| 词条 | Lake County, Indiana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| official_name = Lake County, Indiana | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = County | image_skyline = Lake County Indiana Courthouse.jpg | imagesize = 200px | image_caption = Former Lake County Courthouse in Crown Point, Indiana | image_flag = | flagsize = | image_seal = Lake County in seal.jpg | seal_size = 75px | image_map = Map of Indiana highlighting Lake County.svg | mapsize = 130px | map_caption = Location in the state of Indiana | image_map1 = Map of USA IN.svg | mapsize1 = 200px | map_caption1 = Indiana's location in the U.S. | coordinates = {{coord|41|25|N|87|22|W|region:US-IN_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{US}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Indiana}} | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = Northwest Indiana | subdivision_type3 = Metro area | subdivision_name3 = Chicago Metropolitan | established_title = Settled | established_date = October 1834[1] | established_title1 = Established | established_date1 = February 16, 1837[2] | named_for = Lake Michigan | seat_type = County seat | seat = Crown Point | seat1_type = Largest city | seat1 = {{flagicon image|}} Hammond (population) {{noflag|Gary}} (total area) | parts_type = Incorporated municipalities | parts = 19 cities and towns | parts_style = coll |p1=Cedar Lake (town) |p2=Crown Point (city) |p3=Dyer (town) |p4=East Chicago (city) |p5=Gary (city) |p6=Griffith (town) |p7=Hammond (city) |p8=Highland (town) |p9=Hobart (city) |p10=Lake Station (city) |p11=Lowell (town) |p12=Merrillville (town) |p13=Munster (town) |p14=New Chicago (town) |p15=Schererville (town) |p16=Schneider (town) |p17=St. John (town) |p18=Whiting (city) |p19=Winfield (town) | government_footnotes = [3] | government_type = County | governing_body = Board of Commissioners | leader_party = | leader_title = Commissioner | leader_name = Kyle W. Allen, Sr. (D, 1st) | leader_title1 = Commissioner | leader_name1 = Jerry J. Tippy (R, 2nd) | leader_title2 = Commissioner | leader_name2 = Michael C. Repay (D, 3rd) | leader_title3 = County Council | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list | title = Members | frame_style = border:none; padding:0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = David Hamm (D, 1st) | 2 = Elsie Brown-Franklin (D, 2nd) | 3 = Charlie Brown (D, 3rd) | 4 = Daniel E. Dernulc (R, 4th) | 5 = Christine Cid (D, 5th) | 6 = Ted F. Bilski (D, 6th) | 7 = Christian J. Jorgensen (R, 7th)}} | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 626.5 | area_land_sq_mi = 498.9 | area_water_sq_mi = 127.6 | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | area_rank = 12th largest county in Indiana | area_blank1_title = Region | area_blank1_sq_mi = 2726 | dimensions_footnotes = [4] | length_mi = 36 | width_mi = 16 | elevation_footnotes = [5] (mean) | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 663 | elevation_max_footnotes = [6] – NE Winfield Twp | elevation_min_footnotes = [7] – at Lake Michigan | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = 801 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = 585 | population_total = 496005 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_sq_mi= 994 | population_est = 485846 | pop_est_as_of = 2016 | population_metro = 9522434 | population_rank = 2nd largest county in Indiana 131st largest county in U.S.[8] | population_blank1_title = Region | population_blank1 = 819537 | timezone = Central |utc_offset = −6 | timezone_DST = Central |utc_offset_DST = −5 | postal_code_type = ZIP Codes | postal_code = 46303, 46307-08, 46311-12, 46319-25, 46327, 46341-42, 46355-56, 46373, 46375-77, 46394, 46401-11 | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 219 | geocode = | iso_code = | blank_name_sec1 = Congressional district | blank_info_sec1 = 1st | blank1_name_sec1 = Indiana Senate districts | blank1_info_sec1 = 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th | blank2_name_sec1 = Indiana House of Representatives districts | blank2_info_sec1 = 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th and 19th | blank3_name_sec1 = FIPS code | blank3_info_sec1 = 18-089 | blank4_name_sec1 = GNIS feature ID | blank4_info_sec1 = 0450495 | blank_name_sec2 = Interstates | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = U.S. Routes | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = State Routes | blank2_info_sec2 = | blank3_name_sec2 = Airports | blank3_info_sec2 = Gary/Chicago International Griffith-Merrillville | blank4_name_sec2 = Waterways | blank4_info_sec2 = Grand Calumet River {{nowrap|Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal}} Kankakee River Lake Michigan | blank5_name_sec2 = Amtrak stations | blank5_info_sec2 = Dyer – Hammond-Whiting | blank6_name_sec2 = South Shore Line stations | blank6_info_sec2 = Hammond – East Chicago Adam Benjamin Metro Center Gary/Chicago Airport – Miller | blank7_name_sec2 = Public transit | blank7_info_sec2 = East Chicago Transit Gary Public Transportation | website = www.lakecountyin.org | footnotes =
