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词条 List of possible dwarf planets
释义

  1. IAU naming procedures

  2. Limiting values

      {{anchor|Probable per Tancredi}} Tancredi's assessment    {{anchor|Probable per Brown}} Brown's assessment    Grundy et al's assessment  

  3. {{anchor|list}} Likeliest dwarf planets

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Solar System sidebar}}

It has been estimated that there may be 200 dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt of the outer Solar System[1] and possibly more than 10,000 in the region beyond.[2] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has accepted five dwarf planets: {{dp|Ceres}} in the inner Solar System and four in the trans-Neptunian region: {{dp|Pluto}}, {{dp|Eris}}, {{dp|Haumea}}, and {{dp|Makemake}}.

IAU naming procedures

{{see also|IAU definition of planet}}

In 2008, the IAU modified its naming procedures such that objects considered most likely to be dwarf planets receive differing treatment than others. Objects that have an absolute magnitude (H) less than +1, and hence a minimum diameter of {{convert|838|km|mi}} if the albedo is below 100%,[3] are overseen by two naming committees, one for minor planets and one for planets. Once named, the objects are declared to be dwarf planets. Makemake and Haumea are the only objects to have proceeded through the naming process as presumed dwarf planets; currently there are no other bodies that meet this criterion. All other bodies are named by the minor-planet naming committee alone, and the IAU has not stated how or if they will be accepted as dwarf planets.

Limiting values

The qualifying feature of a dwarf planet is that it "has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape".[4][5][6] Current observations are generally insufficient for a direct determination as to whether a body meets this definition. Also, a dwarf planet may not be the satellite of another body, even though several moons (such as Titan) are larger than the recognized dwarf planets.

Based on a comparison with the icy moons that have been visited by spacecraft, such as Mimas (round at 400 km in diameter) and Proteus (irregular at 410–440 km in diameter), Michael Brown estimated that an icy body relaxes into hydrostatic equilibrium at a diameter somewhere between 200 and 400 km.[1]

{{dp|Ceres}} is thought to be the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt. 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid, appears to have a fully differentiated interior and was therefore in equilibrium at some point in its history, but it is not today.[7] The third-most massive object, 2 Pallas, has a somewhat irregular surface and is thought to have only a partially differentiated interior. Brown has estimated that, because rocky objects are more rigid than icy objects, rocky objects below {{convert|900|km|mi}} in diameter may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus not dwarf planets.[1]

After Brown and Tancredi made their calculations, it was discovered that Iapetus (1,470 km in diameter) and the smaller moons of Saturn down to Mimas with well-determined shapes are not in hydrostatic equilibrium as had been thought. They have a hydrostatic shape that froze in some time ago and that does not match the shape an equilibrium body would have at their current rotation rates.[8] Ceres, at 950 km, is the smallest body for which detailed measurements are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium.[9] It is not clear whether trans-Neptunian objects would behave more like Ceres or Iapetus; thus, some or all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets smaller than Pluto and Eris might not actually be in equilibrium.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The IAU has not addressed the issue since these findings.

{{anchor|Probable per Tancredi}} Tancredi's assessment

In 2010, Gonzalo Tancredi presented a report to the IAU evaluating a list of 46 candidates for dwarf planet status based on light-curve-amplitude analysis and the assumption that the object was more than {{convert|450|km|mi}} in diameter. Some diameters are measured, some are best-fit estimates, and others use an assumed albedo of 0.10. Of these, he identified 15 as dwarf planets by his criteria (including the four accepted by the IAU), with another nine being considered possible. To be cautious, he advised the IAU to "officially" accept as dwarf planets the top three not yet accepted: Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar.[12] Although the IAU had anticipated Tancredi's recommendations, as of 2013, they have not responded.

{{anchor|Probable per Brown}} Brown's assessment

Brown's categories⌀ Number of objects
nearly certainly >900 km 10
highly likely 600–900 km 16
likely 500–600 km 38
probably 400–500 km 63
possibly 200–400 km 534
Source: Mike Brown, as of Jun 21, 2018. (Summary figures differ on M. Brown's website using a cumulative count).
{{TNO imagemap}}Mike Brown considers a large number of trans-Neptunian bodies, ranked by estimated size, to be "probably" dwarf planets. He did not consider asteroids, stating "In the asteroid belt Ceres, with a diameter of 900 km, is the only object large enough to be round".

