soundboard and back, and incurved sides | Other names = | Image = Guitar 1.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = drejelire[101][128] | Number = 321.322-72 | Tradition = Sweden | Description = Hurdy-gurdy that uses a rosined wheel to create sound | Other names = | Image = Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = nyckelharpa[101][129] | Number = 321.322-71 | Tradition = Sweden | Description = Bowed keyed fiddle | Other names = | Image = Nyckelharpa.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = talharpa[130] | Number = 321.22-71 | Tradition = Swedish Estonia | Description = Bowed lyre with no fingerboard | Other names = | Image = Talharpa,_by_Charlie_Bynum,_Silver_Spoon_Music,_NL_2014.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = alphorn[131][132] | Number = 423.121.12 | Tradition = Switzerland | Description = Long wooden conical trumpet, bent at the end, with turned boxwood mouthpieces, traditionally used by herdsmen | Other names = | Image = Alphorn-MJ.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = steelpan[133][134][135] | Number = 111.241.2 | Tradition = Trinidad and Tobago | Description = Barrel-shaped percussion instruments, tuned chromatically, originally made from discarded 55 gallon drums | Other names = | Image = Aasteeldrum.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = saz[136][137] | Number =321.321-6 | Tradition = Turkey | Description = Fretted lute with a long neck, pear-shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings | Other names = bağlama, kopuz | Image = SAZ Instrument 5270.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = dutar[138] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Turkmenistan | Description = Plucked string instrument with two strings and a long neck, strummed or plucked | Other names = | Image = Joueur_de_dutar_ouzbek.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = igil[156] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Tuva | Description = Small fiddle | Other names = Horse-head fiddle | Image = Igil oktober saya front view.gif }}{{List of national instruments | Name = khomus[139] | Number = 121.221 | Tradition = Tuva | Description = Jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked | Other names = | Image = Demir-Xomus.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = morin khuur[140] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Tuva | Description = Large fiddle with a wooden sound box and two strings attached to tuning pegs in the neck | Other names = Horse-head fiddle | Image = Mongolian Musician.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = bandura[141] | Number = 321.321 | Tradition = Ukraine | Description = Diatonic, unfretted lute-like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood | Other names = | Image = Chernihiv-style bandura.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = banjo[142][143] | Number = 321.312-5 | Tradition = United States, African American in origin | Description = Four or five stringed instrument, plucked with a bare thumb and a forefinger covered by a metal thimble, traditionally with four or five strings, | Other names = | Image = Banjo.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = doira[144] | Number = 211.311 + 112.113 | Tradition = Uzbekistan | Description = Round, flat drum with shakers made of metal inside and a horse-skin head | Other names = | Image = Dayra player.jpeg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = karnay[145][146] | Number = 423.121.12 | Tradition = Uzbekistan | Description = Long brass trumpet with a mouthpiece | Other names = | Image = Разновидности_Карная.JPG }}{{List of national instruments | Name = cuatro[33][147][148] | Number = 321.322 | Tradition = Venezuela | Description = Guitar-like lute with four strings, usually strummed | Other names = | Image = Venezuelan cuatro.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = harp, Venezuelan[148] | Number = 322.211 | Tradition = Venezuela | Description = Diatonic harp, with an exaggerated neck arch, similar to the Paraguayan harp | Other names = | Image = Venezuelanharpguitar.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = đàn bầu[149] | Number = 321.22 | Tradition = Vietnam | Description = | Other names = | Image = Vietnamese musical instrument Dan bau 2.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = crwth[149] | Number = 321.22 | Tradition = Wales | Description = Six-stringed instrument with a flat fingerboard, fretless | Other names = | Image = Crwth-in-case.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = harp, triple[150][151][152] | Number = 322.212.1 | Tradition = Wales | Description = Harp with no blades or levers, with three rows of strings, the outer two tuned in a diatonic scale and the inner one tuned to the extra semitones of the chromatic scale | Other names = telyn | Image = Welsh triple harp.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = gusle[153] | Number = 321.321-71 | Tradition = Yugoslavia’s | Description = Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg {{audio|Gusle0001.ogg|Serbian gusle}} | Other names = | Image = Serbian Gusle.jpg }}{{List of national instruments | Name = mbira[154][155] | Number = 122.12 | Tradition = Zimbabwe | Description = Plucked lamellophone, consisting of staggered keys attached to a board, with a halved calabash gourd as resonator | Other names = thumb piano | Image = Mbira1.png }}{{List of national instruments- end}} References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|quote=One of the most interesting articles is that by Lisbet Torp about invented traditions in creating a national instrument, such as the Highland bagpipe in Scotland, the kantele in Finland, the bouzouki in Greece etc. She takes the reader through a tour of Europe, in a journey through time and space, beginning in the British Isles at the end of the 18th century with the Irish harp and the Scottish highland bagpipe. She then points to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas. The conclusion is that Denmark never developed any national instrument, though, 'at the beginning of the 20th century, the prehistoric bronze lurs were treated as a national symbol.'|title=Review of Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp|first=Göran|last=Grahn|journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=52|date=April 1999|pages=367–368|jstor=842547|doi=10.2307/842547}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Study Guide for Quad City Arts' Visiting Artists Series|format=pdf|url=http://www.photohara.com/rodas.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072246/http://www.photohara.com/rodas.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2018-01-23|accessdate=December 23, 2007|date=October 2001|publisher=Quad City Arts}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kotoworld.com/koto.html|accessdate=December 23, 2007|title=About the Japanese Koto|publisher=KotoWorld|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211010344/http://www.kotoworld.com/koto.html|archivedate=December 11, 2007|df=}} 4. ^{{cite journal|title=Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann|first=Erich M.|last=von Hornbostel|author2=Curt Sachs |doi=10.2307/842168|journal=Galpin Society Journal|volume=14|date=March 1961|pages=3–29|jstor=842168|publisher=Galpin Society}} 5. ^{{cite book|first=Veronica|last=Doubleday|chapter=Afghanistan: Red Light at the Crossroads|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0|pages=3–7|quote=Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab, describing it as the 'lion' of instruments and their 'national instrument'.