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词条 List of people who have opened the Olympic Games
释义

  1. Opening ceremony

  2. Dignitaries who have opened the Olympic Games

  3. Dignitaries who have opened the Youth Olympic Games

  4. See also

  5. References

The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. During Olympic Games opening ceremonies, the sitting president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will make a speech before inviting a representative from the host country to officially declare that particular Games open. The current Olympic Charter requires this person to be the head of state of the host country,[1] although this has not always been the case. This article lists the people who have had the ceremonial duty to declare each Olympic Games open.

Opening ceremony

The IOC factsheet on the opening ceremony states: "According to the Olympic Charter protocol, the duty of declaring the Games officially open falls to the head of state of the host country. Those who have performed this task are royalty and presidents, or their representatives, whether it was a vice-president, a member of the royal family, or a governor-general".[2] Rule 56 of Chapter 5 of the Olympic Charter sets out the exact words that are to be declared by the person opening the Games. If at a Summer Olympic Games, the words to be said are:

I declare open the Games of [name of host city] celebrating the [number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.[1]
When at a Winter Olympic Games, the dignitary opening the Games is to proclaim:
I declare open the [number of the Olympic Winter Games] Olympic Winter Games of [name of host city].[1]
However, this has not always been followed strictly; at the 2010 Winter Olympics the Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, used the format of a Summer Games declaration to open the Games by saying in French and English "I declare open the Games of Vancouver, celebrating the 21st Winter Olympic Games."[3]

In 1960, Giovanni Gronchi, President of the Italian Republic, declares the Summer Olympics in Rome open by speaking in Italian:

"I proclaim the opening of the Olympic Games of Rome, celebrating the XVII Olympiad of the modern era"

In 1964, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, open the Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese:

"Celebrating the 18th Modern Olympiad, I will declare the opening of the Olympic Games Tokyo competition here."

In 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French followed by the English) with:

"I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1980, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev opened the Moscow Summer Olympics with (speaking in Russian):

"Mr. President of International Olympic Committee! Comrades! I declare open the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:

"Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles."

In 1988, President of the Republic of Korea, Roh Tae-woo opened the Summer Olympics in Seoul by speaking in Korean:

"I declare that I hold the Seoul Olympic Games while celebrating the 24th modern Olympic Games."

In 1992, King Juan Carlos I of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics with:

"(In Catalan) Welcome all to Barcelona. (In Spanish) Today, 25 July of the Year 1992, I declare open the Barcelona Olympic Games that celebrate the XXV Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton opened the Atlanta Centennial Summer Olympics with:

"I declare open the Games of Atlanta, celebrating the XXVI Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1998, Emperor Akihito of Japan open the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano by speaking in Japanese:

"Here, I will declare the opening of the 18th Olympic Winter Games in Nagano."

In 2000, Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia Sir William Deane opened the Sydney Millennium Summer Olympics with:

"I declare open the Games of Sydney, celebrating the XXVII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, which took place five months after the September 11 attacks, with:

"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."

In 2004, Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President of the Hellenic Republic, declares open the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics by speaking in Greek:

"I declare the opening of the Olympic Games in Athens and the celebration of the 28th Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2006, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of the Italian Republic, declares the 2006 Torino Olympic Winter Games open by speaking in Italian:

"I open the celebration of the XX Winter Olympic Games in Torino."

In 2008, Hu Jintao, the President of the People's Republic of China, declares the opening of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics by speaking in Mandarin:

"I declare, the 29th Olympic Games of Beijing, open."

In 2012, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, declares the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics, following the 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne, with:

"I declare open the Games of London, celebrating the XXX Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2014, Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, declares the opening of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics by speaking in Russian:

"The 22nd Olympic Winter Games in Sochi I declare open."

In 2016, Brazilian Vice President Michel Temer, as acting president, opened the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with (speaking in Portuguese):

"After this wonderful spectacle, I declare open the Rio Olympic Games, celebrating the XXXI Olympiad of the Modern Era."

