词条 | Lake Michigan |
释义 |
| name = Lake Michigan | image = Lake Michigan Landsat Satellite Photo.jpg | caption = Landsat image | image_bathymetry = Lake-Michigan.svg | caption_bathymetry = Map of Great Lakes (Lake Michigan in darker blue) | location = United States | group = Great Lakes | coords = {{Coord|44|N|87|W|region:US_type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = Glacial | inflow = Fox River, Grand River, Menominee River, Milwaukee River, Muskegon River, Kalamazoo River, St. Joseph River | outflow = Straits of Mackinac, Chicago River, Calumet River | catchment = |basin_countries = United States | length = {{convert|307|mi|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|118|mi|km|abbr=on}} | min_width = {{convert|91|mi|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|22404|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}[1] | depth = {{convert|279|ft|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|923|ft|m|abbr=on}}[2] | volume = {{convert|1180|cumi|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = 99 years | shore = {{convert|1400|mi|km|abbr=on}} plus {{convert|238|mi|km|abbr=on}} for islands[2] | elevation = {{convert|577|ft|m|abbr=on}}[2] | islands = see list | islands_category = Islands of the Great Lakes | cities = see #Cities | reference = [3] }}Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume[1] ({{convert|1180|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}) and the third-largest by surface area ({{convert|22404|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac, giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; the two are technically a single lake.[4] Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Ports along its shores include Chicago; Milwaukee; Green Bay, Wisconsin; Gary, Indiana; and Muskegon, Michigan. The word "Michigan" originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi-gami meaning "great water".[5] History{{Further|Lake Chicago}}Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the next few hundred years, the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians. In the early 17th century, when western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians: the Chippewa; Menominee; Sauk; Fox; Winnebago; Miami; Ottawa; and Potawatomi. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, possibly in 1634 or 1638.[6] In the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of "Michigan", named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes.[7] Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan–Huron (also Huron–Michigan). The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City, Michigan, the site of Fort Michilimackinac, a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is St. Ignace, Michigan, site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians, founded in 1671. In 1673, Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters, in their search for the Mississippi River, cf. Fox–Wisconsin Waterway. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.[8] With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century, Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico.[9] French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[10] In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a major role in the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake. For example, 90% of the grain shipped from Chicago travelled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years, and only rarely falling below 50% after the Civil War and the major expansion of railroad shipping.[11] The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition.[12] In 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies {{convert|40|ft}} below the surface of the lake. One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated.[13][14] The warming of Lake Michigan was the subject of a report by Purdue University in 2018. In each decade since 1980, steady increases in average surface temperature have occurred. This is likely to lead to decreasing native habitat and to adversely affect native species survival.[15] GeographyLake Michigan is the sole Great Lake wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada.[20] It lies in the region known as the American Midwest. Statistics and bathymetryLake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km2); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km2 lying in Michigan state,[3] 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km2 in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km2 in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km2 in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world. It is the larger half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is {{convert|307|mi|km}} long by {{convert|118|mi|km}} wide with a shoreline {{convert|1,640|mi|km}} long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).[3][21] It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern-half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin, by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.[22][23] CitiesTwelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores, mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas. The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County, Wisconsin is supported by tourism, with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan.[24]{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter. The southern tip of the lake near Gary, Indiana is heavily industrialized. Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include: {{col-begin|width=60%}}{{col-2}} Illinois
Connection to ocean and open waterThe Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. Wider ocean-going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes, and thus shipping is limited on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes. The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River (from Chicago) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, NY) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, NY). BeachesLake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast"[25] of the United States, after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The sand is often soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high quartz content) it emits when walked upon. Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries, and the water is usually clear and cool, between {{convert|55|and|80|F|C}},[26] even in the late summer months. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.[27] The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world. In fact, in multiple locations along the shoreline, the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface. Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks, national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline. Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Park, Saugatuck Dunes State Park, Warren Dunes State Park, Hoffmaster State Park, Silver Lake State Park, Ludington State Park, and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler-Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin. A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula. Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world, aside from a few inland lakes in that region, where one can find Petoskey stones, the state stone.[28] The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky, with some sandy beaches due to local conditions; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune-covered. This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west (which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter). The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks, beaches, harbors and marinas, and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail. Where there are no beaches or marinas, stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion. The Chicago lakefront is accessible for about {{convert|24|mi|km}} between the city's southern and northern limits along the lake. FerriesTwo passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services on Lake Michigan, both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east. From May to October, the historic steam ship, {{SS|Badger}}, operates daily between Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,[29] connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities. The Lake Express, established in 2004, carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan. Islands
ParksThe National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Park. Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest. The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness. The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake. There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake. A partial list follows.