}} 6. ^{{cite book|accessdate=December 26, 2007|title=Project Results|pages=2|work=The Music Inter-Cultural X-Change: Project for Peace in Israelpublisher=The Boston Conservatory|url=http://www.davisprojectsforpeace.org/reports/5rep.pdf|format=pdf}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^{{cite book|first=Teddy|last=Peiro|author2=Jan Fairley |chapter=Argentina: Vertical Expression of Horizontal Desire|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|pages=305|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Global Hit: Dino Saluzzi|url=http://www.theworld.org/audio/07312007.mp3|format=mp3|work=The World|publisher=PRI|accessdate=December 17, 2007|year=2007|first=William|last=Troop|quote=(Dino Saluzzi) is a master of Argentina's national instrument, the button accordion known as the bandoneon.}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^{{cite web|date=February 2, 2003|accessdate=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.sacms.org/assad_notes.html|last=Fink|first=Michael|format=program notes|title=Assad Duo, guitars with Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, violin|quote=Another folk element is a reference to the guitar, considered a national instrument associated with the gauchos of the Pampas region.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226002948/http://www.sacms.org/assad_notes.html|archive-date=December 26, 2007|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Rioplatense Guitar|first=Richard T.|last=Pinnell|author2=Ricardo Zavadivker |year=1993|publisher=Bold Strummer|isbn=0-933224-42-7}} 11. ^{{cite journal|journal=Social Analysis|year=1998|volume=42|issue=2|pages=73–102|quote=It has not been a national instrument until quite recently, the previous range was primarily in the northern third of the continent.|author2=Cited to Moyle, 1981 (see Further reading)|format=Reprint|url=http://www.didjeridu.com/wickedsticks/articles/quest.htm|accessdate=December 17, 2007|title=The Quest for a "Magical Island": The Convergence of the Didjeridu, Aboriginal Culture, Healing and Cultural Politics in New Age Discourse|last=Neuenfeldt|first=Karl}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Breen|first=Marcus|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|pages=11|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0|quote=The aura and resonance of the continent the instrument carries means the didgeridoo will never lose its place as the instrument that best reflects the Aboriginals' 50,000 years of tradition and experience.}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/feature.php?ID=1172|accessdate=December 26, 2007|quote=(T)he Azeri national instrument is a type of bagpipe called a balaban.|work=Almaty or Bust!|publisher=Stylus Magazine|title=Azerbaijan|last=Heumann|first=Michael|date=August 16, 2004}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://azerbaijan.aznet.org/azerbaijan/guba_m.html#|title=Guba: Music|accessdate=February 17, 2008|work=Azerbaijan: The Land of Arts|publisher=TUTU Children's Cultural Center|last=Umid|first=Aysel|author2=Translated by Afina Yagizarova }} 15. ^{{cite journal|title=The Migration of Musical Instruments: Human Migration and African Harps|first=Klaus|last=Wachsmann|journal=Journal of the International Folk Music Council|volume=16|year=1964|pages=84–88|jstor=835087|doi=10.2307/835087}} 16. ^{{cite journal|quote=Notwithstanding the emergence of a strong nationalistic feeling among the Baloch population both in Iran and Pakistan, the existence of pahlawan (professional singers of verse narratives), and the love for suroz (a bowed instrument played as an accompaniment to narrative songs and considered to be the national instrument of the Baloch) among the educated classes, there seems to be no future for the oral tradition in Balochistan.|last=Badalkhan|first=Sabir|title=Balochi Oral Tradition|journal=Oral Tradition|volume=18|issue=2|date=October 2003|pages=229–235|doi=10.1353/ort.2004.0049}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/onyourstreet/msrumena.shtml|accessdate=December 17, 2007|work=World on Your Street|title=Musicians Stories|publisher=BBC|last=Begum|first=Rumena Mohima|quote=The dotara is the national instrument of Bangladesh.}} 18. ^{{cite web|first=Olesya |last=Seryogina |url=http://eng.bashvest.ru/showinf.php?id=2431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051646/http://eng.bashvest.ru/showinf.php?id=2431 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |accessdate=December 26, 2007 |quote=Music performed on this wonderful Bashkir national instrument is understandable and dear to all. |date=October 24, 2007 |publisher=BASHvest |work=Culture |title=Musician's Seven Kurais }} 19. ^{{cite journal|title=The Formation of Folk Modal Systems|first=Victor|last=Belaiev|journal=Journal of the International Folk Music Council|volume=15|year=1963|pages=4–9|doi=10.2307/836227|jstor=836227|publisher=International Council for Traditional Music}} 20. ^{{cite web|publisher=The Drum Cafe|url=http://www.drumcafe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=25|title=Traditional Music & Dance|quote=Discover the sounds of the lesiba, the Basotho national instrument with its harsh, bird-like sounds.|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 21. ^{{cite book|quote=The zither may be considered the national instrument of Bavaria|title=Dictionary of Music and Musicians|first=George|last=Grove|year=1954|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=1-147-22765-9}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=The Concert Zither: A Brief History|accessdate=February 17, 2008|url=http://www.zithers-usa.com/History.htm|publisher=Zither Newsletter USA|work=Zithers-USA}} 23. ^{{cite book|title=World Music|first=Simon|last=Broughton|author2=Mark Ellingham |others=James McConnachie|year=2000|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-85828-636-0}} 24. ^{{cite journal|quote=Among chordophones, the charango has become the Bolivian national instrument par excellence.|title=Review of Bolivie: Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean-Marc Grassler|first=Max Peter|last=Baumann|journal=Yearbook for Traditional Music|volume=29|issue=1997|pages=200–201|year=1997|jstor=768327}} 25. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=November 25, 2007|publisher=Glebe Music Festival|title=Chamber Recital Programme|work=The Annual Glebe Music Festival|quote=Born in Brazil, Murilo Tanouye began his musical pursuit by learning Jazz and Bossa Nova (sic) on the guitar, his country's national instrument.|url=http://www.glebemusicfestival.com/2007_concert_6.htm}} 26. ^{{cite journal|title=Technology and Culture Change: The Development of the "Berimbau" in Colonial Brazil|first=Richard|last=Graham|journal=Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana|volume=12|issue=1|date=Spring–Summer 1991|pages=1–20|quote=Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument.|doi=10.2307/780049|jstor=780049|publisher=University of Texas Press}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=When Brazil Came Calling|url=http://www.thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=277|format=Reprint|publisher=Kalamu|work=The New Black Magazine|first=Kalamu|last=Ya Salaam|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/bagpipes-a-blast-from-the-past-1233554.html|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=November 30, 2007|title=Bagpipes: A blast from the past|work=Independent.ie}} 29. ^{{cite web|publisher=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mqin/hd_mqin.htm|title=The Qin|quote=Endowed with cosmological and metaphysical significance and empowered to communicate the deepest feelings, the qin is the most prestigious of China's instruments.