In 2018, Moon Jae-in, President of the Republic of Korea declares the opening of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics by speaking in Korean:

"I declare open the Pyeongchang 23rd Winter Olympic Games."

Dignitaries who have opened the Olympic Games

YearGamesHost cityname=NonHeadsOfState|Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when he or she opened the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.name=NonHeadsOfStateNotes
1896I OlympiadGRE|old}} Athens, GreeceGeorge IKing of the Hellenes[4]
1900II OlympiadFRA|1794}} Paris, FranceNo official openingNo official opening[5]
1904III OlympiadUSA|1896}} St. Louis, United States{{sortname>David R.|Francis}}President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition{{efn>name=1904 Olympics|Representing President Theodore Roosevelt.}}[6]
1908IV OlympiadGBR}} London, Great BritainEdward VIIKing of the United Kingdom[7]
1912V OlympiadSWE}} Stockholm, SwedenGustaf VKing of Sweden[8]
1920VII OlympiadBEL}} Antwerp, BelgiumAlbert IKing of the Belgians[9]
1924I WinterFRA|1794}} Chamonix, France{{sortname>Gaston|Vidal}}Undersecretary for Physical Education of the French Republic{{efn>name=1924 Olympics|Representing President Alexandre Millerand.}}[10]
1924VIII OlympiadFRA|1794}} Paris, FranceGaston|Doumergue}}President of the French Republic[11]
1928II WinterSUI}} St. Moritz, SwitzerlandEdmund|Schulthess}}name=SwissPresident|This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.}}[12]
1928IX OlympiadNED}} Amsterdam, NetherlandsHendrikPrince HendrikPrince Consort of the Netherlands{{efn>name=PrinceHendrik|Representing his wife, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.}}[13]
1932III WinterUSA|1912}} Lake Placid, United States{{sortname>Franklin D.|Roosevelt}}Governor of the State of New York{{efn>name=1932 Olympics|Representing President Herbert Hoover.}}[14]
1932X OlympiadUSA|1912}} Los Angeles, United States{{sortname>Charles|Curtis}}Vice President of the United States{{efn>name=1932 Olympics}}[15]
1936IV WinterGermany|1935}} Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany{{sortname|Adolf|Hitler}}Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German People{{efn|name=Fuhrer|IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".}}[16]
1936XI OlympiadGermany|1935}} Berlin, Germany[17]
1948V WinterSUI}} St. Moritz, SwitzerlandEnrico|Celio}}name=SwissPresident}}[18]
1948XIV OlympiadGBR}} London, Great BritainGeorge VIKing of the United Kingdom[19]
1952VI WinterNOR}} Oslo, NorwayRagnhildPrincess RagnhildPrincess of Norway{{efn>name=PrincessRagnhild|Representing her grandfather, King Haakon VII of Norway.}}[20]
1952XV OlympiadFIN}} Helsinki, FinlandJuho Kusti|Paasikivi}}President of the Republic of Finland[21]
1956VII WinterITA|1946}} Cortina d'Ampezzo, ItalyGiovanni|Gronchi}}President of the Italian Republic[22]
1956XVI Olympiad (equestrian)SWE}} Stockholm, SwedenGustaf VI AdolfKing of Sweden[23]
1956XVI OlympiadAUS}} Melbourne, AustraliaPhilipThe Duke of EdinburghConsort of the Queen of Australia{{efn>name=PrincePhilip|Representing his wife, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.}}[24]
1960VIII WinterUSA|1959}} Squaw Valley, United States{{sortname>Richard|Nixon}}Vice President of the United States{{efn>name=1960 Winter|Representing President Dwight D. Eisenhower.}}[25]
1960XVII OlympiadITA|1946}} Rome, ItalyGiovanni|Gronchi}}President of the Italian Republic[26]
1964IX WinterAUT}} Innsbruck, AustriaAdolf|Schärf}}Federal President of the Republic of Austria[27]
1964XVIII OlympiadJPN|1870}} Tokyo, JapanHirohitoEmperor of Japan[28]
