“List of screw drives”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A screw drive is a system used to turn a screw.^[1]^[2] At a minimum, it is a set of shaped cavities and protrusions on the screw head that allows torque to be applied to it. Usually, it also involves a mating tool, such as a screwdriver, that is used to turn it. The following heads are categorized based on commonality, with some of the less-common drives being classified as "tamper-resistant".

Most heads come in a range of sizes, typically distinguished by a number, such as "Phillips #00". These sizes do not necessarily describe a particular dimension of the drive shape, but rather are arbitrary designations.

Slotted drives

Slot

The slot screw drive has a single slot in the fastener head and is driven by a "common blade" or flat-bladed screwdriver. It was the first type of screw drive to be developed, and for centuries it was the simplest and cheapest to make. Uniquely among common drives, it is straightforward to manufacture a slot head or drive by hand. The slotted screw is commonly found in existing products and installations, and is still used in some simple carpentry, and applications where little torque is needed. It is used in restoration of old and antique furniture, vehicles and equipment. However, it is not well suited to installation with power tools, because a power driver tends to slip out of the head, potentially damaging the screw and surrounding material. For this reason, cruciform and other drives have replaced it in most applications. The tool used to drive a slot is called a common blade, flat-blade, slot-head, flat-tip^[3] or flat-head / flathead^[4] screwdriver. A hollow-ground screwdriver is less likely to "cam out" (leave the slot due to torque being translated into an axial force), so more torque can be applied without damaging the screw head. Flat-blade jewelers' screwdrivers and the tips found in {{frac|1|4}}-inch drive sets are generally hollow-ground. Note that it is this typical chisel shape which allows 9 screwdrivers to drive 24 different slotted screw sizes, at the expense of fitting as a hollow ground screwdriver would, and increasing the possibility of damaging the fastener or surrounding area.

At least one mechanical method of temporarily holding a slotted screw to a matching screwdriver is available, the Quick-Wedge screw-holding screwdriver, first manufactured by the Kedman Company in the 1950s.^[5]

Dzus fasteners, which have a cam-lock body instead of a threaded rod, use a slot drive.

Coin-slot drive

Coin-slot drives are so-called because of the curved bottom of the recess that facilitates driving them with a suitable coin, are often used on items where the user is not likely to have a screwdriver when needed, such as on thumb-screws that attach cameras to tripod adapters and battery compartments in some equipment.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Hi-Torque

Hi-Torque slot drives were designed by Alcoa Fastening Systems, for situations where very high torque is needed, along with the ability to repeatedly install and remove the fastener.^[6] The design features curved walls, unlike the straight-walled slot drive.

The Type II (Conical/Connie) design adds a conical cup that receives a centering pin on the driver, improving alignment of the driving tool to the fastener recess.

Cross

A cross or double-slot screw drive has two slots, oriented perpendicular to each other, in the fastener head; a slotted screwdriver is still used to drive just one of the slots. This type is usually found in cheaply-made roofing bolts and the like, where a thread of {{convert|5|mm|abbr=on}} or above has a large flattened pan head. The advantage is that they provide some measure of redundancy: should one slot be deformed in service, the second may still be used and the tool can not slip out.

Cruciform drives

The following are screw drives based on a cruciform shape; i.e., a cross shape. Other names for these types of drives are cross recessed, cross-head, cross tip, and cross-point. A double slotted screw drive is not considered cruciform because the shape is not recessed, and consists only of two superimposed simple milled slots. Some of these types are specified in ISO 4757, Cross recesses for screws.

Frearson

The Frearson screw drive, also known as the Reed and Prince screw drive, and specified as ANSI Type II Cross Recess, is similar to a Phillips but the Frearson has a sharp tip and larger angle in the V shape.^[7] One advantage over the Phillips drive is that one driver or bit fits all screw sizes. It is often found in marine hardware and requires a Frearson screwdriver or bit to work properly. The tool recess is a perfect, sharp cross, allowing for higher applied torque, unlike the rounded, tapered Phillips head, which can cam out at high torque. It was developed by an English inventor named Frearson in the 19th century and produced from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s. The Reed & Prince Mfg. Company of Worcester, Massachusetts, was put into bankruptcy in 1987 and liquidated in 1990. Another entity called Reed & Prince Manufacturing Corporation, now of Leominster, Massachusetts, purchased some of the assets including the name at the liquidation sale.^[8]