}} 30. ^{{cite book|title=Beijing Review, Issues 27-52|publisher=Beijing Review, original from the University of Michigan|year=1981|page=30}} 31. ^{{cite web|publisher=Link Chinese|url=http://linkchinese.net/news/2007/11/06/dong-yi-zheng-recital/|accessdate=December 21, 2007|title=Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People|quote=As the most popular national instrument in China, zheng (also known as gu-zheng) is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2,500 years.}} 32. ^{{cite web|quote=I note the irony of this transformation: the modernization of the pipa as a Chinese national instrument entailed reworking it to fit the musical standards and contexts of polyphonic Western music.|url=http://www.aasianst.org/absts/2007abst/Interarea/I-46.htm|last=Millward|first=James|title=From Camelback to Carnegie Hall: the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa|work=AAS Annual Meeting|accessdate=December 22, 2007}} 33. ^1 {{cite web|accessdate=December 17, 2007|url=http://www.discpro.org/andean/index.php?mode=instruments|quote=The cuatro has a very dry sound and is often strummed in syncopation with the rhythm of many musical forms originating from Colombia and Venezuela. The cuatro is also considered the "national instrument" of these two countries.|title=Andean Instruments|work=Musica Andina|last=Vandervort|first=Leland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225201735/http://www.discpro.org/andean/index.php?mode=instruments|archive-date=December 25, 2007|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 34. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of Los Caminos del Tiple by David Puerta Zuluaga|first=Richard|last=Pinnell|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=37|issue=3|date=Autumn 1993|pages=446–448|jstor=851728|doi=10.2307/851728|last2=Zuluaga|first2=David Puerta}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.umaine.edu/percussion/Percussion%20in%20Costa%20Rica.pdf|format=pdf|title=Percussion in Costa Rica, 1972-82|accessdate=December 17, 2007|quote=After all, the marimba is the "national instrument" of Costa Rica.|publisher=University of Maine|work=Percussion Studies|last=Marrs|first=Stuart|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904235516/http://www2.umaine.edu/percussion/Percussion%20in%20Costa%20Rica.pdf|archivedate=September 4, 2006|df=}} 36. ^{{cite journal|quote=The island's "national" instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity.|title=Lyres and the body politic: studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape|first=Kevin|last=Dawes|journal=Popular Music and Society|volume=26.3|date=October 2003|pages=263–283|issue=21|doi=10.1080/0300776032000116950}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Croatia |work=National Geographic World Music |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |quote=The tamburica is a lute-like instrument similar to the turkish saz and is the national instrument of Croatia. |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/croatia_869?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226003700/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/croatia_869?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com |archivedate=December 26, 2007 |df= }} 38. ^{{cite journal|title=Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview|first=Stephen|last=Erdely|journal=Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council|volume=11|year=1979|pages=114–137|quote=The tamburitza... is the national instrument of the Croatians.|doi=10.2307/767568|jstor=767568|publisher=International Council for Traditional Music}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.congahead.com/Musicians/Meet_Musicians/Gonzalez_N/Gonzalez.html|work=Congahead|title=Nelson Gonzalez|accessdate=December 17, 2007|others=Based on an interview with Nelson Gonzalez by Martin Cohenlast=McSweeney|first=Jim|quote=The tres is the national instrument of Cuba, and at first glance you'd probably call it a guitar. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071104051107/http://www.congahead.com/Musicians/Meet_Musicians/Gonzalez_N/Gonzalez.html |archivedate = November 4, 2007}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|title=About the Artists|work=El Taller Latino Americano|url=http://www.tallerlatino.org/BUMWinter06.html|quote=Gyil,... the grandmother of the keyboard family, is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa.|accessdate=December 17, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225001044/http://www.tallerlatino.org/BUMWinter06.html|archivedate=December 25, 2007|df=}} 41. ^{{cite web|first=Douglas|last=Bishop|title=A Worldwide History of the Panflute|url=http://www.panflutejedi.com/pan-flute-history-main.html|accessdate=December 26, 2007|quote=This family of pan flutes has many representatives: antara (Quechua) or siku (Aymara), chuli, sanka, malta (the most common variety of siku), toyo (bass siku), and rondador (Ecuador's national instrument, a chorded pan flute).}} 42. ^{{cite journal|title=Types of Quechua Melody|first=Winthrop|last=Sargeant|journal=The Musical Quarterly|volume=20|issue=2|date=April 1934|pages=230–245|jstor=738763|doi=10.1093/mq/XX.2.230}} 43. ^{{cite book|quote=Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre.|accessdate=December 21, 2007|chapter=Egyptian Music|pages=712|year=1906|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|editors=Gilman, Daniel Coit, Harry Thurston Peck and Frank Moore Colby (Eds.)|title=The New International Encyclopedia}} 44. ^{{cite book|title=Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities|first=Harry Thurston|last=Peck|year=1897|publisher=Harper & Brothers|isbn=0-8154-0176-0}} 45. ^{{cite journal|title=Musikarchäologie als Traditionsforschung - A Lyre Common to Etruria, Greece, and Anatolia: The Cylinder Kithara|first=Bo|last=Lawergren|journal=Acta Musicologica|volume=57|issue=Fasc. 1|date=January–June 1985|pages=25–33|doi=10.2307/932686|jstor=932686|publisher=International Musicological Society}} 46. ^{{cite web|title=The Kantele: Finland's National Instrument|url=http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=27002|accessdate=December 17, 2007|work=Virtual Finland|last=Asplund|first=Anneli|quote=(T)he kantele is an essential part of the power of (the Kalevala and thus became), in the 19th century, the Finns' national instrument.|date=December 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514060015/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=27002 |archivedate=2008-05-14}} 47. ^{{cite journal|quote=(Researchers) have run a long-term campaign to introduce the kantele, which has been branded the national instrument of Finland, into every school.|title=The Wide Field of Finnish Ethnomusicology|first=Pirkko|last=Moisala|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=38|issue=3|date=Autumn 1994|pages=417–422|doi=10.2307/852108|jstor=852108|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 48. ^{{cite book|title=World Music: The Basics|pages=95|first=Richard|last=Nidel|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-96800-3}} 49. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of The Peuls by Simha Arom|first=Gilbert|last=Rouget|author2=James Porter |journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=22|issue=1|date=January 1978|pages=224–225|quote=This proportion is an accurate reflection of the importance of the flute among the Fula; it is, in a sense, their national instrument.|jstor=851392}} 50. ^{{cite web|title=Fula Flute |accessdate=February 17, 2008 |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/fula_flute_21552 |publisher=National Geographic |author=Calabash Music |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117073124/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/fula_flute_21552 |archivedate=January 17, 2008 |df= }} 51. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of Galicia: Derradeira Polavila|first=Salwa|last=El-Shawan|author2=Dorothe Schubarth |journal=Yearbook for Traditional Music|volume=23|year=1991|pages=157–158|quote=The record also features the gaita... which Galicians consider their national instrument|doi=10.2307/768420|jstor=768420|publisher=International Council for Traditional Music}} 52. ^{{cite journal|title=Music in Spanish Galicia|first=J. B.|last=Trend|journal=Music & Letters|volume=5|issue=1|date=January 1924|pages=15–32|doi=10.1093/ml/5.1.15|jstor=726256}} 53. ^{{cite web|accessdate=March 23, 2014|title=Waldzither - Bibliography of the 19th century|publisher=Studia Instrumentorum|url=http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/zistern.htm|quote=Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit, dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt. Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre, der Italiener seine Mandoline, der Engländer das Banjo, der Russe die Balalaika usw. sein Nationalinstrument nennt, so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute, die Waldzither, welche schon von Dr. Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thüringer Walde (daher der Name Waldzither) gepflegt wurde, zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen. - Liederheft von C. H. Böhm (Hamburg, March 1919)}} 54. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 21, 2007|title=Dissemination and History|publisher=Reed Music Tradition|url=http://www.reedmusictradition.net/html/instruments/102_e_dissemination.html|work=Instruments and Info|last=Herzka|first=H. S.|quote=For the Greeks, it was the most important of wind instruments, a national instrument. It belonged to the entourage of the god Dionysus, god of fertility, wine, frenzy, ecstasy and rebirth.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145128/http://www.reedmusictradition.net/html/instruments/102_e_dissemination.html|archivedate=January 22, 2016|df=}} 55. ^{{cite news|title=Review of Midiaeval Music: An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope|accessdate=December 21, 2007|publisher=New York Times|date=December 16, 1899|work=Saturday Review of Books and Art|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/12/16/archives/mediaeval-music.html|format=pdf}} 56. ^{{cite journal|title=Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise-Shell Lyre|first=Helen|last=Roberts|journal=Archaeology and Musical Instruments|volume=12|issue=3|date=February 1981|pages=303–312|jstor=124242|doi=10.1080/00438243.1981.9979805}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/music/columns/stone/020206.shtml|publisher=PopMatters|last=Stone|first=Matthew|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=February 6, 2002|work=World Beat: Music From Somewhere Else|title=Indigenous Music of Caribbean Central America|quote=(T)he marimba... has become Guatemala's national instrument.}} 58. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of The Marimbas of Guatemala by Vida Chenoweth|first=Henrietta|last=Yurchenco|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=10|issue=1, Latin American Issue|date=January 1966|pages=105–106|quote=(The marimba) is truly a national instrument, enjoyed as much by primitive Indian as by sophisticated urbanite.|jstor=924197}} 59. ^{{cite book|first=Mike|last=Cooper|chapter=Hawaii: Steel and Slide Hula Baloos|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0|pages=56|quote=(Hawaiian craftsmen) began to use local kou and koa wood (in the manufacture of the braguinha) and before long the (ukulele) became a national instrument.}} 60. ^{{cite journal|journal=The Musical Quarterly|year=1916|volume=II|issue=4|pages=590–600|doi=10.1093/mq/II.4.590|title=The Czimbalom, Hungary's National Instrument|last=Hartmann|first=Arthur|quote=(The cimbalom) is the one instrument which so deeply speaks to (the heart of the Hungarian people) which translates the melancholy of the deserts and which in every way expresses (the Hungarian) world of emotions.|jstor=737942}} 61. ^{{cite journal|title=Stringed Instruments|first=Sarah S.|last=Frishmuth|journal=Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum|volume=3|issue=11|date=July 1905|pages=45–48|quote=India has an infinite variety of lutes, the vina, her national instrument, having a...|doi=10.2307/3793687|jstor=3793687|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art}} 62. ^{{cite web|quote=KSU students also enjoyed a performance with the Indonesian national instrument, the Angklung.|accessdate=December 26, 2007|date=July 3, 2007|title=Visit by Indonesian Culture and Goodwill Delegate|work=Campus Flash|publisher=Kyoto Sangyo University|url=http://post.kyoto-su.ac.jp/s/w013/campus_flash_e/index.php?ID=1248|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509130653/http://post.kyoto-su.ac.jp/s/w013/campus_flash_e/index.php?ID=1248|archivedate=May 9, 2008|df=}} 63. ^{{cite journal|title=The Rebirth of the Javanese angklung|first=Arnold B.|last=Perris|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=15|issue=3|date=September 1971|pages=403–407|doi=10.2307/850641|jstor=850641|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 64. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 26, 2007|url=http://www.iran-press-service.com/ips/articles-2006/september-2006/afsari_rad_16906.shtml|publisher=Iran Press Service|title=Iranian Music With Norwegian Radio-Television Symphony Orchestra|date=September 16, 2006|last=Norouzi|first=Khateren}} 65. ^{{cite web|work=Dolmetsch Online|title=David's Harp|accessdate=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsd.htm|quote=In Hebrew kinnor, also known as David's harp, is the national instrument of Israel.}} 66. ^{{cite book|quote=During the 18th Century (sic), the mandolin became associated with particular Italian districts or regions, and became the national instrument.|title=Manual of Guitar Technology: Chords Especially for Lefties|first=Franz|last=Jahnel|author2=Nicholas Clarke |year=2000|publisher=Bold Strummer|isbn=0-933224-99-0}} 67. ^{{cite web|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Koto|work=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|accessdate=March 13, 2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9369409}} 68. ^{{cite journal|quote=It is clear that the word shofar was not used as the name of the Jewish national instrument until comparatively late.|title=The Sounding of the Shofar|first=David|last=Wulstan|journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=26|date=May 1973|pages=29–46|doi=10.2307/841111|jstor=841111|publisher=Galpin Society}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/kazakhstan_672?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |title=Kazakhstan |quote=(The dombra) has become the national instrument of Kazakhstan. |first=Theodore C. |last=Levin |work=National Geographic World Music |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214191751/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/kazakhstan_672?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nationalgeographic.com |archivedate=December 14, 2007 |df= }} 70. ^{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan and Its People |format=pdf |year=2005 |url=http://www.ou.edu/wltkids/Pdf_files_Kazakh/WLTKids_May-Aug05-1Intro.pdf |accessdate=February 18, 2008 |publisher=World Literature Today |work=WLT Kids |first=Sapargul |last=Mirseitova |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525095820/http://www.ou.edu/wltkids/Pdf_files_Kazakh/WLTKids_May-Aug05-1Intro.pdf |archivedate=May 25, 2011 |df= }} 71. ^{{cite book|title=World Music: The Basics|pages=58|quote=Much of Kenya's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high-pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti (a seven-stringed harp), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound.|first=Richard|last=Nidel|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-96800-3}} 72. ^{{cite news|accessdate=February 19, 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/433896.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=August 30, 1999|title=Journey through a rhythm nation|work=Kenya|first=Zain|last=Verjee}} 73. ^{{cite book|title=Music and the Racial Imagination|first=Ronald Michael|last=Radano|author2=Philip Vilas Bohlman |others=Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-70199-9}} 74. ^{{cite journal|title=The Goura, a Stringed-Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots|first=Henry|last=Balfour|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=32|date=January–June 1902|pages=156–176|doi=10.2307/2842910|jstor=2842910|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}} 75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-95663/Musician-playing-a-kayagum-a-12-stringed-zither-that-is |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Kayagum 3 |accessdate=2008-05-31 }} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/viewer.exe?CISOROOT=/ethnomusic&CISOPTR=230 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120709020610/http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/viewer.exe?CISOROOT=/ethnomusic&CISOPTR=230 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-09 |publisher=University of Washington Libraries |title=Kayagum |accessdate=2008-05-31 }} 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaMusic/cobza.htm|title=Cobza|year=2005|publisher=Eliznik|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 78. ^{{cite journal|title=Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music|first=George S.|last=Golos|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=5|issue=1|date=January 1961|pages=42–48|doi=10.2307/924307|jstor=924307|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 79. ^{{cite journal|last=McGraw|first=Andrew|title=The Pia's Subtle Sustain: Contemporary Ethnic Identity and the Revitalization of the Lanna 'Heart Harp'|journal=Asian Music|volume=38|issue=2|date=Summer–Fall 2007|pages=115–142|doi=10.1353/amu.2007.0035}} 80. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of Traditional Music of Southern Laos by Jacques Brunet|first=David|last=Morton|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=18|issue=3|date=September 1974|pages=472|quote=The "national instrument" of Laos is the khene.|doi=10.2307/850536|last2=Brunet|first2=Jacques|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology|jstor=850536}} 81. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4387456.stm|title=Latvia celebrates national instrument|first=Laura|quote=Latvia's national instrument (is) the kokle... (which) is reasserting its place at the heart of contemporary Latvian culture.|last=Sheeter|accessdate=December 17, 2007|work=BBC News|date=October 29, 2005}} 82. ^{{cite journal|title=Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview|first=Stephen|last=Erdely|journal=Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council|volume=11|year=1979|pages=114–137|quote=Its revival was initiated (among Latvian-Americans in the United States) in the 1930's (sic) by Latvian folklorists, who claimed it to be their true national instrument.|doi=10.2307/767568|jstor=767568|publisher=International Council for Traditional Music}} 83. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 21, 2007|type=liner notes|publisher=Al Maslakh Records|url=http://www.almaslakh.org/catalog_mslkh03.php|title=Live in Beirut|others=Peter Brötzmann and Michael Zerang|first=Mazen|last=Kerbaj|date=March 2006|quote=Zerang ensorcelled the crowd, especially when he played hard-core rhythms and extended techniques on the Lebanese national percussion instrument, the darbuka (or debakeh).}} 84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digelius.com/baltic.htm|publisher=Digelius Nordic Gallery|work=Baltic and Finno-Ugric|title=Lithuania|accessdate=December 26, 2007|date=February 29, 2004 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210152612/http://www.digelius.com/baltic.htm |archivedate = December 10, 2007}} 85. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 22, 2007 |title=The Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania |url=http://lithuanian-american.org/folklife/baltic_countries.htm |date=August 24, 1998 |publisher=Lithuanian-American Community |quote=A wooden stringed instrument, similar to the zither, is considered a "national" instrument for all three countries. The Estonian kannel, the Latvian kokles, and the Lithuanian kankles, though similar in design, have distinctive styles. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226005402/http://lithuanian-american.org/folklife/baltic_countries.htm |archivedate=December 26, 2007 |df= }} 86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/glossary.php |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |quote=zither, national instrument of Madagascar, similar in sound to the kora |work=Afropop |title=Afropop Glossary |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218054217/http://www.afropop.org/explore/glossary.php |archivedate=December 18, 2007 |df= }} 87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.linktv.org/programs/like |title=Like a God When He Plays |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120032002/http://www.linktv.org/programs/like |archivedate=November 20, 2007 |df= }} 88. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/1240 |accessdate=April 26, 2008 |date=November 5, 2004 |title=The Behlanjeh, the national musical instrument of the Mandingos |publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Cambridge University Library. University of Cambridge |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627205236/http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/1240 |archivedate=June 27, 2007 |df= }} 89. ^{{cite web|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/Balo/viewObject.aspx?&OID=180012855&PgSz=1|accessdate=April 26, 2008|title=Balo}} 90. ^{{cite journal|title=Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons|first=Jacqueline Cogdell|last=DjeDje|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=18|issue=1/2|date=Spring–Autumn 1998|pages=67–120|doi=10.2307/779395|jstor=779395|publisher=Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago}} 91. ^{{cite web|title=New England Conservatory Presents the World Premiere of Robert Xavier Rodriguez's El Día de los Muertos|work=Sequenza21|accessdate=December 21, 2007|date=November 15, 2006|quote=Eschewing all drums except timpani, the score "utilizes a rich assortment of pitched percussion instruments, with prominent use of two marimbas (the marimba being the national instrument of Mexico as well as an apt musical representation of skeletons)," according to the composer.|url=http://www.sequenza21.com}} 92. ^{{cite book|first=Carole|last=Pegg|chapter=Mongolia and Tuva: Sixty Horses in My Herd|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0|pages=191–192}} 93. ^{{cite book|title=Morinkhuur: The Mongolian Horse-head Fiddle|url=http://mongoluls.net/morinkhuur.shtml|work=Morin Khuur: Self Learning Book|first=B.|last=Bayarsaikhan|author2=Jeremy Stoun. |accessdate=December 17, 2007|format=Reprint|quote=(The morin khuur) is the instrument most associated with Mongolian traditions and culture... (W)e hope this book will help foreigners learn to play the Morin Khuur and spread the word about Mongolia's national instrument throughout the world.}} 94. ^{{cite web|title=Montenegrin Music|publisher=Visit Montenegro|url=http://www.visit-montenegro.com/montenegro-music.htm|quote=The beginnings of vocal – instrumental music in Montenegro are neither extravagant nor mystical... the warm sound of fife (reed), patriotic singing of players of gusle (Montenegrin national instrument) or simply a song of the shepherdess in the mountain – were the first, but for Montenegrin music most significant melodic expression.