The terms for varying degrees of likelihood he split these into:

  • Near certainty: diameter estimated/measured to be over {{convert|900|km|mi}}. Sufficient confidence to say these must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, even if predominantly rocky.
  • Highly likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over {{convert|600|km|mi}}. The size would have to be "grossly in error" or they would have to be primarily rocky to not be dwarf planets.
  • Likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over {{convert|500|km|mi}}. Uncertainties in measurement mean that some of these will be significantly smaller and thus doubtful.
  • Probably: diameter estimated/measured to be over {{convert|400|km|mi}}. Expected to be dwarf planets, if they are icy, and that figure is correct.
  • Possibly: diameter estimated/measured to be over {{convert|200|km|mi}}. Icy moons transition from a round to irregular shape in the 200–400 km range, suggesting that the same figure holds true for KBOs. Thus, some of these objects could be dwarf planets.
  • Probably not: diameter estimated/measured to be under 200 km. No icy moon under 200 km is round, suggesting that the same is true for KBOs. The estimated size of these objects would have to be in error for them to be dwarf planets.

Grundy et al's assessment

Grundy et al. propose that dark, low-density TNOs in the size range of approximately 400–1000 km are transitional between smaller, porous (and thus low-density) bodies and larger, denser, brighter and geologically differentiated planetary bodies (such as dwarf planets). Bodies in this size range should have begun to collapse the interstitial spaces left over from their formation, but not fully, leaving some residual porosity.[10]

Many TNOs in the size range of 400–1000 km have oddly low densities, in the range of 1.0–1.2 g/cm3, that are substantially less than dwarf planets such as Pluto, which have densities closer to 2. Brown has suggested that large low-density bodies must be composed almost entirely of water ice, since he presumed that bodies of this size would necessarily be solid. However, this leaves unexplained why TNOs both larger than 1000 km and smaller than 400 km, and indeed comets, are composed of a substantial fraction of rock, leaving only this size range to be primarily icy. Experiments with water ice at the relevant pressures and temperatures suggest that substantial porosity could remain in this size range, and it is possibly that adding rock to the mix would further increase resistance to collapsing into a solid body. Bodies with internal porosity remaining from their formation could be at best only partially differentiated, in their deep interiors. (If a body had begun to collapse into a solid body, there should be evidence in the form of fault systems from when its surface contracted.) The higher albedos of larger bodies is also evidence of full differentiation, as such bodies were presumably resurfaced with ice from their interiors. Grundy et al. propose therefore that mid-size, low-density and low-albedo (< ≈0.2) bodies such as Salacia, Varda, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà and {{mpl|55637|2002 UX|25}} are not differentiated planetary bodies like Orcus, Quaoar and Charon. The boundary between the two populations would appear to be in the range of 900–1000 km.[10] If correct, this would leave only Pluto–Charon, Eris, Haumea, {{mp|2007 OR|10}}, Makemake, Quaoar, Orcus and high-albedo Sedna (but probably not low-albedo {{mp|2002 MS|4}}) as dwarf planet candidates in the outer Solar System.

{{anchor|list}} Likeliest dwarf planets

The following trans-Neptunian objects have estimated diameters at least {{convert|300|km|mi}} and so may be dwarf planets. Not all bodies estimated to be this size are included. The list is complicated by bodies such as 47171 Lempo that were at first assumed to be large single objects but later discovered to be binary or triple systems of smaller bodies.[11]

The dwarf planet Ceres is added for comparison.

The default sort is per Brown's size estimate. The IAU-recognised dwarf planets have bold names. Brown's diameter estimates are in red when they are based upon an assumed albedo. Explanations and sources for the measured masses and diameters can be found in the corresponding articles linked in column "Designation" of the table.