}}
This county is part of Northwest Indiana and the Chicago metropolitan area, and contains a mix of urban, suburban and rural areas. It is the home to a portion of the Indiana Dunes[11][12] and to Marktown, Clayton Mark's planned worker community in East Chicago.[13] HistoryEarly settlementOriginally inhabited by Potawatomi tribes, Lake County was established on February 16, 1837.[2] From 1832 to 1836 the area that was to become Lake County was part of La Porte County.[14] From 1836 to 1837 it was part of Porter County.[14] It was named for its location on Lake Michigan.[15] The original county seat was Liverpool until Lake Court House, which later became Crown Point, was chosen in 1840.[16] Lake County's population grew slowly before the 1850s, when the railroads arrived to link Chicago to the rest of the country, and enabled tens of thousands of settlers and immigrants to buy land. Small-scale industrialization began, but was primarily relegated to the northern coast of the county. The 1900 Census gives a population of 37,892 residents. Industrialization and immigrationThe arrival of Inland Steel Company to East Chicago in 1903 and U.S. Steel to Gary in 1906 jump-started the county's population explosion. Immigrants poured into the area from all over Central and Eastern Europe (supplemented by a small Mexican immigrant community) and from many regions of the United States, such as Appalachia and the South. By 1930, Lake County's population surpassed 260,000, with first- and second-generation Americans constituting a majority of the population. Like the rest of Indiana, the Ku Klux Klan gained a large following in the 1920s in response to changing demographics. While the steel industry reigned supreme, other industries also found the county to be an ideal location for cheap land and well-developed transportation networks, such as automobiles, oil, chemicals, consumer goods, food processing, and construction supply companies.[17] The Great Depression was devastating to Lake County, as it was to any other area that relied on heavy industry. The Depression, combined with industrial strife, changing demographics, and unionization, caused Lake County to become a stronghold of the Democratic Party; Lake County has supported the Democratic nominee for President in every election since 1932 (exceptions occurred in 1956 and 1972), and Indiana's 1st Congressional District has remained in the Democratic column in every election since 1930. World War II restored prosperity, as industry revived to support the war effort, and good economic times continued into the 1970s. More immigrants were attracted by the promise of middle-class industrial jobs, and in addition to refugees and immigrants from Europe, black Americans and Mexicans also arrived in even larger numbers than they had in the 1910-1930 period. As minority populations exploded in industrial cities like East Chicago and Gary, racial tensions surfaced once again, and white flight from the industrial cities took place, aided in large part by the construction of state and federal highways.[17] Recent historyLake County's population peaked at 546,000 in 1970. Severe industrial decline took place during the 1973-1991 period, brought on by foreign competition, new management philosophies that called for major workforce reductions, and productivity gains from technology. The decline was particularly intense in the steel industry: steel employment exceeded 60,000 in the 1960s, and declined progressively to just 18,000 by 2015. Lake County's population declined 13% to bottom out at 475,000 in 1990. The industrial decline of the 1980s cast a long shadow over Lake County: the county did not regain the level of employment it had in 1980 until 1996, after which the employment level roughly flatlined. The county's economic output peaked in 1978, and has not since recovered, remaining 15-20% below the peak after adjusting for inflation. As prosperity declined, so did the immigration that powered the county's explosive population growth before 1950: per the 2000 census, only 5.3% of Lake County's residents were foreign-born, compared to over 11% for the United States as a whole.[18] The population recovered somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s, as the local economy adjusted. Suburban growth has also been driven by commuter populations of workers who are employed in Chicago and commute via expressways or the South Shore Line. In 2007, it was estimated that 44,000 workers commuted from Lake County, Indiana, to Chicago for work.[18]The decline of industrial cities and growth of suburbs has been so sharp, that by 1990 a majority of the County's population lived outside of the four traditional industrial cities. Lake County still continues to struggle with urban decline and poverty, suburban sprawl and traffic jams, and a stagnating population.[17] GeographyAccording to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of {{convert|626.56|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|498.96|sqmi}} (or 79.63%) is land and {{convert|127.60|sqmi}} (or 20.37%) is water.