Phillips

The Phillips screw drive (specified as an ANSI Type I Cross Recess^[10]) was created by John P. Thompson, who after failing to interest manufacturers, sold his design to businessman Henry F. Phillips.^[11]^[12] Phillips is credited with forming a company (Phillips Screw Company), improving the design, and promoting the adoption of his product.^[11] The original patent^[13] expired in 1966, but the Phillips Screw Company continued to develop improved designs.^[11]

The American Screw Company of Providence, Rhode Island, was responsible for devising a means of efficiently manufacturing the screw, and successfully patented and licensed their method; other screw makers of the 1930s dismissed the Phillips concept because it called for a relatively complex recessed socket shape in the head of the screw — as distinct from the simple milled slot of a slotted type screw. The Phillips screw design was developed as a direct solution to a number of problems with slotted screws: too-easy cam out; precise alignment required to avoid slippage and damage to driver, fastener, and adjacent surfaces; and difficulty of driving with powered tools.

Phillips drive bits are often designated by the letters "PH",^[11] plus a size code 0000, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 (in order of increasing size); the numerical bit size codes do not necessarily correspond to nominal screw size numbers.^[3]^[14]

A Phillips screw head is significantly different from a PoziDriv;^[11] see {{Section link||Pozidriv}} section below for details.

The design is often criticized for its tendency to cam out at lower torque levels than other "cross head" designs. There has long been a popular belief that this was actually a deliberate feature of the design, for the purpose of assembling aluminium aircraft without overtightening the fasteners.^[15]{{rp|85}}^[16] Extensive evidence is lacking for this specific narrative, and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents.^[17] However, a 1949 refinement to the original design described in US Patent #2,474,994^[18]^[19]^[20] describes this feature.

Pozidriv

The Pozidriv (sometimes incorrectly spelled "Pozidrive") is an improved version of the Phillips screw drive. It is designated "Type IA" by ANSI standards.^[7]

The Pozidriv was patented by GKN Screws and Fasteners in 1962.^[21]^[22] It was specifically designed to allow more torque to be applied and greater engagement than Phillips drives. As a result, the Pozidriv is less likely to cam out.^[11]^[23]^[24] It is similar to, and compatible with, the Supadriv screw drive.^[25]

Pozidriv screwdrivers are often designated using the letters "PZ" followed by a size code of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (in order of increasing size).^[11] The numbers do not necessarily correspond to nominal screw size numbers.

Pozidriv screws have a set of radial indentations (tick marks) set at 45° from the main cross recess on the head of the screw, which makes them visually distinct from Phillips screws.^[11]

While a Phillips screwdriver has slightly tapered flanks, a pointed tip, and rounded corners, a Pozidriv screwdriver has parallel flanks, a blunt tip, and additional smaller ribs at 45° to the main slots. The manufacturing process for Pozidriv screwdriver bits is therefore more complex than that for Phillips: while a Phillips screwdriver bit can be manufactured by cutting four simple slots, the Pozidriv screwdriver tip requires two machining processes at right angles for each slot.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Pozidriv and Phillips are broadly interchangeable, but may cause damage if incorrectly used. While Pozidriv screwdrivers fit Phillips screws, they may slip or tear out the Phillips screw head. Conversely, while Phillips screwdrivers will loosely fit and turn Pozidriv screws, they will cam out if enough torque is applied, potentially damaging the screw head or screwdriver.^[11]^[23]

Supadriv

The Supadriv (sometimes spelled incorrectly as "Supadrive") screw drive is very similar in function and appearance to Pozidriv. It is a later development by the same company. The description of the Pozidriv head applies also to Supadriv. While each has its own driver,^[26] the same screwdriver heads may be used for both types without damage; for most purposes it is unnecessary to distinguish between the two drives. Pozidriv and Supadriv screws are slightly different in detail; the later Supadriv allows a small angular offset between the screw and the screwdriver, while Pozidriv has to be directly in line.^[25]^[27]^[28]

In detail, the Supadriv screwhead is similar to Pozidriv but has only two identification ticks, and the secondary blades are larger. Drive blades are about equal thickness. The main practical difference is in driving screws into vertical surfaces: that close to a near vertical surface to drive the screws into the drivers, Supadriv has superior bite, making screwdriving more efficient, with less cam out.^[26]

Phillips II

Phillips II recesses are compatible with Phillips drivers, but have a vertical rib in between the cruciform recesses that interacts with horizontal ribs on a Phillips II driver to create a stick-fit, and to provide anti cam-out properties (the ribs are trademarked as "ACR" for Anti Cam-out Ribs).{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

French recess

Also called BNAE NFL22-070 after its Bureau de normalisation de l'aéronautique et de l'espace standard number. A cross-head screw with a two-step driver design, with the blade diameter stepping up at a distance from the point.