DesignationPer Brown{{refn|name=brown-listMeasured{{small|per
measured		Diameter
{{small|per assumed albedo		Result
per Tancredi{{refn|name=tancredi-2010		Category{{small|Best{{efn|name=best_diam|group=table
{{small|diameter
{{small|km
H
Diameter{{efn|name=brown_albedo|group=table
{{small|(km)		Geometric
albedo
{{small|(%)		Mass{{efn|name=system_mass|group=table
{{small|(1018 kg)		H{{refn|name=mpc-tno}}{{refn|name=mpc-sdo}}Diameter
{{small|(km)		Geometric
albedo{{efn|name=albedo|group=table
{{small|(%)		Small
{{small|albedo=100%
{{small|(km)		Large
{{small|albedo=4%
{{small|(km)
{{dp|Eris|136199 Eris}}-1.1}}2330 99 16600 -1.1}}{{val|2326|12}} 90 2206 11028 accepted (measured)}} SDO 2326
{{dp|Pluto|134340 Pluto}}-0.7}}2329 64 13030 -0.76}}{{val|2376|3.2}} 63 1886 9430 accepted (measured)}} 2:3 resonant 2376
{{dp|Makemake|136472 Makemake}}0.1}}1426 81 -0.2}}{{val|1430|14}} 104 1457 7286 accepted}} cubewano 1430
{{mpl|225088|2007 OR|10}}2}}1290 19 1750 1.8}}{{val|1253|43}} 21 580 2901 SDO 1253
{{dp|Haumea|136108 Haumea}}0.4}}1252 80 4006 0.2}}{{val|1632|51}} 55 1212 6060 accepted}} cubewano 1632
{{dp|Quaoar|50000 Quaoar}}2.7}}1092 13 1400 2.82}}{{val|1110|5}} 11 363 1813 accepted (and recommended)}} cubewano 1110
{{dp|Sedna|90377 Sedna}}1.8}}1041 32 1.83}}{{val|995|80}} 33 572 2861 accepted (and recommended)}} detached 995
{{dp|Orcus|90482 Orcus}}2.3}}983 23 641 2.31}}{{val|917|25}} 25 459 2293 accepted (and recommended)}} 2:3 resonant 917
{{mpl|307261|2002 MS|4}}4}}960 5 3.6}}{{val|934|47}} 7 253 1266 3:5 resonant 934
{{dp|Ceres|1 Ceres}} 939 3.36}}{{val|946|2}} 9 283 1414 asteroid belt 946
{{dp|Salacia|120347 Salacia}}4.2}}921 4 438 4.25}}{{val|854|45}} 5 188 939 possible}} 3:5 resonant 854
{{mpl|2018 VG|18}}3.6}} 253 1266 SDO 895
{{mpl|208996|2003 AZ|84}}3.7}}747 11 3.74}}{{val|727|62|67}} 11 237 1187 accepted}} 2:3 resonant 727
{{mpl|2013 FY|27}}3.5}}721 14 3.15}}{{val|740|90|85}} 18 312 1558 SDO 740
{{mpl|55637|2002 UX|25}}3.9}}704 11 125 3.87}}{{val|665|29}} 11 224 1118 3:5 resonant 665
{{mpl|90568|2004 GV|9}}4.2}}703 8 4.25}}{{val|680|34}} 8 188 939 accepted}} 3:5 resonant 680
{{dp|Varuna|20000 Varuna}}4.1}}698 9 3.76}}{{val|668|154|86}} 12 235 1176 accepted}} cubewano 668
{{mpl|145452|2005 RN|43}}3.9}}697 11 3.89}}{{val|679|55|73}} 11 222 1108 possible}} cubewano 679
{{mpl|55565|2002 AW|197}}3.8}}693 12 3.3}}{{val|768|39|38}} 14 291 1454 accepted}} cubewano 768
{{dp|Varda|174567 Varda}}3.7}}689 13 266 3.61}}{{val|705|81|75}} 13 252 1260 possible}} cubewano 705
{{dp|Ixion|28978 Ixion}}3.8}}674 12 3.83}}{{val|617|19|20}} 14 228 1139 accepted}} 2:3 resonant 617
{{mpl|202421|2005 UQ|513}}4}}643 11 3.5}}{{val|498|63|75}} 28 265 1326 cubewano 498
{{mpl|2014 UZ|224}}4}}643 11 3.5}}{{val|635|65|72}} 17 265 1326 SDO 635
{{mpl|523794|2015 RR|245}}4.2}}615 10 3.8}} 231 1155 SDO 615
{{mpl|523692|2014 EZ|51}}4.2}}615 10 3.8}} 231 1155 detached 615
{{mpl|2010 RF|43}}4.2}}615 10 3.9}} 221 1103 SDO 615
229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà3.7}}612 17 136 3.7}}{{val|632|34|34}} 15 242 1209 SDO 632
{{dp|Chaos|19521 Chaos}}5}}612 5 4.8}}{{val|600|140|130}} 6 146 729 cubewano 600
{{mpl|84522|2002 TC|302}}4.2}}591 12 3.9}}{{val|584|106|88}} 14 221 1103 2:5 resonant 584
{{mpl|2015 KH|162}}4.4}}587 10 4.1}} 201 1006 detached 587
{{mpl|78799|2002 XW|93}}5.4}}584 4 5.5}} 106 528 SDO 584
{{mpl|2010 JO|179}}4.5}}574 9 4}} 211 1053 SDO 574
{{mpl|2010 KZ|39}}4.5}}574 9 4}} 211 1053 detached 574
{{mpl|523759|2014 WK|509}}4.5}}574 9 4.4}} 175 876 detached 574
{{mpl|2012 VP|113}}4.5}}574 9 4}} 211 1053 detached 574
{{mpl|2017 OF|69}}4.6}} 160 799 2:3 resonant 565
{{mpl|2002 XV|93}}5.4}}564 4 5.42}}{{val|549|22|23}} 4 110 548 2:3 resonant 549
{{mpl|42301|2001 UR|163}}4.6}}561 9 4.1}} 201 1006 possible}} SDO 561
{{mpl|523639|2010 RE|64}}4.6}}561 9 4.4}} 175 876 SDO 561
{{mpl|2004 XR|190}}4.6}}561 9 4.3}} 183 917 detached 561
{{mpl|523671|2013 FZ|27}}4.6}}561 9 4.4}} 175 876 1:2 resonant 561
{{mpl|2014 AN|55}}4.6}}561 9 4.1}} 201 1006 SDO 561
{{mpl|2008 ST|291}}4.6}}549 9 4.2}} 192 960 detached 549
{{mpl|2010 FX|86}}4.6}}549 9 4.7}} 153 763 cubewano 549
{{mpl|230965|2004 XA|192}}4.6}}549 9 4.2}}{{val|339|120|95}} 32 192 960 1:2 resonant 339
{{mpl|84922|2003 VS|2}}4.1}}537 15 4.1}}{{val|523|35|34}} 15 201 1006 not accepted}} 2:3 resonant 523