[25] The northern and southern portions of the county (north of U.S. 30 and south of Lowell) are mainly low and flat, except for a few sand ridges and dunes and were both once very marshy and had to be drained. The lowest point, at {{convert|585|ft}},[7] is along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The central part of the county is higher and hillier. As you travel south from the low and relatively flat lake plain in the northern part of the county, the land gradually rises in elevation until the peak of the Valparaiso Moraine. The highest point, at {{convert|801|ft}},[6] is in northeastern Winfield Township near 109th Street and North Lakeshore Drive in Lakes of the Four Seasons. From here the land descends south into the Kankakee Outwash Plain until the Kankakee River is reached. The geographic center of Lake County is approximately {{convert|200|ft}} northwest of Burr Street and West 113th Avenue in Center Township {{coord|41|24|53.8|N|87|24|14.3|W|region:US-IN_type:landmark|display=inline}}. National protected area
Airports
Major highwaysInterstate 65 in Lake County is called the Casimir Pulaski Memorial Highway. Interstate 80/94/US 6 is the Frank Borman Expressway from the Illinois state line east to the Indiana Toll Road interchange in the eastern portion of the county. Interstate 94 has been referred to as the Chicago-Detroit Industrial Freeway. US 6 is part of the Grand Army of the Republic Highway. Broadway (Indiana 53) is also the Carolyn Mosby Memorial Highway. Indiana 51 is known for its entire length as the Adam Benjamin Memorial Highway. US 30 is part of the historic Lincoln Highway. US 12 from Gary eastward is part of Dunes Highway. Cline Avenue (Indiana 912) from US 12 north and westward is known as the Highway Construction Workers Memorial Highway. {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
}} Railroads
Adjacent counties{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Municipalities{{Lake County, Indiana image map}}The municipalities in Lake County, and their populations as of the 2010 Census, are: Cities{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Towns{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Census-designated places
Unincorporated communities{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
TownshipsThe 11 townships of Lake County, with their populations as of the 2010 Census, are: {{div col|colwidth=18em}}
EconomyDespite the decline of heavy industry, manufacturing was still the largest employment sector in Lake County in 2010 with over 45,000 workers employed, followed closely by healthcare and social assistance at 44,000 workers, public administration at 40,000 workers, retail trade at 37,000 workers, accommodation and food services at 25,000 workers, and construction at 15,000 workers.[18] Lake County's GDP in 2010 was measured at nearly $25 billion. Manufacturing was also the largest sector of the economy in economic terms, contributing over $5.8 billion to the county's GDP in 2010. It was followed by healthcare and social assistance at $2.6 billion, public administration at $2.5 billion, and retail trade at $1.9 billion. While Lake County's average income was approximately 24% higher than the national average in 1978, in 2010 Lake County had fallen significantly behind the United States as a whole, with average income being approximately 12.9% lower. The national average surpassed Lake County sometime around 1986. Businesses with the largest number of employees in the county are: [19]{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
EducationPublic school districtsThe administration of public schools in Lake County is divided among 16 corporations and governing bodies, more than any other Indiana county.[20]
Private schoolsElementary and secondary schools operated by the Diocese of Gary: {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Other parochial and private schools:
Colleges and universities{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Public librariesThe county is served by seven different public library systems:
Hospitals
MediaThe Times, based in Munster, is the largest daily newspaper in Lake County and Northwest Indiana and the second largest in the state. Lake County is also served by the Post-Tribune, a daily newspaper based in Merrillville. Lakeshore Public Television operates WYIN-TV Gary on channel 56 and is the local PBS station in the Chicago television market. These eight broadcast radio stations serve Lake County and are part of the Chicago market: {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Climate and weather{{Weather box|single line = Y |location = Lowell, Indiana (1981-2010 normals, extremes 1963-present) |Jan record high F = 66 |Feb record high F = 73 |Mar record high F = 85 |Apr record high F = 91 |May record high F = 95 |Jun record high F = 104 |Jul record high F = 101 |Aug record high F = 104 |Sep record high F = 