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词条 List of off-season Pacific hurricanes
释义

  1. Chronology

  2. Impact and records

  3. Monthly statistics

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Notes

There have been 24 recorded tropical and subtropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific basin outside the official Pacific hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) monitors the area from North America westward to 140°W, while the Central Pacific Hurricane Center is from 140°W to the International date line, north of the equator.{{#tag:ref|The National Hurricane Center]] (NHC)'s warning responsibly is often referred to the "eastern Pacific" while the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC)'s warning zone is often refereed to the "central Pacific", even though, the two areas are combined in datasets like HURDAT and IBTRACS.|group="nb"}} The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) currently defines the season as starting May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 for the central Pacific and ending on November 30 for both regions in each calendar year.[1] Occasionally, however, storms develop in late November and persist until December, such as Hurricane Nina of 1957.

Few off-season tropical cyclones in the east Pacific have affected land, and none of them have made landfall.{{EPAC hurricane best track}} Only Hurricane Nina caused both property damage and fatalities. The strongest hurricane between December and May was Hurricane Ekeka in 1992, which reached winds of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. However, after Tropical Storm Paka crossed the International Date Line, it intensified into a typhoon with winds equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Depression One-E in early-May 2018.

The beginning of HURDAT, the official Pacific hurricane database maintained by the NHC, is 1949. Since then, thirteen storms have occurred[3] outside the official bounds of hurricane season in the eastern and central north Pacific, respectively.[1] In addition, the CPHC reports nine off-season storms from 1900–1952 with another off-season tropical cyclone occurring in 1832.[2][3] There have been documents published in the Monthly Weather Review reporting additional off-season storms within {{convert|2,000|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} off the Mexican coastline, including one in December.[4][5]

Chronology

{{Saffir-Simpson small}}

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds. The category refers to the intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; TS stands for tropical storm, and TD for tropical depression.

Chronology of off-season Northeastern Pacific tropical cyclones
StormSeasonDurationPeak classificationMaximum
sustained winds		Notes
Unnamed18321200|December 1832}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[3]
{{sort|Froc Cyclone|"Froc Cyclone"19021223|December 23, 1902 – January 2, 1903}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
{{sort|Zikawei Cyclone|"Zikawei Cyclone"19041126|November 26 – December 4}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
{{sort|Hurd Cyclone|"Hurd Cyclone"19041223|December 23–30}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
{{sort|Gauthier Cyclone|"Gauthier Cyclone"19060503|May 3–10}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
Unnamed19220200|February 1922}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
Unnamed19251222|December 22–26}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
Unnamed19361204|December 4}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}}[2]
Unnamed19380105|January 2–5}}unknown}}|Unknown008|Unknown}} The Monthly Weather Review was uncertain if the storm was a tropical cyclone[6]
Nina 19571129|November 29 – December 6}}cat1}}|Category 1 hurricane085|85 mph (140 km/h)}} Caused $100,000 in damage and four fatalities in Hawaii[7]
Carmen 19800404|April 4–8}}storm}}|Tropical storm050|50 mph (80 km/h)}}[8]
Winnie 19831204|December 4–7}}cat1}}|Category 1 hurricane090|90 mph (150 km/h)}} Strongest east Pacific tropical cyclone in the month of December{{EPAC hurricane best track}}
Winona 19890109|January 9–15}}storm}}|Tropical storm045|45 mph (75 km/h)}}[9]
Alma 19900512|May 12–20}}cat1}}|Category 1 hurricane085|85 mph (140 km/h)}}[10]
Ekeka 19920128|January 28 – February 3}}cat3}}|{{sort|000|Category 3 hurricane}}115|115 mph (185 km/h)}} Strongest off-season east Pacific tropical cyclone{{EPAC hurricane best track}}[11]
Hali 19920328|March 28–30}}storm}}|Tropical storm050|50 mph (80 km/h)}}[11]
One-E 19960513|May 13–16}}storm}}|Tropical storm050|50 mph (80 km/h)}} Assumed to have caused two deaths after the ship Solar Wind was lost at sea[24]
Paka 19971202|December 2–7}}storm}}|Tropical storm065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} Later became a super typhoon in the West Pacific[12]
Omeka 20101220|December 18–22}}storm}}|Tropical storm060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} Was subtropical from December 18 – 20 in central Pacific, was in the western Pacific from December 20 – 22, and tropical on December 22 onward in the central Pacific[13]
Aletta 20120514|May 14–19}}storm}}|Tropical storm050|50 mph (80 km/h)}}[14]
Nine-C 20151231|December 31}}depression}}|Tropical depression035|35 mph (55 km/h)}}Latest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin.[15]
Pali 20160107|January 7 – January 15}}cat2}}|Category 2 hurricane1000|100 mph (155 km/h)}}Earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin.[16]
Adrian 20170509|May 9–10}}storm}}|Tropical storm045|45 mph (75 km/h)}}Earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin proper (east of 140°W).[17]
One-E 20180509|May 10–11}}depression}}|Tropical depression035|35 mph (55 km/h)}}2nd Earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin proper (east of 140°W).[18]
{{clear}}