{{mpl|455502|2003 UZ|413}}4.7}}536 8 4.3}} 183 917 2:3 resonant 536
{{mpl|120348|2004 TY|364}}4.7}}536 8 4.52}}{{val|512|37|40}} 10 166 829 not accepted}} 2:3 resonant 512
{{mpl|2006 QH|181}}4.7}}536 8 4.3}} 183 917 SDO 536
{{mpl|2014 YA|50}}4.7}}536 8 4.6}} 160 799 cubewano 536
{{mpl|2015 BP|519}}4.8}}524 8 4.4}} 175 876 SDO 524
{{mpl|482824|2013 XC|26}}4.8}}524 8 4.4}} 175 876 3:5 resonant 524
{{mpl|145451|2005 RM|43}}4.8}}524 8 4.4}} 175 876 possible}} SDO 524
{{mpl|470443|2007 XV|50}}4.8}}524 8 4.4}} 175 876 cubewano 524
{{mpl|470308|2007 JH|43}}4.9}}513 8 4.5}} 167 837 2:3 resonant 513
{{mpl|278361|2007 JJ|43}}4.9}}513 8 4.5}} 167 837 cubewano 513
{{mpl|82075|2000 YW|134}}4.9}}513 8 4.5}} 167 837 detached 513
{{mpl|523681|2014 BV|64}}4.9}}513 8 4.7}} 153 763 cubewano 513
{{mpl|2014 FC|72}}4.9}}513 8 4.7}} 153 763 detached 513
{{mpl|2014 HA|200}}4.9}}513 8 4.7}} 153 763 SDO 513
{{mpl|2015 BZ|518}}4.9}}513 8 4.7}} 153 763 cubewano 513
{{mpl|2014 WP|509}}4.9}}513 8 4.5}} 167 837 cubewano 513
{{mpl|523742|2014 TZ|85}}5}}501 7 4.8}} 146 729 4:7 resonant 501
{{mpl|2014 FC|69}}5}}501 7 4.6}} 160 799 detached 501
{{mpl|2013 AT|183}}5}}501 7 4.6}} 160 799 SDO 501
{{mpl|499514|2010 OO|127}}5}}501 7 4.6}} 160 799 3:5 resonant 501
{{mpl|523645|2010 VK|201}}5}}501 7 5}} 133 665 cubewano 501
{{mpl|315530|2008 AP|129}}5.1}}490 7 4.7}} 153 763 cubewano 490
{{mpl|470599|2008 OG|19}}5.1}}490 7 4.7}} 153 763 SDO 490
{{mpl|523635|2010 DN|93}}5.1}}490 7 4.8}} 146 729 detached 490
{{mpl|444030|2004 NT|33}}5.1}}490 7 4.8}}{{val|423|87|80}} 12 146 729 4:7 resonant 423
{{mpl|2003 QX|113}}5.1}}490 7 4.7}} 153 763 SDO 490
{{mpl|2003 UA|414}}5.1}}490 7 5}} 133 665 SDO 490
{{mpl|119979|2002 WC|19}}5.1}}490 7 4.7}} 153 763 1:2 resonant 490
{{mpl|523693|2014 FT|71}}5.1}}490 7 5}} 133 665 4:7 resonant 490
{{mpl|472271|2014 UM|33}}5.1}}490 7 4.7}} 153 763 cubewano 490
{{mpl|175113|2004 PF|115}}4.5}}482 12 4.54}}{{val|406|98|75}} 16 164 821 2:3 resonant 406
{{mpl|2011 FW|62}}5.2}}481 7 5}} 133 665 2:3 resonant 481
{{mpl|307982|2004 PG|115}}5.2}}479 7 4.8}} 146 729 SDO 479
{{mpl|48639|1995 TL|8}}5.2}}479 7 4.8}} 146 729 TNO 479
{{mpl|523752|2014 VU|37}}5.2}}479 7 5.1}} 127 635 cubewano 479
{{mpl|495603|2015 AM|281}}5.2}}479 7 4.8}} 146 729 detached 479
{{mpl|2014 HZ|199}}5.2}}479 7 5}} 133 665 cubewano 479
{{mpl|2014 BZ|57}}5.2}}479 7 5}} 133 665 cubewano 479
{{dp|Dziewanna|471143 Dziewanna}}3.8}}475 25 3.8}}{{val|470|35|10}} 24 231 1155 SDO 470
{{mpl|26375|1999 DE|9}}5.2}}474 7 4.9}}{{val|461|45}} 9 139 696 possible}} 2:5 resonant 461
{{mpl|35671|1998 SN|165}}5.7}}473 4 5.5}}{{val|393|39|38}} 7 106 528 cubewano 393
{{mpl|145480|2005 TB|190}}4.4}}469 15 4.4}}{{val|464|62}} 14 175 876 detached 464
{{mpl|2011 WJ|157}}5.3}}468 7 5}} 133 665 SDO 468
{{mpl|2010 RF|188}}5.3}}468 7 4.9}} 139 696 SDO 468
{{mpl|26181|1996 GQ|21}}5.3}}468 7 4.9}} 139 696 SDO 468
{{mpl|119951|2002 KX|14}}4.9}}468 10 4.86}}{{val|445|27}} 10 142 709 2:3 resonant 445
{{mpl|2013 FS|28}}5.3}}468 7 4.9}} 139 696 SDO 468
{{mpl|2014 JP|80}}5.3}}468 7 5.1}} 127 635 2:3 resonant 468
{{mpl|2014 JR|80}}5.3}}468 7 5.1}} 127 635 2:3 resonant 468
{{mpl|2015 AJ|281}}5.3}}468 7 5}} 133 665 cubewano 468
{{mpl|523750|2014 US|224}}5.3}}468 7 5}} 133 665 cubewano 468
{{mpl|523757|2014 WH|509}}5.3}}468 7 5.2}} 121 606 4:7 resonant 468
{{mpl|120132|2003 FY|128}}5.1}}467 8 4.6}}{{val|460|21}} 12 160 799 SDO 460
{{dp|Huya|38628 Huya}}5}}466 8 5.04}}{{val|406|16}} 10 130 652 accepted}} 2:3 resonant 406
{{mpl|84719|2002 VR|128}}5.6}}459 5 5.58}}{{val|449|42|43}} 5 102 509 2:3 resonant 449
{{mpl|307616|2003 QW|90}}5.4}}457 6 5}} 133 665 cubewano 457
{{mpl|469306|1999 CD|158}}5.4}}457 6 5}} 133 665 4:7 resonant 457
{{mpl|2010 RF|64}}5.4}}457 6 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 457
{{mpl|523640|2010 RO|64}}5.4}}457 6 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 457
{{mpl|2010 TJ|}}5.4}}457 6 5.8}} 92 460 SDO 457
{{mpl|523653|2011 OA|60}}5.4}}457 6 5.1}} 127 635 cubewano 457
{{mpl|445473|2010 VZ|98}}5.4}}457 6 4.8}} 146 729 SDO 457
{{mpl|308379|2005 RS|43}}5.4}}457 6 5}} 133 665 1:2 resonant 457
{{mpl|2010 ER|65}}5.4}}457 6 5.2}} 121 606 detached 457