|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 95. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 21, 2007|work=Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From East Asia on Display at the National Music Museum|title=Arched Harp|publisher=National Music Museum|url=http://www.usd.edu/smm/EasternAsia/Checklist.html|quote=This highly decorative harp, formerly associated with the Buddhist dynasties that ruled Burma for centuries, is the national instrument of Myanmar.}} 96. ^{{cite web|title=Dance & Music|publisher=Nepal Dance School|url=http://www.nepaldanceschool.com/ostyles.htm|quote=The madal is the national instrument of Nepal.|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 97. ^{{cite book|title=Dwight's Journal of Music: A Paper of Art and Literature|first=John Sullivan|last=Dwight|year=1859}} 98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Nicaragua&page=2|work=World InfoZone|title=Nicaragua Information|quote= The marimba, an instrument similar to a xylophone, is the national instrument.|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} 99. ^{{cite web|work=UMUC News |title=Norwegian Hardanger Music and Dance at UMC Feb. 15 |publisher=University of Minnesota, Crookston |url=http://www.crk.umn.edu/newsevents/notices98-99/norwaydancers.htm |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |quote=The Hardanger fiddle is considered Norway's national instrument. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225020539/http://www.crk.umn.edu/newsevents/notices98-99/norwaydancers.htm |archivedate=December 25, 2007 |df= }} 100. ^{{cite journal|title=The Hardanger Fiddle: The Tradition, Music Forms and Style|first=Arne|last=Bjorndal|journal=Journal of the International Folk Music Council|volume=8|year=1956|pages=13–15|quote=In Norway, the national instrument has come to be the Hardanger fiddle.|doi=10.2307/834737|jstor=834737|publisher=International Council for Traditional Music}} 101. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|quote=Mette Muller's initial essay on the folk musical instruments of Denmark and Scandinavia ("Folk - Folkelig - Folkelige musikinstrumenter i Danmark") circles around the central question of why Denmark did not develop a uniquely national instrument in the same way as Norway (hardingfele and langeleik), Finland (kantele), and Sweden (nyckelharpa and drejelire).|title=Folk og Kultur: Arbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab|first=Lanae H.|last=Isaacson|journal=Scandinavian Studies|volume=67.n1|date=Winter 1995|pages=142|issue=2}} 102. ^{{cite web|title=The Harp: A Latin American Reinvention|work=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/highlights/010705_harps.shtml|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=July 6, 2001|quote=In Paraguay, (the harp) became the national instrument.}} 103. ^{{cite journal|title=The New Grove: Latin America|first=John M.|last=Schechter |author2=Daniel E. Sheehy |author3=Ronald R. Smith|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=29|issue=2|date=Spring–Summer 1985|pages=317–330|quote=The distinctive Paraguayan harp... is featured as lead instrument in hundreds of ensembles in that country, where it is the national instrument.|doi=10.2307/852145|jstor=852145|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 104. ^{{cite web|work=Dolmetsch Online|title=Paraguayan Harp|quote=(C)haracterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base, very light weight, closely spaced light tension strings (usually nylon), a relatively flat harmonic curve, and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck, which are tuned with gear-style tuners (like a guitar). Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails, in very rhythmically intricate music. This is the national instrument of Paraguay, and is commonly found throughout South America, Central America, and in parts of Mexico|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsp.htm|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/30/Afro%20Peruvian/ |work=Afropop |title=Afro Peruvian |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |first=Dan |last=Rosenberg |quote=These wooden boxes were soon developed into the cajon, the large wooden box that today is the national instrument of Peru. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031014844/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/30/Afro%20Peruvian/ |archivedate=October 31, 2007 |df= }} 106. ^{{cite book|editor=Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.)|pages=284–285|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0|first=Jan|last=Fairley|chapter=Andean Music: Beyond the Ponchos|others=Based on an interview with Susana Baca, a Peruvian singer}} 107. ^{{cite journal|quote=Native music consists primarily of stringed instruments reminiscent of mandolins and Spanish guitars, including the charanga—Peru's national instrument.|title=Music in Peru|url=http://www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/peru/peru-overview/music-in-peru/|work=Viva Travel Guides|last=Bennett|first=Caroline|accessdate=December 17, 2007}} 108. ^{{cite web|quote=A respected rondalla maestro is pushing for the adoption of the banduria as the country's national musical instrument to stimulate interest in its study and cultivation. |last=Aning |first=Jerome |title=Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria |date=November 23, 2007 |url=http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/entertainment/entertainment/view_article.php?article_id=102634 |accessdate=December 22, 2007 |work=Inquirer Entertainment |publisher=Inquirer |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527093554/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/entertainment/entertainment/view_article.php?article_id=102634 |archivedate=May 27, 2008 |df= }} 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spu.edu/depts/fpa/music/instrumental/instrumental_music_files/pdfs/aerophones.pdf|format=pdf|pages=6|title=Aerophones|publisher=Seattle Pacific University|last=Person|first=Adam |author2=Brant Himes |author3=Mike Harris|work=Ethnic Instruments Catalog|quote=These flutes are found in other regions but particularly in Polynesia where the nose flute is the "national" instrument.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610220709/http://www.spu.edu/depts/fpa/music/instrumental/instrumental_music_files/pdfs/aerophones.pdf |archivedate=June 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes}} 110. ^{{cite web|quote=His book, The Portuguese Guitar, Lisbon 1999, is the first monograph on this national instrument's origins and historical evolution, iconography, organological study and repertoire. |work=XVII Macao Internacional Music Festival |accessdate=December 26, 2007 |title=Biographical Notes |url=http://www.icm.gov.mo/fimm/17/textE.asp?pId=3&id=142&tId=640 |publisher=Instituto Cultural do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609152757/http://www.icm.gov.mo/fimm/17/textE.asp?pId=3&id=142&tId=640 |archivedate=June 9, 2011 |df= }} 111. ^{{cite journal|title=The Cuatro: Puerto Rico's National Instrument|first=Frank M.|last=Figueroa|journal=Latin Beat Magazine|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_5_12/ai_87777044|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=June–July 2002|quote=(F)irst and foremost, the cuatro is Puerto Rico's national instrument. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226012758/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_5_12/ai_87777044 |archivedate = December 26, 2007}} 112. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806|quote=The tibiae (is) an instrument that may be characterized as the national instrument of the Romans.