98 |Oct record high F = 92 |Nov record high F = 77 |Dec record high F = 70 |Jan high F = 31.2 |Feb high F = 35.8 |Mar high F = 47.5 |Apr high F = 60.8 |May high F = 71.3 |Jun high F = 80.7 |Jul high F = 83.8 |Aug high F = 82.0 |Sep high F = 76.4 |Oct high F = 63.6 |Nov high F = 49.4 |Dec high F = 35.1 |Jan mean F = 22.8 |Feb mean F = 26.7 |Mar mean F = 37.4 |Apr mean F = 49.3 |May mean F = 59.8 |Jun mean F = 69.7 |Jul mean F = 73.1 |Aug mean F = 71.1 |Sep mean F = 64.2 |Oct mean F = 51.9 |Nov mean F = 40.2 |Dec mean F = 27.1 |Jan low F = 14.4 |Feb low F = 17.7 |Mar low F = 27.4 |Apr low F = 37.9 |May low F = 48.2 |Jun low F = 58.7 |Jul low F = 62.4 |Aug low F = 60.3 |Sep low F = 52.0 |Oct low F = 40.2 |Nov low F = 31.0 |Dec low F = 19.1 |Jan record low F = −28 |Feb record low F = −23 |Mar record low F = −9 |Apr record low F = 7 |May record low F = 26 |Jun record low F = 33 |Jul record low F = 41 |Aug record low F = 38 |Sep record low F = 28 |Oct record low F = 18 |Nov record low F = 2 |Dec record low F = −29 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 1.96 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.75 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.57 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.78 |May precipitation inch = 4.38 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.69 |Jul precipitation inch = 4 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.98 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.14 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.44 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.43 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.34 |Jan snow inch = 8.8 |Feb snow inch = 8.2 |Mar snow inch = 3.4 |Apr snow inch = 0.3 |May snow inch = 0 |Jun snow inch = 0 |Jul snow inch = 0 |Aug snow inch = 0 |Sep snow inch = 0 |Oct snow inch = 0.2 |Nov snow inch = 0.7 |Dec snow inch = 7.7 |source 1=NOAA (normals, 1981–2010)[35] |date=October 2011}} In recent years, average temperatures in Lowell have ranged from a low of {{convert|14.4|°F}} in January to a high of {{convert|83.8|°F}} in July, although a record low of {{convert|-29|°F}} was recorded in December 1989 and a record high of {{convert|104|°F}} was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from {{convert|1.75|in}} in February to {{convert|4.69|in}} in June. Temperatures at or below {{convert|0|°F}} occur on average 11 days annually and exceed {{convert|90|°F}} degrees on 14 days.[35] In winter, lake-effect snow increases snowfall totals compared to the areas to the west.[36] In spring and early summer, the immediate shoreline areas sometimes experience lake-breeze that can drop temperatures by several degrees compared to areas further inland.[37] In summer, thunderstorms are common, occurring an average 40–50 days every year,[38] and on about 13 days, these thunderstorms produce severe winds.[39] Government{{see also|Government of Indiana}}The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code. County Council: The county council is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all the spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.[40][41]Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.[40][41]Court: The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.[41]County Officials: The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk Each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.[41]County elected officials{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}Board of Commissioners:[3]
PoliticsLake County has long been a Democratic stronghold, giving pluralities to Democrats in every Presidential election since 1932 with the exceptions of 1956 and 1972. Lake is part of Indiana's 1st congressional district, which is held by Democrat Pete Visclosky.[43] In the State Senate, Lake is part of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th districts, which are held by three Democrats and one Republican. In the Indiana House of Representatives, Lake is part of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th and 19th districts, which are held by four Democrats and four Republicans. {{Hidden begin|titlestyle = background:#ccccff; |title = Presidential election results }}
2008 presidential primaryIn the 2008 Democratic presidential primary on May 6, 2008, Lake County was one of the last counties to report results.[45] Lake County had reported no results at 11 p.m. ET,[46] and at midnight ET, only 28% of Lake County's vote had been reported.[47] A large number of absentee ballots and a record turnout delayed the tallies, and polls closed an hour later than much of the state because Lake County is in the Central Time Zone.[46] Early returns showed Senator Barack Obama leading by a potentially lead-changing margin, leaving the race between Senator Hillary Clinton and Obama "too close to call" until final tallies were reported. Culture and contemporary lifeEntertainment and the arts
Major attractions
Professional sports teams
Recreation
}}