{{mpl|523772|2014 XR|40}}5.4}}457 6 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 457
{{mpl|2014 OJ|394}}5.4}}457 6 5.1}} 127 635 detached 457
{{mpl|2014 QW|441}}5.4}}457 6 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 457
{{mpl|2014 AM|55}}5.4}}457 6 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 457
{{mpl|2003 QX|111}}6.8}}453 2 6.6}} 64 318 2:3 resonant 453
{{mpl|471137|2010 ET|65}}5.5}}447 6 5.1}} 127 635 SDO 447
{{mpl|2010 EL|139}}5.5}}447 6 5.6}} 101 504 2:3 resonant 447
{{mpl|471288|2011 GM|27}}5.5}}447 6 5.1}} 127 635 cubewano 447
{{mpl|471165|2010 HE|79}}5.5}}447 6 5.1}} 127 635 2:3 resonant 447
{{mpl|2014 CO|23}}5.5}}447 6 5.3}} 116 579 4:7 resonant 447
{{mpl|523690|2014 DN|143}}5.5}}447 6 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 447
{{mpl|2013 HV|156}}5.5}}447 6 5.2}} 121 606 1:2 resonant 447
{{mpl|2014 FY|71}}5.5}}447 6 5.4}} 111 553 4:7 resonant 447
{{mpl|523773|2014 XS|40}}5.5}}447 6 5.4}} 111 553 3:5 resonant 447
{{mpl|2014 XY|40}}5.5}}447 6 5.1}} 127 635 cubewano 447
{{mpl|2015 AH|281}}5.5}}447 6 5.1}} 127 635 cubewano 447
{{mpl|523738|2014 SH|349}}5.5}}447 6 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 447
{{mpl|469372|2001 QF|298}}5.4}}421 7 5.43}}{{val|408|40|45}} 7 109 545 2:3 resonant 408
{{mpl|303775|2005 QU|182}}3.8}}415 33 3.8}}{{val|416|73}} 31 231 1155 SDO 416
{{mpl|144897|2004 UX|10}}4.8}}409 14 4.75}}{{val|361|124|94}} 17 149 746 possible}} 2:3 resonant 361
{{mpl|437915|2002 GD|32}}6.1}}391 4 5.9}} 88 439 cubewano 391
{{mpl|469333|2000 PE|30}}6.2}}375 4 5.9}} 88 439 SDO 375
{{mpl|2002 CY|248}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 373
{{mpl|523601|2003 UY|413}}5.6}}373 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2005 CA|79}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 1:2 resonant 373
{{mpl|2008 UA|332}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 373
{{mpl|471318|2011 JF|31}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2014 SV|349}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 SDO 373
{{mpl|523777|2014 YF|50}}5.6}}373 8 5.4}} 111 553 SDO 373
{{mpl|523769|2014 WS|510}}5.6}}373 8 5.6}} 101 504 2:5 resonant 373
{{mpl|2014 WW|509}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 3:5 resonant 373
{{mpl|523763|2014 WZ|509}}5.6}}373 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 373
{{mpl|523780|2015 AN|281}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2015 TG|387}}5.5}} 106 528 detached 373
{{mpl|495613|2015 FG|345}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 3:5 resonant 373
{{mpl|2017 OG|69}}5.5}} 106 528 2:3 resonant 373
{{mpl|2017 FO|161}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 SDO 373
{{mpl|2014 GX|53}}5.6}}373 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2014 LO|28}}5.6}}373 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2013 JW|63}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 SDO 373
{{mpl|2013 AP|183}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 SDO 373
{{mpl|471921|2013 FC|28}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 cubewano 373
{{mpl|2012 JH|67}}5.6}}373 8 5.2}} 121 606 1:2 resonant 373
{{mpl|2010 TR|19}}5.6}}367 8 5.4}} 111 553 SDO 367
{{mpl|168703|2000 GP|183}}6.3}}359 4 6}} 84 419 cubewano 359
{{mpl|1999 CL|119}}6.3}}359 4 6}} 84 419 cubewano 359
{{mpl|2002 PJ|149}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 358
{{mpl|2010 JK|124}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 358
{{mpl|2010 MQ|116}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 358
{{mpl|471196|2010 PK|66}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 358
{{mpl|523659|2012 HG|84}}5.7}}358 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 358
{{mpl|471210|2010 VW|11}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 SDO 358
{{mpl|2010 VQ|11}}5.7}}358 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 358
{{mpl|312645|2010 EP|65}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 1:2 resonant 358
{{mpl|523617|2007 PS|45}}5.7}}358 8 5.6}} 101 504 1:2 resonant 358
{{mpl|444745|2007 JF|43}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 2:3 resonant 358
{{mpl|523687|2014 DF|143}}5.7}}358 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 358
{{mpl|523688|2014 DK|143}}5.7}}358 8 5.5}} 106 528 3:5 resonant 358