Impact and records

Several off-season tropical cyclones have affected land. Hurricane Nina in early December 1957 prompted evacuations in Hawaii and caused $100,000 (1957 USD) in damage in the state.[19] The storm also killed four people and produced {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on|round=5}} waves.[20] Hurricane Winnie in December 1983 caused minor rainfall in parts of Mexico.[21] The unnamed tropical storm of 1996 was assumed to have killed two people when it sank a trimaran called the Solar Wind.[22] After becoming a typhoon, Paka caused significant damage in the Marshall Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Overall, Paka caused $580 million (1997 USD) in damage, enough to warrant retirement of the name.[23] None of these impacting systems made landfall.

In the official east Pacific hurricane database, which dates back to 1949, the first storm to occur outside of the current season was Hurricane Nina in 1957. In the database, thirteen tropical cyclones have existed between December and May, most recently Hurricane Pali in 2016. Tropical Storm Winona in January 1989 was not listed in the database, despite forming south of Hawaii.[9] In addition, there were at least eight tropical cyclones before the start of the official database, many of which existed near Hawaii.[2] Storms were most likely to occur in December, followed by January and May. Only one cyclone each was reported in the two months of March and April. Of all off-season tropical cyclones, the "Froc Cyclone" lasted longest, spanning 12 days and two calendar years.[2] The year with the most off-season storms was tied between 1904 and 1992, with a total of two tropical cyclones. No Pacific hurricane season had both a pre-season and post-season storm.[2]

Monthly statistics

{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
Month of formation Number of recorded storms
January 4
February 1
March 1
April 1
May (1–14) 6
December 11
Total 23{{EPAC hurricane best track[9][2][3][6]
{{Col-2}}

DateFormat=yyyy

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     id:cat5red    value:rgb(1,0.2,0.2)     id:minorline  value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9)     id:line       value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5)

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  bar:Jan from:0 till:4 color:cat5red text:"January"  bar:Feb from:0 till:1 color:cat5red text:"February"  bar:Mar from:0 till:1 color:cat5red text:"March"  bar:Apr from:0 till:1 color:cat5red text:"April"  bar:May from:0 till:6 color:cat5red text:"May"  bar:Dec from:0 till:11 color:cat5red text:"December"

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TextData =

   fontsize:M   textcolor:black   pos:(100,25) # tabs:(100-left)   text:"Number of recorded storms"
{{Col-end}}

See also

{{portal|tropical cyclones}}
  • List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes
  • List of off-season Australian region tropical cyclones
  • List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones

References

1. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|title=FAQ: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones Subject: G1) When is hurricane season?|author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|author=Dorst, Neal|accessdate=2010-12-20|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research|author2=Hurricane Research Division}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite report|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1900-52.php|title=Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900–1952|accessdate=2007-01-26|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|title=Tropical Cyclones in the 1800s|accessdate=2012-06-09|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1800s.php|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}}
4. ^{{cite journal|year=1922|page=99|title=North Pacific Ocean|author=Tingley, F. G.|accessdate=2010-12-20|format=PDF|issue=3|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=50|publisher=United States Weather Bureau|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/050/mwr-050-02-0098.pdf|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1929)57<121:NPO>2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|bibcode=1929MWRv...57..121H}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title=Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones|date=1929-04-21|volume=57|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/057/mwr-057-02-0043.pdf|pages=1–7|accessdate=2010-12-21|author=Hurd, Willis E.|journal=Monthly Weather Review|format=PDF|publisher=United States Weather Bureau|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1922)50<98:NPO>2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|issue=2|bibcode=1922MWRv...50...98T}}
6. ^1 {{Cite journal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/066/mwr-066-01-0025.pdf|title=North Pacific Ocean, January 1938|date=January 1938|first=Willis E.|last=Hurd|publisher=United States Weather Bureau|accessdate=2013-07-26|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1938)66<25:NPOJ>2.0.CO;2|pages=25–26|journal=Monthly Weather Review|issn=1520-0493|volume=66|format=PDF|bibcode=1938MWRv...66...25H}}
7. ^{{cite report|title=The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1957.php|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|accessdate=2012-06-09}}
8. ^{{cite report|accessdate=2012-06-08|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1980.php|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|title=The 1980 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-22}}
9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|date=2011-07-19|title=1989 WINONA (1989010N16212)|accessdate=2011-11-26|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1989010N16212}}}}
10. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1990/alma/prenhc/prelim02.gif|title=Hurricane Alma|page=2|author=Case, Robert|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|date=2002-01-23|author2=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2012-05-13|type=Preliminary Report}}
11. ^1 {{cite report|accessdate=2012-06-08|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|title=The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-39}}
12. ^{{cite report|accessdate=2012-06-09|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php|title=The 1997 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|author5=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-44|author1=Hablutzel, Benjamin C.|author2=Weyman, James C.|author3=Rosendal, Hans E.|author4=Hoag, Jonathan D.}}
13. ^{{cite report|accessdate=2013-07-27|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/2010.php|title=The 2010 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|author5=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-57|author1=Thomas, Craig A.|author2=Houston, Samuel H.}}
14. ^{{cite report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=EP012012_Aletta}}|author=Brown, Daniel P.|title=Tropical Storm Aletta|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|date=2012-08-15|author2=National Hurricane Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2013-07-27}}
15. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/2015/Final-CP092015_TDNineC_Final.docx|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Nine-C|author1=Sam Houston|author2=Tom Birchard|date=December 22, 2016|publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|accessdate=May 10, 2017|location=Honolulu, Hawaii}}
16. ^{{cite web|author=Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=January 7, 2016|accessdate=May 10, 2017|title=Rare January Depression in Central Pacific; Atlantic Subtropical Storm Next Week?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3218}}
17. ^{{cite news|author=Doyle Rice|title=Earliest Pacific tropical depression on record forms|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/05/09/pacific-ocean-earliest-tropical-depression-record-forms-near-mexico/101482272/|newspaper=USA Today|date=May 9, 2017|accessdate=May 10, 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web|last1=Avila|first1=Lixion|title=Tropical Depression One-E Advisory Number 5|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511205811/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMEP1+shtml/111431.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=11 May 2018}}
19. ^{{cite report|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|year=2007|title=1957 Central Pacific Hurricane Season Summary|accessdate=2007-03-08|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1957.php}}
20. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|year=1957|title=Ship At Mercy of Hurricane Calls For Help|newspaper=San Mateo Times}}
21. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/winnie1983.html|author=Roth, David M|author2=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2010-12-21|title=Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima|chapter=Hurricane Winnie – December 4–8, 1983}}
22. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996unnamed.html|author=Rappaport, Edward N.|title=Unnamed Tropical Storm (formerly Tropical Depression One-E)|type=Preliminary Report|date=1996-11-07|author2=National Hurricane Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2012-06-09}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B3.html|title=Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?|author1=Padgett, Gary|author5=Hurricane Research Division|author6=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research|author2=Beven, Jack|author3=Free, James|author4=Delgado Sandy|date=2011-05-19|accessdate=2011-10-17}}

Notes

{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

2 : Lists of tropical cyclones|Off-season Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones
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