|title=The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period|first=Maria E.|last=Ginsberg-Klar|journal=World Archaeology|volume=12|issue=3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments|date=February 1981|pages=313–320|jstor=124243}} 113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/08.21.03/accordions-0334.html|work=Metroactive|accessdate=February 17, 2007|year=|date=August 21–27, 2003|format=Reprint|publisher=North Bay Bohemian|title=Accordion Manifesto!|last=Von Busack|first=Richard|quote=In Russia, the accordion is practically the national instrument.}} 114. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.hobgoblin-usa.com/info/glossary.htm|work=Hobgoblin Music|title=Glossary of Folk Instruments|accessdate=December 17, 2007|author=ARC music|author2=Peter McClelland }} 115. ^{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Held at Opatija, Yugoslavia: Correspondence between Eastern and Western Folk Epics|first=Felix|last=Hoerburger|journal=Journal of the International Folk Music Council|volume=4|year=1952|pages=23–26|jstor=835837}} 116. ^{{cite web|url=http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/traditions/512/|title=Spoons as Russian Folk Music Instrument|date=June 26, 2007|accessdate=December 17, 2007|work=Russia-IC}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/187/1/ARC_to_Jap_Music_-_Ch1_%5BOct_28_proofs%5D.pdf|format=pdf|accessdate=December 17, 2007|title=Context and Change in Japanese Music|last=Tokita|first=Alison McQueen|author2=David Hughes |quote=(I)n the Ryukyus... the sanshin – the Ryukyuan 'national instrument' and direct ancestor of the shamisen – will be favoured.}} 118. ^{{cite journal|title=Flights of the Sacred: Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism|first=Marjorie Mandelstam|last=Balzer|journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series|volume=98|issue=2|date=June 1996|pages=305–318|doi=10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00070|jstor=682889}} 119. ^{{cite CEM|wstitle=Bagpipe}} 120. ^{{cite journal|title=A New Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments|first=René T. A.|last=Lysloff|author2=Jim Matson |journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=29|issue=2|date=Spring–Summer 1985|pages=213–236|doi=10.2307/852139|jstor=852139|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 121. ^{{cite book|title=World Music|first=Simon|last=Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo|year=2000|publisher=Rough Guides|pages=274|isbn=1-85828-635-2|quote=Its place is now occupied by the accordion which has become the foremost national instrument since its introduction.}} 122. ^{{cite web|publisher=Cultural Corridors of South East Europe|url=http://www.seecorridors.eu/?w_p=56&w_l=2&w_id=263|title=Meeting of the Flute - Frula Festival Of Morava|accessdate=December 26, 2007|quote=Indigenous music performed on the frula – a Serbian national instrument}} 123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hf.uio.no/ilos/forskning/forskningsprosjekter/spinning/resources/Project_outline.pdf |format=pdf |quote=The cartoon shows a minuscule Cosic sitting on Milosevic's lap, while the latter is playing the gusle, the Serbian national instrument. |pages=4 |date=June 1, 2006 |title='Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict |accessdate=December 21, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=9769&lng=en|quote=van Gasparovič presented Vaira Vike-Freiberga with the Slovakian national instrument fujara that has been included in the UNESCO List of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.|publisher=Chancery of the President of Latvia|title=Presidents of Latvia and Slovakia unveil Detva Folklore Festival|accessdate=April 26, 2008|date=July 8, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074118/http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=9769&lng=en|archive-date=July 16, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asza.com/ifujara.shtml|accessdate=April 26, 2008|title=Fujara - Slovakia|date=May 2002|publisher=World Instrument Gallery|author=Randy Raine-Reusch|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525180314/http://www.asza.com/ifujara.shtml|archivedate=May 25, 2008|df=}} 126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/%20Pa-Sp/Slovenian-Americans.html|quote=Since the 1970s there has been an unprecedented surge of interest in Slovenian music (especially the accordion as the national instrument), language, genealogy, history, culture, customs, folklore, and other aspects of Slovenian heritage.|first=Edward|last=Gobetz|work=Slovenian Americans|publisher=Multicultural America|title=Acculturation and Assimilation|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 127. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of Iberia 1990: Otto fantasie per chitarra di autori spagnoli contemporanei by Alís, Bertomeu Salazar, Fernández Alvez, García Abril, Juliá, Marco, Prieto, Ruiz López, Gabriel Estarellas, Angelo Gilardino|first=Melton|last=Jensen|volume=51|issue=1|date=September 1994|pages=423–426|jstor=899279|journal=Notes}} 128. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title=On Violinists and Dance-Tunes among the Swedish Country-Population in Finland towards the Middle of the Nineteenth Century|first=Otto|last=Andersson|journal=Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft|volume=13|issue=1|date=October–December 1911|pages=107–114|quote=While in Sweden the hurdy-gurdy occupies the rank of a national instrument, like the kantele among the Finns, the Swedish country-population has not adopted either of these instruments, but has instead chosen the violin.|jstor=929299}} 129. ^{{cite web|accessdate=December 21, 2007|publisher=PopMatters|url=http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/v/vasen-keyedup.shtml|title=Swirling and Whirling on the Swedish Dance Floor|last=Flores|first=Gypsy|date=August 3, 2005|quote=The nyckelharpa is considered Sweden's national instrument.}} 130. ^{{cite journal|title=The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West|first=Otto|last=Andersson|journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=23|date=August 1970|pages=4–34|doi=10.2307/842060|jstor=842060|publisher=Galpin Society}} 131. ^{{cite web|quote=The alphorn is considered Switzerland's national instrument.|title=Switzerland's Music: An Annotated Bibliography|url=http://www.people.iup.edu/rahkonen/ilwm/Switzerland.bib.htm|accessdate=December 21, 2007|last=Helgelson|first=Rachel|date=April 28, 2003}} 132. ^{{cite web|quote=In 1827 the musicologist Joseph Fétis pronounced the alphorn to be the Swiss national instrument.|url=http://www.people.iup.edu/rahkonen/ilwm/Switzerland.bib.htm|work=Swiss Alpine Music|title=The Swiss National Instrument|accessdate=December 21, 2007}} 133. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Review of The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago by Stephen Stuempfle|first=Shannon|last=Dudley|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=42|issue=2|date=Spring–Summer 1998|pages=366–368|quote=(The book) uses an appropriate approach for the first major work on Trinidad and Tobago's national instrument.|doi=10.2307/3113905|last2=Stuempfle|first2=Stephen|jstor=3113905|publisher=Society for Ethnomusicology}} 134. ^{{cite web|publisher=Northern Illinois University|url=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/steelband.shtml|accessdate=December 17, 2007|date=September 13, 2005|title=NIU Steel Band leaders Teague, Alexis, share honors, dream big about steelpan's place in music world|quote=(In Trinidad and Tobago), the steel pan was invented and remains the national instrument.