{{mpl|2013 HU|156}}5.7}}358 8 5.5}} 106 528 2:3 resonant 358
{{mpl|2014 OD|394}}5.7}}358 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 358
{{mpl|2015 BX|518}}5.7}}358 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 358
{{mpl|523768|2014 WQ|510}}5.7}}358 8 5.6}} 101 504 2:3 resonant 358
{{mpl|493480|2014 YZ|49}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 cubewano 358
{{mpl|2014 YE|50}}5.7}}358 8 5.3}} 116 579 SDO 358
{{mpl|523736|2014 QA|442}}5.7}}358 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 358
{{mpl|523749|2014 UR|224}}5.7}}358 8 5.5}} 106 528 TNO 358
{{mpl|2015 VG|168}}5.6}} 101 504 SDO 356
{{mpl|2015 DU|249}}5.6}} 101 504 SDO 356
{{mpl|2000 CQ|105}}6.4}}344 4 6.1}} 80 400 SDO 344
{{mpl|15874|1996 TL|66}}5.4}}344 11 5.3}}{{val|339|20}} 12 116 579 accepted}} SDO 339
{{mpl|2000 KK|4}}6.4}}344 4 6.1}} 80 400 cubewano 344
{{mpl|2001 QX|322}}6.4}}344 4 6.1}} 80 400 SDO 344
{{mpl|2001 QS|297}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2010 VW|224}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 4:7 resonant 343
{{mpl|470596|2008 NW|4}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2010 RN|64}}5.7}}343 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523758|2014 WJ|509}}5.7}}343 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 343
{{mpl|483002|2014 QS|441}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2014 UN|225}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 SDO 343
{{mpl|523735|2014 QX|441}}5.7}}343 8 5.5}} 106 528 2:3 resonant 343
{{mpl|2014 QY|441}}5.7}}343 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2014 EA|52}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2014 GT|53}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523680|2013 YJ|151}}5.7}}343 8 5.6}} 101 504 detached 343
{{mpl|471954|2013 RM|98}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|2014 DM|143}}5.7}}343 8 5.4}} 111 553 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523691|2014 DO|143}}5.7}}343 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523684|2014 CQ|23}}5.7}}343 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523674|2013 MA|12}}5.7}}343 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 343
{{mpl|523675|2013 PV|74}}5.7}}343 8 5.6}} 101 504 TNO 343
{{mpl|135182|2001 QT|322}}6.4}}342 4 6.2}} 76 382 cubewano 342
{{mpl|82158|2001 FP|185}}6.4}}336 5 6.38}}{{val|332|31|24}} 4 70 352 SDO 332
{{mpl|82155|2001 FZ|173}}6.5}}330 4 6.1}} 80 400 SDO 330
{{mpl|523622|2007 TG|422}}6.5}}330 4 6.5}} 67 333 SDO 330
{{mpl|305543|2008 QY|40}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 SDO 329
{{mpl|523624|2008 CT|190}}5.8}}329 8 5.8}} 92 460 SDO 329
{{mpl|523643|2010 TY|53}}5.8}}329 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 329
{{mpl|2002 GH|32}}5.8}}329 8 6.7}} 61 304 3:5 resonant 329
{{mpl|126154|2001 YH|140}}5.8}}329 8 5.8}}{{val|345|45}} 7 92 460 3:5 resonant 345
{{mpl|2002 XH|91}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 4:7 resonant 329
{{mpl|2013 CD|223}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 2:3 resonant 329
{{mpl|2014 DR|143}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 2:3 resonant 329
{{mpl|523712|2014 JS|80}}5.8}}329 8 5.8}} 92 460 cubewano 329
{{mpl|501546|2014 JJ|80}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 SDO 329
{{mpl|2014 JM|80}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 detached 329
{{mpl|523722|2014 LV|28}}5.8}}329 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 329
{{mpl|2014 JW|80}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 SDO 329
{{mpl|523723|2014 MY|69}}5.8}}329 8 5.8}} 92 460 cubewano 329
{{mpl|2014 WG|509}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 3:5 resonant 329
{{mpl|523760|2014 WQ|509}}5.8}}329 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 329
{{mpl|487581|2015 BE|519}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 329
{{mpl|2015 KF|172}}5.8}}329 8 5.5}} 106 528 SDO 329
{{mpl|2017 SN|132}}5.8}} 92 460 detached 325
{{mpl|2015 VJ|168}}5.8}} 92 460 SDO 325
{{mpl|2015 GN|55}}5.8}} 92 460 2:5 resonant 325
{{mpl|2001 KA|77}}5.6}}324 10 5}} 133 665 cubewano 324
{{mpl|307251|2002 KW|14}}5.9}}322 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 322