1968X WinterFRA}} Grenoble, FranceCharles|de Gaulle}}President of the French Republic[29]
1968XIX OlympiadMEX}} Mexico City, MexicoGustavo|Díaz Ordaz}}President of the United Mexican States[30]
1972XI WinterJPN|1870}} Sapporo, JapanHirohitoEmperor of Japan[31]
1972XX OlympiadFRG}} Munich, West GermanyGustav|Heinemann}}President of the Federal Republic of Germany[32]
1976XII WinterAUT}} Innsbruck, AustriaRudolf|Kirchschläger}}Federal President of the Republic of Austria[33]
1976XXI OlympiadCAN}} Montreal, CanadaElizabeth IIQueen of Canada[34]
1980XIII WinterUSA}} Lake Placid, United States{{sortname>Walter|Mondale}}Vice President of the United States{{efn>name=1980 Winter|Representing President Jimmy Carter.}}[35]
1980XXII OlympiadURS|1955}} Moscow, Soviet UnionLeonid|Brezhnev}}name=Soviet head of state|IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) Though Brezhnev was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.}}[36]
1984XIV WinterYUG}} Sarajevo, YugoslaviaMika|ŠpiljakSpiljak}President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia[37]
1984XXIII OlympiadUSA}} Los Angeles, United StatesRonald|Reagan}}President of the United States[38]
1988XV WinterCAN}} Calgary, Canada{{sortname>Jeanne|Sauvé}}Governor General of Canada{{efn>name=AbsentCanadianQueen|Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.}}[39]
1988XXIV OlympiadKOR|1984}} Seoul, Republic of KoreaRoh Tae-wooPresident of the Republic of Korea[40]
1992XVI WinterFRA}} Albertville, FranceFrançois|Mitterrand}}President of the French Republic[41]
1992XXV OlympiadESP}} Barcelona, SpainJuan Carlos IKing of Spain[42]
1994XVII WinterNOR}} Lillehammer, NorwayHarald VKing of Norway[43]
1996XXVI OlympiadUSA}} Atlanta, United StatesBill|Clinton}}President of the United States[44]
1998XVIII WinterJPN|1870}} Nagano, JapanAkihitoEmperor of Japan[45]
2000XXVII OlympiadAUS}} Sydney, Australia{{sortname>William|Deane}}Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia{{efn>name=2000AustralianQueen|Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.}}[46][47][48][49][50]
2002XIX WinterUSA}} Salt Lake City, United StatesGeorge W.|Bush}}President of the United States[51]
2004XXVIII OlympiadGRE}} Athens, GreeceKonstantinos|Stephanopoulos}}President of the Hellenic Republic[52]
2006XX WinterITA|2003}} Turin, ItalyCarlo Azeglio|Ciampi}}President of the Italian Republic[53]
2008XXIX OlympiadCHN}} Beijing, China PRHu Jintaoname=China head of state|IOC records state Hu Jintao opened the Beijing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Hu Jintao was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, that title is not reflected in IOC records.}}[54]
2010XXI WinterCAN}} Vancouver, Canada{{sortname>Michaëlle|Jean}}Governor General of Canada{{efn>name=AbsentCanadianQueen}}[55]
2012XXX OlympiadGBR}} London, Great BritainElizabeth IIQueen of the United Kingdom[56]
2014XXII WinterRUS}} Sochi, Russian FederationVladimir PutinPresident of the Russian Federation[57]
2016XXXI OlympiadBRA}} Rio de Janeiro, BrazilMichel TemerVice President of the Federative Republic of Brazil{{efn>name=XXXI Olympiad|As Acting President, discharging the powers and duties of the office of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil in place of incumbent President Dilma Rousseff, who was suspended from her duties as President during her impeachment trial.}}
2018XXIII WinterKOR}} Pyeongchang, Republic of KoreaMoon Jae-inPresident of the Republic of Korea
2020XXXII OlympiadJPN}} Tokyo, JapanNaruhito (expected)name=XXXII Olympiad|Akihito, the present Emperor, has indicated he wishes to abdicate the throne in early 2019.}}
Notes:{{notelist|2}}