JIS B 1012

The JIS B 1012 is commonly found in Japanese equipment. It looks like a Phillips screw, but is designed not to cam out and will therefore be damaged by a Phillips screwdriver if it is too tight. Heads are usually identifiable by a single dot or an "X" to one side of the cross slot.^[29]

Specific "JIS" standardized cruciform-blade screwdrivers are available for this type of screw.

Mortorq

The Mortorq drive, developed by the Phillips Screw Company, is a format used in automotive and aerospace applications. It is designed to be a lightweight, low-profile and high-strength drive, with full contact over the entire recess wing, reducing risk of stripping.^[30]

Square drives

Robertson

A Robertson, also known as a square^[34] or Scrulox^[35] screw drive is specified as ANSI Type III Square Center and has a square-shaped socket in the screw head and a square protrusion on the tool. Both the tool and the socket have a slight taper. Originally to make the manufacture of the screws practical using cold forming of the heads,^[15]{{rp|79–81}} this taper provides two other advantages which have served to popularize the drive: it makes inserting the tool easier, and tends to help keep the screw on the tool tip without the user needing to hold it there. Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, though they have been used elsewhere^[15]{{rp|85–86}} and have become much more common in other countries in recent decades. As patents expired and awareness of their advantages spread, Robertson fasteners have become popular in woodworking and in general construction. Combination Robertson/Phillips drives are often used in the electrical trade, particularly in device & breaker terminals, as well as clamp connectors.

Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken.^[15]{{rp|85–86}} They also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering, reduce cam out, stop a power tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty.^[15]{{rp|85–86}} In industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage.^[15]{{rp|85–86}}

The internal-wrenching square socket drive for screws (as well as the corresponding triangular socket drive) was conceived several decades before the Canadian P. L. Robertson invented the Robertson screw and screwdriver in 1908 and received patents in 1909 (Canada) and 1911 ({{US Patent|1,003,657}}). An earlier patent covering both square-socket- and triangle-socket-drive wood screws, {{US Patent|161,390}}, was issued to one Allan Cummings of New York City on March 30, 1875. However, as with other clever drive types conceived and patented in the 1860s through 1890s, it was not manufactured widely (if at all) during its patent lifespan due to the difficulty and expense of doing so at the time.^[15]{{rp|79–81}} Robertson's breakthrough in 1908 was to design the socket's taper and proportions in such a combination that the heads could be easily and successfully cold formed,^[15]{{rp|79–81}} which is what made such screws a valuable commercial proposition. Today, cold forming (by stamping in a die) is still the common method used for most screws sold, although rotary broaching is also common now. Linear broaching to cut corners into a drilled hole (similar to the action of a mortising machine for woodworking) has also been used (less commonly) over the decades.

Robertson had licensed the screw design to a maker in England, but the party that he was dealing with intentionally drove the licensee company into bankruptcy and purchased the rights at a reduced price from the trustee, thus circumventing the original agreement.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Robertson spent a small fortune buying back the rights, and subsequently refused to allow anyone else to make the screws under license. When Henry Ford tried out the Robertson screws, he found that they saved considerable time in Model T production, but when Robertson refused to license the screw design, Ford realized that the supply of screws would not be guaranteed and chose to limit their use in production to Ford's Canadian division.^[36]^[37]^[38] Robertson's refusal to license his screws prevented their widespread adoption in the United States, where the more widely-licensed Phillips head gained wider acceptance. The restriction of licensing of Robertson's internal-wrenching square may have sped the development of the internal-wrenching hexagon, although documentation of this is limited.

A new variation of the Robertson drive is the Nüvo Drive System, in which the screws are compatible with Robertson drive tools, but the screws have rounded lobes that, when used with Nüvo drivers, "dramatically reduce wobbling and stripping out, enabling single-handed operation".^[39]

Multiple-square drives

LOX-Recess

The LOX-Recess screw drive was invented by Brad Wagner, and fasteners using it are distributed by licencees Hitachi, Dietrick Metal Framing, and Grabber.^[40] The design is four overlapping square recesses, with 12 contact points, and is designed to increase torque, decrease wear, and avoid cam-out.^[41]

Double-square

The double-square drive is two Robertson squares{{citation needed|reason=The Robertson receptacle is tapered. Double- and triple-squares are not.|date=March 2017}} superimposed at 45° rotation, forming an 8-pointed star. The design is similar to a square drive (Robertson), but can be engaged at more frequent angles by the driver bit.