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120805122804/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/steelband.shtml|archivedate=August 5, 2012|df=}} 135. ^{{cite journal|title=What is a Gong?|first=Jeremy|last=Montagu|journal=Man|volume=65|date=January–February 1965|pages=18–21|doi=10.2307/2796036|jstor=2796036|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}} 136. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/glossary/content.glossary/saz |publisher=National Geographic |work=Glossary |title=Saz |accessdate=December 22, 2007 |quote=Considered the national instrument of Turkey. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226003710/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/glossary/content.glossary/saz |archivedate=December 26, 2007 |df= }} 137. ^{{cite book|title=Early Mystics in Turkish Literature|first=Mehmed Fuad|last=Koprulu|others=Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff|author2=Devin DeWeese |year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-36686-0}} 138. ^{{cite web|quote=There was great admiration for his virtuosity on their national instrument|work=Washington Folk Festival|title=Puppet Theatre|date=June 2, 2007|url=http://fsgw.org/wff/Sat2.htm|accessdate=December 17, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012061616/http://fsgw.org/wff/Sat2.htm |archivedate = October 12, 2007}} 139. ^{{cite news|accessdate=December 26, 2007|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1DC1630F933A25754C0A965958260|publisher=New York Times|work=Review/Music|last=Pareles|first=John|title=Review of From Half a World Away, Tuva's Unearthly Songs|quote=The national instrument of Tuva, the khomuz (jaw harp), also depends on a drone and virtuosically shaped overtones, as a solo piece demonstrated on Thursday night. | date=July 10, 1993}} 140. ^1 {{cite news|title=Yat-Kha, The Ferry, Glasgow|url=http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article107196.ece|archive-url=https://archive.is/20131201064547/http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article107196.ece|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 1, 2013|publisher=The Independent|last=Wilson|first=Sue|date=June 2, 2003|quote=Tiuliush also plays the morinhuur and the igil, daddy and baby versions of the Tuvans' national instrument, the horse-headed fiddle, held like a small cello and with two strings, each comprising up to 130 hairs from a horse's tail.|location=London}} 141. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1999/229919.shtml |first=Irene |last=Jarosewich |title=Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature |work=Ukraine Weekly |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |quote=The bandura will always be known as Ukraine's national instrument. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219022024/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1999/229919.shtml |archivedate=December 19, 2006 }} 142. ^{{cite book|title=A History of African American Theatre|first=Errol|last=Hill|author2=James Vernon Hatch |others=Don B. Wilmeth|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62443-6}} 143. ^{{cite journal|title=Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo|first=Jay|last=Bailey|journal=Journal of American Folklore|volume=85|issue=335|date=January–March 1972|pages=58–65|doi=10.2307/539129|jstor=539129|publisher=American Folklore Society}} 144. ^{{cite web|url=http://theworld.org/?q=node/8250|accessdate=December 17, 2007|quote=Abbos Kasimov, the premier percussionist from Uzbekistan, is playing his national instrument, the doira.|date=February 22, 2007|work=The World|publisher=PRI|last=Corneli|first=Zoe|title=Stanford Pan-Asian Musical Festival|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031171250/http://www.theworld.org/?q=node%2F8250|archivedate=October 31, 2007|df=}} 145. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalofworldcultures.com/events/display.asp?eventid=189 |accessdate=April 26, 2008 |publisher=Festival of World Culture |work=Event Listings |title=Rhythms of Uzbekistan: Featuring Shod & Lyazgi |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308051915/http://www.festivalofworldcultures.com/events/display.asp?eventid=189 |archivedate=March 8, 2008 |df= }} 146. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.mfa.uz/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1046&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |accessdate=April 26, 2008 |publisher=Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea |date=August 9, 2007 |title=‘Tashkent’ Musicians Capture Attention In UK, Gain Appraisal |quote=the magic sound of karnay (the Uzbek national music instrument) |author=IA Jahon }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 147. ^{{cite journal|title=Folklore Tachirense by L. F. Ramon y Rivera and Isabel Aretz|first=A. L.|last=Lloyd|journal=Journal of the International Folk Music Council|volume=17|issue=1|date=March 1965|pages=14–15|quote=This small, four-stringed, guitar-like lute, the national instrument of Venezuela...|jstor=942277}} 148. ^1 {{cite book|title=World Music: The Basics|pages=349|quote=The cuatro rivals the harp as the national instrument|first=Richard|last=Nidel|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-96800-3}} 149. ^1 {{cite book|title=From the Hunter's Bow: The History and Romance of Musical Instruments|first=Beatrice|last=Edgerly|year=1942|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}} 150. ^{{cite journal|quote=Much is said... about Welsh airs and the national instrument, the harp|title=The National Music of the World|first=Henry Fothergill|last=Chorley|author2=Henry G. Hewlett |journal=The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular|volume=21|date=May 1, 1880|pages=240–241|issue=447|doi=10.2307/3357258|jstor=3357258|publisher=Musical Times Publications Ltd.}} 151. ^{{cite journal|title=Reviews of Harp Music|first=John|last=Marson|journal=The Musical Times|volume=111|issue=1532|date=October 1970|pages=1029–1030|quote=A people which could cherish the triple harp so long after the rest of the world had dismissed it as obsolete must have more than mere tradition to guide its composers to the national instrument|jstor=957286}} 152. ^{{cite web|quote=Today the triple harp is the national instrument of Wales|accessdate=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsp.htm|work=Dolmetsch Online|title=Triple Harp}} 153. ^{{cite journal|title=Homer and Huso I: The Singer's Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song|first=Albert B.|last=Lord|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|volume=67|year=1936|pages=106–113|doi=10.2307/283230|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|jstor=283230}} 154. ^{{cite web|title=Music in Zimbabwe|work=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet|date=March 16, 2006|accessdate=December 17, 2007|quote=The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become something of a national instrument|url=http://www.nai.uu.se/research/areas/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/music/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226003847/http://www.nai.uu.se/research/areas/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/music/|archivedate=December 26, 2007|df=}} 155. ^{{cite book|title=World Music: The Basics|pages=81|quote=The mbira is inextricably associated with Zimbabwean traditional music, and is truly the national instrument.|first=Richard|last=Nidel|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-96800-3}} Further readingThe following are specifically referenced above or are book-length or extended scholarly works documenting a specific national instrument, not including collections of songs.
2 : Musical instruments by country|Lists of national symbols |
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