Lighthouses
HydrologyThe Milwaukee Reef, running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers, winds, and the Coriolis effect. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.[27] Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes called Lake Michigan-Huron), but are normally considered distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them. Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway. The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior, through Lake Huron, is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national Lake Superior Board of Control[30] Historic High WaterThe lake fluctuates from month to month, with the highest lake levels typically experienced in the summer. The normal high-water mark is {{convert|2.00|ft|m}} above datum {{convert|577.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}. In the summer of 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level during the period during which records have been kept, at {{convert|5.92|ft|m|abbr=on}} above datum.[31] The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year, ending with January 1987. Water levels ranged from {{convert|3.67|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|5.92|ft|m}} above Chart Datum.[31] On February 21, 1986, the waters neared the all-time maximum for the period during which records have been kept.[32]Historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low water mark is {{convert|1.00|ft|m}} below datum {{convert|577.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}. In the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at {{convert|1.38|ft|m}} below datum.[31] As with the highwater records, monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period water levels ranged from {{convert|1.38|ft|m}} to {{convert|0.71|ft|m}} below Chart Datum.[31] In January 2013, Lake Michigan's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all-time low of {{convert|576.2|ft|m|abbr=on}},[33] reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918. The lakes were {{convert|29|in|m|abbr=on}} below their long-term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012.[34] Keith Kompoltowicz, chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' district office in Detroit, explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the "lack of a large snowpack" in the winter of 2011/2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012.[33] Drinking waterLake Michigan, like the other Great Lakes, supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas. The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact. Environmental problems can still plague the lake. Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline. The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting, Indiana, oil refinery.[35] In March 2014 BP's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than {{convert|1600|USgal|l}} of oil into the lake.[36] FishingLake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms. It was originally home to lake whitefish, lake trout, yellow perch, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and bowfin, as well as some species of catfish. As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919, an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting, there has been a decline in native lake trout populations, ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species, the alewife. As a result, salmonids, including various strains of brown trout, steelhead (rainbow trout), coho and chinook salmon, were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population. This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded, resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species. Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead, brown trout, and coho and chinook salmon, which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries. However, several introduced invasive species, such as lampreys, round goby, zebra mussels and quagga mussels, continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility, resulting in knock-on changes to Lake Michigan's ecosystem, threatening the vitality of native fish populations. Commercial fisheriesFisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries. The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes, worth about $13 million in 2003.[37] Michigan’s commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe-licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority (CORA) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC), which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters, and 45 state-licensed commercial fishing enterprises.[38] The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). The annual harvest declined from an average of {{convert|11|e6lb|kg}} from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of {{convert|8|to|9.5|e6lb|kg}}. The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04/lb. to as low as $.40/lb during periods of high production.[38] Sports fishingSports fishing includes salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout and walleye being major catches. In the late 1960s, successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan’s charter fishing industry.[39] ShippingLike all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash.[40] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years. Port of Chicago{{Main article|Port of Chicago}}The Port of Chicago, operated by the Illinois International Port District, has grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet. The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[41] Tourism and recreationTourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes:
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview |title=Lake Michigan |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=2009-06-18 |accessdate=2010-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101170911/http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview |archivedate=2010-01-01 |df= }} 2. ^[https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html Shorelines of the Great Lakes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405211915/https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0%2C4561%2C7-135-3313_3677-15959--%2C00.html |date=2015-04-05 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{harvnb|Wright|2006|p=64}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Great Lakes Map |publisher=Michigan Department of Environmental Quality |year=2013 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html |accessdate=August 26, 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6 |title=Superior Watershed Partnership Projects |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221658/http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6 |archivedate=September 28, 2007}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Bogue|1985|pp=7–13}} 7. ^http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg 8. ^{{cite web|title=Colonial Fort Michilimackinac|url=http://www.mightymac.org/michilimackinac.htm|website=Mighty Mac|accessdate=2014-07-06}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Bogue|1985|pp=14–16}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Shelak|2003|p=3}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Cronon|first=William|title=Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West|year=1991|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York, NY|pages=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OCQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780393072457}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins |year=1989 |journal=The Journal of Great Lakes Research |url=http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121203024023/http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-12-03 |accessdate=2009-08-09 }} 13. ^{{cite news |last=Flesher |first=John |title=Possible mastodon carving found on rock |agency=Associated Press |date=2007-09-04 |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146413265 |accessdate =2008-05-25}} 14. ^{{cite news |last=Flesher |first=John |title=Rock brings history to surface (pictures) |agency=Associated Press |date=2007-09-05 |url=http://www.record-eagle.com/local/local_story_248101751.html |accessdate=2008-05-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120915062705/http://www.record-eagle.com/local/local_story_248101751.html |archivedate=2012-09-15 |df= }} 15. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-warming-20180913-story.html |title=Lake Michigan is warming. A new report says that could mean trouble for game fish. |last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=September 16, 2018 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=2018-09-17 |language=en-US}} 16. ^National Geophysical Data Center, 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: 2015-03-23]. 17. ^National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: 2015-03-23]. (only small portion of this map) 18. ^National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: 2015-03-16]. 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |title=About Our Great Lakes: Tour |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) |access-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507173208/https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |archive-date=2017-05-07 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/geophysical-lake-michigan|title=Geophysical Lake Michigan - US EPA|first=US EPA,REG|last=05|website=US EPA}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml |title=Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms |publisher=NOAA |accessdate=September 18, 2013}} 22. ^https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/lakemich_cdrom/html/geomorph.htm|title=Bathymetry of Lake Michigan|website=www.ngdc.noaa.gov}} 24. ^http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/coastal-communities/economic-vitality-and-the-great-lakes/ 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/index.php/regional-statistics/ |title=NOAA Great Lakes Region |publisher=NOAA |accessdate=2015-09-15}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html |title=Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch |publisher=Coastwatch.msu.edu |accessdate=2010-01-14}} 27. ^1 {{harvnb|Hilton|2002|pp=3–5}} 28. ^Wolgamott, K. (2018, May 17). Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan 29. ^{{Cite web|title=Schedule and Fares |url=http://www.ssbadger.com/schedule-fares/ |publisher=SS Badger|accessdate =April 1, 2018}} 30. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-superior-water-levels-20180709-story.html |title=What happens when Lake Superior has too much water?|last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=July 13, 2018 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=2018-07-15 |language=en-US}} 31. ^1 2 3 Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/grr/history/?m=2&d=21|title=The Weather History for February 21st|work=Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History|publisher=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office|accessdate=23 February 2011}} 33. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/03/great-lakes-low-water-levels/2050811 |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping, recreation|first=Larry |last=Bivins |newspaper=USA Today}} 34. ^{{cite news |title=Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago |first=John |last=Flesher |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Great+Lakes+lowest+water+levels+since+record+keeping+began+nearly+cent 36. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-03-28/news/chi-bp-oil-spill-lake-michigan-20140327_1_london-based-oil-company-oil-spill-whiting\\ | work=Chicago Tribune | title=BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill | first=Michael | last=Hawthorne}} 37. ^NOAA/NMFS: (2004) Fisheries of the United States, 2003 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810195334/http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/fus/fus03/index.html |date=2007-08-10 }} 38. ^1 {{cite report |url=http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2013/01/07-701-fs-whitefish-marketing.pdf |title=Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development |publisher=University of Michigan Sea Grant |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}} 39. ^{{cite report |url=http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/fisheries/economy/Michigan-Charter-Fishing-Fact-Sheet.pdf |first=Dan |last=O'Keefe |year=2009 |title=Charter Fishing in Michigan: A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts |publisher=University of Michigan Sea Grant |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan }} 40. ^{{Cite report |url=http://www.portdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Great-Lakes-Shipping-Study-Final.pdf|title=Great Lakes Shipping Study |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |date=January 13, 2014}} 41. ^U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). "Calumet Harbor, IL and IN". Retrieved on July 31, 2014. 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |title=Great Lakes Circle Tour |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=2005-07-05 |accessdate=2011-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |archivedate=2010-07-25 |df= }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Lake Michigan}}{{AmCyc Poster|Michigan, Lake|Lake Michigan}}
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