Triple-square

The triple-square, also known as XZN, is a type of screw drive with 12 equally spaced protrusions, each ending in a 90° internal angle. The name derives from overlaying three equal squares to form such a pattern with 12 right-angled protrusions (a 12-pointed star). In other words, three Robertson squares are superimposed at a successive 30° rotation. The design is similar to that of the double-square—in both cases, the idea being that it resembles a square (Robertson) but can be engaged at more frequent angles by the driver bit. These screws can be driven with standard Robertson bits.

Sizes are M4, M5, M6, M8, M9, M10, M12, M14, M16, and M18. Despite the similar naming scheme to metric fasteners, there is no correlation between the name of the size and the dimensions of the tool.

The 12-pointed internal star shape superficially resembles the "double hex" fastener head, but differs subtly in that the points are shaped to an internal angle of 90° (derived from a square), rather than the 120° internal angle of a hexagon. In practice, drivers for the fasteners may or may not interchange, but should be examined carefully for proper fit before application of force. A hex key should not be used where a key of square cross-section is the correct fit.

Triple-square drive fasteners have been used in high-torque applications, such as cylinder head bolts and drive train components. The fasteners involved have heads that are hardened and tempered to withstand the driving torque without destroying the star points. They are commonly found on German vehicles such as Audi, BMW, Opel, Mercedes, Porsche and Volkswagen.^[42]

Internal hex drives

Hex socket

The hex socket screw drive has a hexagonal recess and may be driven by a hex wrench, also known as an Allen wrench, Allen key, hex key, or inbus as well as by a hex screwdriver (also known as a hex driver) or bit. Tamper-resistant versions with a pin in the recess are available. Metric sizes of the hex socket are defined by ISO 4762 (socket head cap screws), ISO 4026 (socket set screws with flat point), ISO 4027 (socket set screws with cone point), ISO 4028 (socket set screws with dog point), and ISO 4029 (socket set screws with cup point).

The German company Bauer & Schaurte patented the hex socket 1936 in Germany, and marketed products based on it.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The term "inbus" is derived from Innensechskant Bauer u. Schaurte (German: "Inner 6-edge Bauer & Schaurte"), analogous to the US term "Allen key". In many countries it is commonly but incorrectly called "imbus".{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Double hex

Double hex is a screw drive with a socket shaped as two coaxial offset hex recesses; it can be driven by standard hex key tools. The shape resembles triple square and spline screw drives, but they are incompatible.

The radial "height" of each arris is reduced, compared to a six-point, although their number is doubled. They are potentially capable of allowing more torque than a six-point, but greater demands are placed on the metallurgy of the heads and the tools used, to avoid rounding off and slippage.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Pentalobular sockets

ASTER recess

The ASTER recess was designed by LISI Aerospace^[43], to provide a more reliable solution than the hexagonal recess for assemblies of composite structures on aircraft. This recess is optimized to fit on the threaded end of aerospace fasteners. These fasteners allows for tightening the nut and holding the bolt simultaneously, on the same side of the structure, by only one operator.

Hexalobular sockets

Torx

The hexalobular socket screw drive, often referred to by the original proprietary brand name Torx ({{IPAc-en|pron|'|t|ɔːr|k|s}}) or by the alternative generic name star drive, uses a star-shaped recess in the fastener with six rounded points. It was designed to permit increased torque transfer from the driver to the bit compared to other drive systems. The drive was developed in 1967^[44] by Camcar Textron.^[45] Torx is very popular in the automotive and electronics industries because of resistance to cam out, and extended bit life, as well as reduced operator fatigue by minimizing the need to bear down on the drive tool to prevent cam out. A tamper-resistant Security Torx head has a small pin inside the recess. Owing to its six-fold symmetry, a Torx driver can also be used as an improvised substitute for a hex driver, although careful sizing is critical to prevent stripping the socket.