Dignitaries who have opened the Youth Olympic Games

YearGamesHost cityOfficially opened byOffice of openerNotes
2010 I SummerSingapore}} S.R. Nathan President of the Republic of Singapore
2012 I WinterAUT}} Innsbruck, Austria Heinz Fischer Federal President of the Republic of Austria
2014 II SummerCHN}} Nanjing, China PR Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China
2016 II WinterNOR}} Lillehammer, Norway Harald V King of Norway
2018 III SummerARG}} Buenos Aires, Argentina Mauricio Macri President of the Argentine Republic
2020 III WinterSUI}} Lausanne, Switzerland Ueli Maurer (expected) President of the Swiss Confederation

See also

  • List of Olympic Games host cities
  • List of people who have kept the Olympic flag
  • President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf|title=Olympic Charter|author=International Olympic Committee|date=11 February 2010|accessdate=6 November 2010|page=103}}
2. ^IOC Factsheet
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26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/rome-1960-summer-olympics |title=Rome 1960 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1964-winter-olympics |title=Innsbruck 1964 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/tokyo-1964-summer-olympics |title=Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/grenoble-1968-winter-olympics |title=Grenoble 1968 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/mexico-1968-summer-olympics |title=Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/sapporo-1972-winter-olympics |title=Sapporo 1972 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/munich-1972-summer-olympics |title=Munich 1972 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1976-winter-olympics |title=Innsbruck 1976 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/montreal-1976-summer-olympics |title=Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/lake-placid-1980-winter-olympics |title=Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/moscow-1980-summer-olympics |title=Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/sarajevo-1984-winter-olympics |title=Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/los-angeles-1984-summer-olympics |title=Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/calgary-1988-winter-olympics |title=Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/seoul-1988-summer-olympics |title=Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/albertville-1992-winter-olympics |title=Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/barcelona-1992-summer-olympics |title=Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/lillehammer-1994-winter-olympics |title=Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/atlanta-1996-summer-olympics |title=Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/nagano-1998-winter-olympics |title=Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/sydney-2000-summer-olympics |title=Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
47. ^{{cite news|title=Get ready to watch the Opening Ceremony: Heads of state|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/get-ready-watch-opening-ceremony-heads-state|accessdate=1 June 2016|work=NBC|date=24 March 2016}}
48. ^{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Randy|title=Down Wonders|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/sep/16/news/ss-21984/2|accessdate=1 June 2016|work=LA Times|date=16 September 2000}}
49. ^{{cite news|last1=Olsen|first1=Lisa|title=History Lesson Despite the stereotypes, don't expect to run into Crocodile Dundee at the Sydney Games|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/history-lesson-stereotypes-don-expect-run-crocodile-dundee-sydney-games-article-1.891698|accessdate=1 June 2016|work=New York Daily News|date=10 September 2000}}
50. ^{{cite news|title=Australia: Britain's Queen Elizabeth Visit|work=AP Archive|agency=Associated Press|date=21 March 2000}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/salt-lake-city-2002-winter-olympics |title=Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/athens-2004-summer-olympics |title=Athens 2004 Summer Olympics |work=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=31 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130117121331/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fathens-2004-summer-olympics |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/turin-2006-winter-olympics |title= Turin 2006 Winter Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/beijing-2008-summer-olympics |title=Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics|work= International Olympic Committee|accessdate= 31 August 2013}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13510|title=Governor General to Open the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games|publisher=Governor General of Canada|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=2010-02-10}}
56. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19008471|title=London 2012 Olympics launches with huge ceremony|date=27 July 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 July 2012}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics opens with glittering ceremony|author=Sam Sheringham|publisher=BBC|date=February 7, 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/winter-olympics/25885398|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}
{{Olympic Games}}

4 : Olympics-related lists|Lists of people by activity|Olympics opening ceremonies|Lists of heads of state
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