}} Demographics{{US Census population|1840= 1468 |1850= 3991 |1860= 9145 |1870= 12339 |1880= 15091 |1890= 23886 |1900= 37892 |1910= 82864 |1920= 159957 |1930= 261310 |1940= 293195 |1950= 368152 |1960= 513269 |1970= 546253 |1980= 522965 |1990= 475594 |2000= 484564 |2010= 496005 |estyear=2016 |estimate=485846 |estref=[48] |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[49] 1790-1960[50] 1900-1990[51] 1990-2000[52] 2010-2013[9] }} As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 496,005 people, 188,157 households, and 127,647 families residing in the county.[53] The population density was {{convert|994.1|PD/sqmi}}. There were 208,750 housing units at an average density of {{convert|418.4|/sqmi}}.[54] The racial makeup of the county was 64.4% white, 25.9% black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 5.8% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.7% of the population.[53] In terms of ancestry, 16.1% were German, 11.1% were Irish, 9.6% were Polish, 5.4% were English, and 3.7% were American.[55] Of the 188,157 households, 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.2% were non-families, and 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age was 37.4 years.[53] The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $58,931. Males had a median income of $50,137 versus $33,264 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,142. About 12.2% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.3% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.[56]
See also
Bibliography
| first = Richard L. (editor) | last = Forstall | year = 1995 | title = U. S. Population of States and Counties - 1790 Through 1990 | publisher = National Technical Information Services (NTIS) | isbn = 0-934213-48-8 }}
| first = Kenneth J. | last = Schoon | year = 2003 | title = Calumet Beginnings: Ancient Shorelines and Settlements at the South End of Lake Michigan | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-34218-X }} Notes1. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.cpcourthouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=3 |title = Lake County History |accessdate = 2014-06-01 |publisher = Lake County Historical Museum |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195843/http://www.cpcourthouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=3 |archivedate = June 2, 2014 |df = mdy-all}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|author=William Frederick Howat|publisher=Lewis Publishing Company|year=1915|location=Chicago|title=A Standard History of Lake County, Indiana, and the Calumet Region, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkPWAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3Artn_UNMRTgQC&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=true| page=100}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url = http://www.lakecountyin.org/portal/media-type/html/group/voters/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-13b9cba7c46-107f1 |title = 2016 Public Officials Directory |publisher = Lake County Board of Elections and Voter's Registration |accessdate = 2016-10-11 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608205959/https://www.lakecountyin.org/portal/media-type/html/group/voters/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-13b9cba7c46-107f1 |archivedate = June 8, 2014 |df = mdy-all}} 4. ^Timothy Horton Ball (1873). Lake County, Indiana, from 1834 to 1872. Chicago: J.W. Goodspeed. p. 5 5. ^{{Cite GNIS|450495|Lake County}} 6. ^1 {{Cite map |publisher=United States Geological Survey|title=Palmer Quadrangle – Indiana – Lake Co. |year=2013 |scale=1:24,000 |series=7.5-Minute Series (Topographic)}} 7. ^1 {{Cite map |publisher=United States Geological Survey|title=Whiting Quadrangle – Indiana – Lake Co. |year=2013 |scale=1:24,000 |series=7.5-Minute Series (Topographic)}} 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |title = USA Counties in Profile |accessdate = 2014-06-16 |publisher = STATS Indiana |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120730012603/http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |archivedate = July 30, 2012 |df = mdy-all}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18089.html |title=Lake County QuickFacts |accessdate=2014-06-12 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/608q233iq?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18089.html |archivedate=July 13, 2011 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-31 |df=}} 11. ^Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1.