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词条 List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China
释义

  1. List

      Central People's Government (1949–1954)   The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)   The 2nd and 3rd Constitutions (1975–1982)   The 4th Constitution (1983–present) 

  2. Timeline

  3. Living former presidents

  4. References

  5. See also

{{distinguish|List of Presidents of the Republic of China|List of premiers of the People's Republic of China}}

To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the Eastern order convention (family name first, personal name second) for consistency.

{{Politics of China |expanded = Presidency }}

This is a list of the Presidents and other heads of state of the People's Republic of China.

The office, called 国家主席 (Guójiā Zhǔxí) in Chinese, was created in 1954 when the 1st Constitution consolidated the system of government in the People's Republic of China. At the time, the title was translated into English as State Chairman. The position was abolished between 1975 and 1982 with the functions of head of state being performed by the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The presidency was revived under the fourth constitution in 1982.

List

//Generations of Chinese leadership">Generations of leadership:
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Central People's Government (1949–1954)

Chairman of the Central People's Government
PortraitName
(Lifespan)		Term of officeVice ChairmenParamount leader
–Mao Zedong
毛泽东
(1893–1976)		1 October 194927 September 1954 Zhu De
Liu Shaoqi
Soong Ching-ling
Li Jishen
Zhang Lan
Gao Gang		 Himself
Mao also held more powerful offices as Chairman of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him the Paramount leader of China.

The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)

Chairman of the People's Republic of China
PortraitName
(Lifespan)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCVice ChairmenParamount leader
1Mao Zedong
毛泽东
(1893–1976)
Beijing At-large		 27 September 195427 April 1959 I Zhu DeMao Zedong
2
(2,3)		Liu Shaoqi
刘少奇
(1898–1969)
Beijing At-large		27 April 19593 January 1965 IISoong Ching-ling
Dong Biwu
2 January 1965[1]31 October 1968[2] III
–
(3)		Dong Biwu
董必武
(1886–1975)
Hubei At-large		24 February 197217 January 1975 IIIVacant

The 2nd and 3rd Constitutions (1975–1982)

{{further information|Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress}}
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
PortraitName
(Lifespan)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCVice ChairmenParamount leader
–
(4)		Zhu De
朱德
(1886–1976)
Sichuan At-large		17 January 19756 July 1976 IV Soong Ching-ling[3]
Dong Biwu[3] (died 2 April 1975)
and others		 Mao Zedong
–
(4)		Soong Ching-ling
宋庆龄
(1893–1981)
Shanghai At-large		6 July 19765 March 1978 IV Mao Zedong
Hua Guofeng
After Zhu De's death, Soong Ching-ling served as acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the remainder of the 4th National People's Congress's term.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} She is a member of Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang.
–
(5)		Ye Jianying
叶剑英
(1897–1986)
PLA		5 March 197818 June 1983 V Soong Ching-ling
and others		 Hua Guofeng
Deng Xiaoping
Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Constituency		Term of officeNPCNotes
–Soong Ching-ling
宋庆龄
(1893–1981)
Shanghai At-large		16 May 198128 May 1981 VShortly before her death, Soong Ching-ling,a member of Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang was named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China.

The 4th Constitution (1983–present)

President of the People's Republic of China
PortraitName
(Lifespan)
Constituency		Term of officeNPC - {{small|(Election)Vice PresidentParamount leader
3Li Xiannian
李先念
(1909–1991)
Hubei At-large		18 June 19838 April 1988(62.5%)}} Ulanhu Deng Xiaoping
During Li's term, China undertook major reforms in foreign policy began opening to the outside world. Li, who took on an important role in the ouster of the Gang of Four, became the first President of the People's Republic to visit the United States. He was also the first state president to visit North Korea. In 1984, Li met with U.S. President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. After leaving office as President, Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC.[4]
4Yang Shangkun
杨尚昆
(1907–1998)
PLA		9 April 198827 March 1993(66.8%)}} Wang Zhen Deng Xiaoping
Jiang Zemin
An elder from the party's revolutionary days, Yang was a political survivor of the Cultural Revolution. During his presidency, Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization. Yang reached the height of his political career after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire. Yang served as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission between 1983 and 1993.
5Jiang Zemin
江泽民
(born 1926)
Shanghai At-large		27 March 199315 March 1998(68.4%)}} Rong Yiren Himself
15 March 199815 March 2003(71.5%)}} Hu Jintao Himself
Once the mayor and party chief of Shanghai, Jiang's assumption of the presidency in 1993 marked a return to the centralization of major titles at the national level – Jiang also held more powerful offices as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang was criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.[5]
6Hu Jintao
胡锦涛
(born 1942)
Tibet At-large (until 2008)
Jiangsu At-large (from 2008)		15 March 200315 March 2008(72.9%)}} Zeng Qinghong Himself
15 March 200814 March 2013(70.27%)}} Xi Jinping Himself
Hu, long having been anointed by Deng as Jiang's successor, took over the presidency in 2003, and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and a relatively smooth recovery from the Global Financial Crisis. China emerged as a major world power during Hu's term, as China began taking on a more prominent role globally, such as at the G20 and global efforts at combating climate change. Hu's chief domestic focus was building a more egalitarian society focused on improving living standards for disadvantaged populations.[6] During Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries increased.[7]
7Xi Jinping
习近平
(born 1953)
Shanghai At-large (until 2018)
Inner Mongolia At-large (from 2018)		14 March 201317 March 2018(72.21%)}} Li Yuanchao Himself
17 March 2018Incumbent(99.43%)}} Wang Qishan Himself
Xi became President in 2013, and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Xi increased the profile of the office of president in foreign affairs, for example receiving other heads of state during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, going on high-profile visits to the United Kingdom and the United States, and making an important address at the Global Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Term limits for the president were removed in 2018.