{{mpl|2001 QC|298}}6.6}}316 4 6.3}} 73 365 cubewano 316
{{mpl|148209|2000 CR|105}}6.6}}316 4 6.3}} 73 365 detached 316
{{mpl|2005 SD|278}}6.6}}316 4 6.3}} 73 365 2:5 resonant 316
{{mpl|470316|2007 OC|10}}5.4}}315 13 5}} 133 665 SDO 315
{{mpl|2007 JF|45}}5.9}}315 8 5.9}} 88 439 2:3 resonant 315
{{mpl|523627|2008 QB|43}}5.9}}315 8 6}} 84 419 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2010 VR|11}}5.9}}315 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2012 BW|154}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2011 HP|83}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 SDO 315
{{mpl|469421|2001 XD|255}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 2:3 resonant 315
{{mpl|2015 FL|345}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2014 WY|509}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 cubewano 315
{{mpl|523778|2014 YK|50}}5.9}}315 8 5.9}} 88 439 SDO 315
{{mpl|2014 UO|224}}5.9}}315 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2014 MH|70}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 2:3 resonant 315
{{mpl|505624|2014 GU|53}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 4:7 resonant 315
{{mpl|523696|2014 GW|53}}5.9}}315 8 5.5}} 106 528 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2014 FJ|72}}5.9}}315 8 5.6}} 101 504 SDO 315
{{mpl|2014 BX|64}}5.9}}315 8 5.8}} 92 460 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2012 XR|157}}5.9}}315 8 6.3}} 73 365 1:2 resonant 315
{{mpl|2013 FH|28}}5.9}}315 8 6.5}} 67 333 cubewano 315
{{mpl|2015 VO|166}}5.9}} 88 439 SDO 310
{{mpl|2016 QV|89}}5.9}} 88 439 SDO 310
{{mpl|2014 OE|394}}5}}304 20 4.8}} 146 729 cubewano 304
{{mpl|2004 OJ|14}}6.7}}303 4 6.4}} 70 349 2:5 resonant 303
{{mpl|143707|2003 UY|117}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:5 resonant 302
{{mpl|2003 UB|292}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2001 RU|143}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 302
{{mpl|79978|1999 CC|158}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 302
{{mpl|2011 UT|410}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 302
{{mpl|523646|2010 VL|201}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 cubewano 302
{{mpl|523642|2010 SS|43}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2010 PT|66}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 SDO 302
{{mpl|2010 PU|75}}6}}302 8 6}} 84 419 SDO 302
{{mpl|2010 RD|188}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|523629|2008 SP|266}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2007 VK|305}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 302
{{mpl|523634|2010 AH|2}}6}}302 8 5.8}} 92 460 cubewano 302
{{mpl|471150|2010 FC|49}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 302
{{mpl|523730|2014 OH|394}}6}}302 8 6.1}} 80 400 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2014 OP|394}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 302
{{mpl|2014 QZ|441}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 3:5 resonant 302
{{mpl|2014 LT|28}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2014 JU|80}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 302
{{mpl|523706|2014 HF|200}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 SDO 302
{{mpl|523702|2014 HW|199}}6}}302 8 6}} 84 419 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2013 PX|74}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:3 resonant 302
{{mpl|2012 UB|178}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 3:5 resonant 302
{{mpl|2013 EC|138}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2013 EJ|154}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2014 DE|143}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2015 BD|519}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 2:5 resonant 302
{{mpl|2015 BT|518}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|523793|2015 OV|79}}6}}302 8 6}} 84 419 cubewano 302
{{mpl|523748|2014 UP|224}}6}}302 8 6}} 84 419 cubewano 302
{{mpl|2014 UV|224}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 SDO 302
{{mpl|2014 WF|509}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|505679|2014 WT|69}}6}}302 8 5.7}} 96 481 cubewano 302
{{mpl|523761|2014 WU|509}}6}}302 8 5.9}} 88 439 cubewano 302
{{notelist|group=table|refs=[12][13][14][15]