{{cite web|url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913013557/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes |archivedate=September 13, 2012 |df= }} 12. ^Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. {{cite web|url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-11-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101021140/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation |archivedate=January 1, 2016 |df= }} 13. ^Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2011). Marktown: Clayton Mark's Planned Worker Community in Northwest Indiana. South Shore Journal, 4. {{cite web|url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-4-2011/82-marktown-clayton-marks-planned-worker-community-in-northwest-indiana |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913013603/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-4-2011/82-marktown-clayton-marks-planned-worker-community-in-northwest-indiana |archivedate=September 13, 2012 |df= }} 14. ^1 Kenneth J. Schoon (2003). Calumet Beginnings: Ancient Shorelines and Settlements at the South End of Lake Michigan. Indiana: Indiana University Press. pps. 20-23. 15. ^{{cite book|author=De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle|publisher=R. S. Peale & Co.|year=1875|location=Indiana|title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIUAAAAYAAJ| page=565}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=William Frederick Howat|publisher=Lewis Publishing Company|year=1915|location=Chicago|title=A Standard History of Lake County, Indiana, and the Calumet Region, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkPWAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3Artn_UNMRTgQC&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=true| page=44}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Lake County, IN |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/707.html |website=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago History Museum |accessdate=3 October 2018}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Northwest Indiana Regional Analysis: Demographics, Economy, Entrepreneurship and Innovation |url=http://cua6.urban.csuohio.edu/publications/center/center_for_economic_development/Northwest_Indiana_Consolidated_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325095244/http://cua6.urban.csuohio.edu/publications/center/center_for_economic_development/Northwest_Indiana_Consolidated_Final.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=Cleveland State University |accessdate=5 October 2018 }} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Largest Employers in Lake County, Indiana|url=http://lcea.us/employers-industries/|publisher=Lake County Economic Alliance|accessdate=2017-12-31|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193646/http://lcea.us/employers-industries/|archivedate=October 9, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/imagemapper/school_districts/|title=Page Not Found: STATS Indiana|author=|date=|website=www.stats.indiana.edu|accessdate=September 5, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208054215/http://www.stats.indiana.edu/imagemapper/school_districts|archivedate=December 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}} 21. ^{{cite news |author = Joseph S. Pete |title = Purdue University Northwest now officially exists |newspaper = The Times of Northwest Indiana |date = March 5, 2016 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/news/education/purdue-university-northwest-now-officially-exists/article_19e1f453-cc88-5336-928b-0e695d53a63a.html |accessdate = 2016-03-05 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111933/http://www.nwitimes.com/news/education/purdue-university-northwest-now-officially-exists/article_19e1f453-cc88-5336-928b-0e695d53a63a.html |archivedate = March 7, 2016 |df = mdy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://crownpointlibrary.org/|title=Crown Point Community Library|publisher=|accessdate=2014-06-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711015054/http://www.crownpointlibrary.org/|archivedate=July 11, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecpl.org/|title=East Chicago Public 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Library|publisher=|accessdate=2014-06-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403020451/http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/|archivedate=April 3, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whiting.lib.in.us/|title=Whiting Public Library|publisher=|accessdate=2014-06-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212543/http://www.whiting.lib.in.us/|archivedate=July 14, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 29. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.in.gov/isdh/reports/QAMIS/hosdir/ctyfac44.htm |title=Hospital Facility Directory for Lake County |publisher=Indiana State Department of Health |accessdate=2016-02-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215095558/http://www.in.gov/isdh/reports/QAMIS/hosdir/ctyfac44.htm |archivedate=February 15, 2016 |df=mdy-all }} 30. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url = https://www.franciscanhealth.org/news-and-events/news/franciscan-health-new-name-leading-hospital-system |title = Franciscan Health is New Name for Leading Hospital System |last = |first = |date = September 6, 2016 |website = Franciscan Alliance, Inc. |publisher = |access-date = 2016-09-11 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920214419/https://www.franciscanhealth.org/news-and-events/news/franciscan-health-new-name-leading-hospital-system |archivedate = September 20, 2016 |df = mdy-all}} 31. ^{{cite news |author = Giles Bruce |title = Crown Point hospital becomes Region's 2nd trauma center |newspaper = The Times of Northwest Indiana |date = December 18, 2015 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/business/healthcare/crown-point-hospital-becomes-region-s-nd-trauma-center/article_3ee288eb-339e-595d-8e61-4ceec75d1d37.html |accessdate = 2015-12-18 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222005044/http://www.nwitimes.com/business/healthcare/crown-point-hospital-becomes-region-s-nd-trauma-center/article_3ee288eb-339e-595d-8e61-4ceec75d1d37.html |archivedate = December 22, 2015 |df = mdy-all}} 32. ^{{cite news |author = Times Staff |title = Franciscan Health Crown Point designated Level 3 trauma center |newspaper = The Times of Northwest Indiana |date = February 3, 2018 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/franciscan-health-crown-point-designated-level-trauma-center/article_fcdebff0-6879-5ae3-92c2-69f45ed861ea.html |accessdate = 2018-02-03 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180202204757/http://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/franciscan-health-crown-point-designated-level-trauma-center/article_fcdebff0-6879-5ae3-92c2-69f45ed861ea.html |archivedate = February 2, 2018 |df = mdy-all}} 33. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.in.gov/isdh/24972.htm |title = Indiana Trauma Centers |publisher = Indiana State Department of Health |accessdate = 2015-04-05 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406031649/http://www.in.gov/isdh/24972.htm |archivedate = April 6, 2015 |df = mdy-all}} 34. ^{{cite news |author = Giles Bruce |title = Gary hospital becomes first in Northwest Indiana to earn trauma center designation |newspaper = The Times of Northwest Indiana |date = August 17, 2017 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/business/healthcare/gary-hospital-becomes-first-in-northwest-indiana-to-earn-trauma/article_c3245a38-2676-5f89-8351-408f9365e0f4.html |accessdate = 2017-08-17 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170818091808/http://www.nwitimes.com/business/healthcare/gary-hospital-becomes-first-in-northwest-indiana-to-earn-trauma/article_c3245a38-2676-5f89-8351-408f9365e0f4.html |archivedate = August 18, 2017 |df = mdy-all}} 35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals|title=NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714010203/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals|archivedate=July 14, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://scenarios.globalchange.gov/data-library/997 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-25 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725225623/http://scenarios.globalchange.gov/data-library/997 |archivedate=July 25, 2015 |df=mdy-all }} 37. ^{{cite journal|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040%3C0409:LMLBCL%3E2.0.CO;2|title=Lake Michigan Lake Breezes: Climatology, Local Forcing, and Synoptic Environment|first1=Neil F.|last1=Laird|first2=David A. R.|last2=Kristovich|first3=Xin-Zhong|last3=Liang|first4=Raymond W.|last4=Arritt|first5=Kenneth|last5=Labas|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=|journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=409–424|accessdate=September 5, 2017|via=journals.ametsoc.org (Atypon)|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)0402.0.CO;2}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tstorms/tstorms_intro.htm|title=NWS JetStream - Thunderstorms|first=National Weather|last=Service|date=|website=www.srh.noaa.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323184400/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tstorms/tstorms_intro.htm|archivedate=March 23, 2016|df=mdy-all}} 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/2013/WIND.png |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-25 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920043713/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/2013/WIND.png |archivedate=September 20, 2015 |df=mdy-all }} 40. ^1 {{cite web|author=Indiana Code|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html|title=Title 36, Article 2, Section 3|accessdate=2008-09-16|publisher=IN.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005194234/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html|archivedate=October 5, 2008|df=mdy-all}} 41. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author= Indiana Code |url= http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |format= PDF |title= Title 2, Article 10, Section 2 |accessdate= 2008-09-16 |publisher= IN.gov |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029030838/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |archivedate= October 29, 2008 |df= mdy-all }} 42. ^{{cite news |author = Bill Dolan |title = New Lake County Sheriff Martinez credited experience, Hammond support for victory |newspaper = The Times of Northwest Indiana |date = September 16, 2017 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/new-lake-county-sheriff-martinez-credited-experience-hammond-support-for/article_366f5e4e-b62a-5d34-a059-ca23457ed395.html |accessdate = 2017-09-16 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220400/http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/new-lake-county-sheriff-martinez-credited-experience-hammond-support-for/article_366f5e4e-b62a-5d34-a059-ca23457ed395.html |archivedate = September 16, 2017 |df = mdy-all}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/visclosky/|title=US Congressman Pete Visclosky|publisher=US Congress|accessdate=2014-07-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009045245/http://www.house.gov/visclosky/|archivedate=October 9, 2008|df=mdy-all}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|date=|website=uselectionatlas.org|accessdate=September 5, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323225526/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/|archivedate=March 23, 2018|df=mdy-all}} 45. ^{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/05/06/awaiting-one-county/ | work=CNN | title=Awaiting one county | accessdate=2010-05-07 | date=2008-05-06 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119220313/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/05/06/awaiting-one-county/ | archivedate=November 19, 2009 | df=mdy-all }} 46. ^1 [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/primary_lake_county;_ylt=AlM5ecPVe3b188Lss2jVzQ1h24cA Indiana's Lake County has tradition of late vote tallies] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/06/primaries.change/index.html|title=Clinton's Indiana win keeps Democratic race alive - CNN.com|author=|date=|website=www.cnn.com|accessdate=September 5, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506225005/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/06/primaries.change/index.html|archivedate=May 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|archivedate=May 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 10, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df= }} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|accessdate=July 10, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69xTph0V8?url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|archivedate=August 16, 2012|df=mdy-all}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 10, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004214054/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt|archivedate=October 4, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 10, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203824/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|archivedate=December 18, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 53. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18089 |title=DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |accessdate=2015-07-10 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} 54. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18089 |accessdate=2015-07-10 |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7c0500000US18089 |title=DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |accessdate=2015-07-10 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7c0500000US18089 |title=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |accessdate=2015-07-10 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} 57. ^1 U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics 2010, Table DP-1, 2010 Demographic Profile Data. American FactFinder {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |date=September 11, 2013 }}. Retrieved 2014-06-14. 58. ^Other = Combined percentages for American Indian or Alaska Native; Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; other races; and two or more races 59. ^1 Population is 3,936 within Lake County; 3,097 reside in Porter County 60. ^U.S. Census Bureau. 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table DP03, Selected Economic Characteristics. American FactFinder {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |date=September 11, 2013 }}. Retrieved 2014-06-14. 61. ^U.S. Census Bureau. 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table DP04, Selected Housing Characteristics. American FactFinder {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |date=September 11, 2013 }}. Retrieved 2014-06-14. References{{Reflist|2}}External links
|Centre = Lake County, Indiana |North = Lake Michigan |Northeast = |East = Porter County |Southeast = Jasper County |South = Newton County |Southwest = Kankakee County, Illinois |West = Will County, Illinois |Northwest = Cook County, Illinois }}{{Lake County, Indiana}}{{Chicagoland}}{{Indiana}} 6 : Lake County, Indiana|Indiana counties|1837 establishments in Indiana|Populated places established in 1837|Chicago metropolitan area|Northwest Indiana |
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