Timeline

{{Simple Horizontal timeline|width=1000px|border=none|row1=note|row1-1-text=|row1-1-arrow= |row1-1-at=1949.83|row1-2-text=P. of C.Gov|row1-2-at=1949.83|row1-3-text=President of China|row1-3-at=1954.75|row1-4-text=Acting Presidents|row1-4-at=1968.83|row1-5-text=Abolished in law|row1-5-at=1975.047|row1-6-text=Honorary President|row1-6-at=1981.43|row1-7-text=Restored|row1-7-at=1983.5|row1-7-shift=7.5em|row2=timeline|row2-height=3em|row2-bordertop=1px solid #000;|row2-borderbottom=1px solid #000;|row2-1-text=|row2-1-colour=#FFF28E|row2-1-to=1949.83|row2-2-text=Mao Zedong|row2-2-colour=#FF0000|row2-2-to=1959.33|row2-3-text=Liu Shaoqi|row2-3-colour=#FF2400|row2-3-to=1968.83|row2-4-text=Soong
& Dong|row2-4-colour=#FF4D00|row2-4-to=1972.19|row2-5-text=Dong Biwu|row2-5-colour=#FFA500|row2-5-to=1975|row2-6-text=N/A|row2-6-colour=white|row2-6-to=1981.41|row2-7-text=Soong Ching-ling|row2-7-colour=#FF4D00|row2-7-to=1981.43|row2-8-text=N/A|row2-8-colour=white|row2-8-to=1983.5|row2-9-text=Li Xiannian|row2-9-colour=#FFBF00|row2-9-to=1988.33|row2-10-text=Yang Shangkun|row2-10-colour=#FFFF00|row2-10-to=1993.25|row2-11-text=Jiang Zemin|row2-11-colour=#CCFF00|row2-11-to=2003.25|row2-12-text=Hu Jintao|row2-12-colour=#66FF00|row2-12-to=2013.25|row2-13-text=Xi Jinping|row2-13-colour=#00FF00|row3=scale|from=1949.83|to=2017|inc=10|axis-nudge=-0.8em}}

Living former presidents

As of {{Currentmonthname}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there are two living former presidents:

PresidentTerm of officeDate of birth
Jiang Zemin1993–2003mf=yes|1926|8|17}}
Hu Jintao2003–2013mf=yes|1942|12|21}}

References

1. ^{{Cite news |title= National People's Congress Notice 1 |work= People's Daily |accessdate= 2013-11-24 |date= 3 January 1965 |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/15/content_2093447.htm |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140130094110/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/15/content_2093447.htm |archivedate = 30 January 2014 |df= }}
2. ^{{Cite news| title = Communique of the expanded 12th plenary session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China| work = People's Daily Online| accessdate = 2013-11-24| date = 3 January 1965| url = http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64560/65355/4442085.html}}
3. ^1 {{Cite book |publisher = Guangdong People's Publishing [廣東人民出版社] |ISBN = 7218052649 |last = Sheng (盛) |first = Yonghua (永華) |title = Chronological Biography of Soong Ching-ling, 1893-1981 [宋慶齡年譜 1893-1981], in Chinese | location = Guangzhou |year = 2006 |page = 2:1799 }}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Kurt|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954285,00.html|title=History Beckons Again|journal=Time|date=7 May 1984|accessdate=19 August 2011}}
5. ^Tomoyuki Kojima. China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf |title=Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: Hu's Political Philosophies |publisher=Esnips.com |date= |accessdate=13 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325103630/http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2009 |df= }}
7. ^[https://monitor.worldsavvy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=184 World Savvy Monitor: China and the World - A foreign policy overview]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

See also

{{Portal|China|Politics}}
  • Vice President of the People's Republic of China
  • List of premiers of the People's Republic of China
  • List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China
  • Paramount leader - a informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the party and the People's Republic of China
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5 : Presidents of the People's Republic of China|Lists of political office-holders in China|Lists of national presidents|20th-century Chinese heads of government|21st-century Chinese politicians
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