}}{{clear}}

See also

  • Lists of astronomical objects
  • List of trans-Neptunian objects
  • List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
  • List of former planets

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/|author=Mike Brown|title=The Dwarf Planets|accessdate=2008-01-20|authorlink=Michael E. Brown}}
2. ^"Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system [and] it is estimated that the ultimate number of dwarf planets we will discover in the Kuiper Belt and beyond may well exceed 10,000".The PI's Perspective
3. ^{{cite web |title=Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets |publisher=Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University) |author=Dan Bruton |url=http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html |accessdate=2008-06-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323180835/http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html |archivedate=2010-03-23 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news|publisher=International Astronomical Union |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/iau0603.414.0.html |date=2006 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103145836/http://www.iau.org/iau0603.414.0.html |archivedate=2007-01-03 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf&Display=OverviewLong|title=Dwarf Planets|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2008-01-22}}
6. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0804/|title=Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto}}
7. ^{{cite web |author=Savage, Don |author2=Jones, Tammy |author3= Villard, Ray |date=1995-04-19 |title=Asteroid or Mini-Planet? Hubble Maps the Ancient Surface of Vesta |publisher=Hubble Site News Release STScI-1995-20 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/20/image/c |accessdate=2006-10-17}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/3389.html|title=Iapetus' peerless equatorial ridge|author=|date=|website=www.planetary.org|accessdate=2 April 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/dps15-1112-ceres.html|title=DPS 2015: First reconnaissance of Ceres by Dawn|author=|date=|website=www.planetary.org|accessdate=2 April 2018}}
10. ^1 W.M. Grundy, K.S. Noll, M.W. Buie, S.D. Benecchi, D. Ragozzine & H.G. Roe, 'The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ({{mp|(229762) 2007 UK|126}})', Icarus (forthcoming)
11. ^{{cite web |title=AstDys (47171) 1999TC36 Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=47171 |accessdate=2009-12-07}}
12. ^The geometric albedo is calculated from the measured absolute magnitude and measured diameter via the formula:
13. ^The measured diameter, else Brown's estimated diameter, else the diameter calculated from H using an assumed albedo of 8%.
14. ^Diameters with the text in red indicate that Brown's bot derived them from heuristically expected albedo.
15. ^This is the total system mass (including moons), except for Pluto and Ceres.
16. ^1 {{cite journal|date=2010|title=Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)|journal=Icy Bodies of the Solar System: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 263, 2009|author=Tancredi, G.|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1743921310001717}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=List Of Trans-Neptunian Objects|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_tnos.html|website=Minor Planet Center}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_centaurs.html|website=Minor Planet Center}}
[16][17][18]

}}

External links

  • How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily) (Mike Brown)
  • Details on the dwarf planet size calculations (Mike Brown)
  • Which are the Dwarfs in the Solar System? Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. Icarus, Volume 195, Issue 2, p. 851–862.
  • NASA JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
{{Dwarf planets}}{{Trans-Neptunian objects}}{{Solar System}}

3 : Possible dwarf planets|Lists of minor planets|Lists of trans-Neptunian objects
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