Torx Plus

Torx Plus is an improved version of Torx that extends tool life even further and permits greater torque transfer compared to Torx. The Tamper-resistant variant, often called Torx Plus Security, is a five-lobed variant, with a center post. These "5-star" Torx configurations are commonly encountered in prisons, public facilities and public schools, but can also be found in some electronic devices. Torx TTAP is a version of Torx that reduces wobbling between the fastener and the tool, and is backward compatible with standard hexalobular tools. An External Torx version exists, where the screw head has the shape of a Torx screwdriver bit, and a Torx socket is used to drive it. See {{Section link||External Torx}}.

Combination drives

Some screws have heads designed to accommodate more than one kind of driver, sometimes referred to as combo-head or combi-head. The most common of these is a combination of a slotted and Phillips head, often used in attaching knobs to furniture drawer fronts. Because of its prevalence, there are now drivers made specifically for this kind of screw head. Other combinations are a Phillips and Robertson, a Robertson and a slotted, a Torx and a slotted and a triple-drive screw that can take a slotted, Phillips or a Robertson.

Combined slotted/pozidriv heads are so ubiquitous in electrical switchgear to have earned the nickname "electrician's screws" (the first screwdriver out of the toolbox is used, and the user does not have to waste valuable time searching for the correct driver). Their rise to popular use has been in spite of the fact that neither a flat screwdriver or Pozidriv screwdriver are fully successful in driving these screws to the required torque. Some screwdriver manufacturers offer matching screwdrivers and call them "contractor screwdrivers", although the original concept of not needing to search for a particular driver being defeated as a contractor screwdriver is useless for non-combination heads. Slotted/Phillips (as opposed to slotted/pozidriv) heads occur in some North American-made switchgear.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

ACR Phillips II Plus

ACR Phillips II Plus is a screw-drive design that can be driven by a #2 Phillips driver or a #2 Robertson driver, but when driven by a Phillips II Plus Bit, the combination results in a stick-fit interface.^[46]

Phillips/square

The Phillips/square screw drive, also known as the {{visible anchor|Quadrex}}, {{visible anchor|Pozisquare}} screw drive, is a combination of the Phillips and Robertson screw drives. While a standard Phillips or Robertson tool can be used, there is also a dedicated tool for it that increases the surface area between the tool and the fastener so it can handle more torque.^[47]

Recex

The Recex drive system claims it offers the combined non-slip convenience of a Robertson drive during production assembly and Phillips for after market serviceability. The Phillips Screw Company offers both Phillips and Pozidriv combo heads with Robertson.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Slotted/Torx

A combined slotted and Torx drive screw was used in electronics manufacturing. For example, Compaq used this type to combine the benefits of Torx in manufacturing and the commonality of flat drive in field repair situations. The slot was closed on the ends to prevent the flat-blade tool from slipping out sideways and damaging nearby electronics.

Clutch

There are two types of clutch screw drives: Type A and Type G. Type A, also known as a "standard clutch", resembles a bow tie, with a small circular "knot" at the center. These were common in GM automobiles, trucks and buses of the 1940s and 1950s. Type G resembles a butterfly, and lacks the center "knot". This type of screw head is commonly used in the manufacture of mobile homes and recreational vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The clutch head was designed to be driven with a flat-blade screwdriver as well as a clutch driver.

Thumbscrew

A thumbscrew is a type of screw drive with either a tall head and ridged or knurled sides, or a key-like flat sided vertical head. They are intended to be tightened and loosened by hand, and not found in structural applications. They are sometimes also cut for Phillips head or slotted screwdrivers as well as having the knurl for finger grip. ASME 18.6.8 covers dimensions for Type A (shoulder under the head), regular and heavy, along with Type B (without shoulder), regular and heavy. They can be found on many computer cases, and in other locations where easy access without tools is desired.

External drives

External drives are characterized by a female tool and a male fastener. An advantage of external drive fasteners is that they lack a recess in the head, which can collect water, dirt, or paint, which can interfere with later insertion of a driver tool. Also, some external drives can be engaged from the side, without requiring large inline clearance for tool access, which allows their use in tight spaces such as engines or complex pipework. Because the heads must stand out from the surface they attach to, they are rarely available in countersunk or flush designs.

Square

A square screw drive uses four-sided fastener heads which can be turned with an adjustable wrench, open-end wrench, or 8- or 12-point^[48] sockets. Common in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it was easier and cheaper to manufacture than most other drives, it is less common today (although still easy to find) because the external hex is now cost-competitive and allows better access for wrenching despite nearby obstructions.

Hex

A hex screw drive uses six-sided fastener heads, and the fastener is known as a hex head cap screw. It can be turned with an adjustable wrench, combination wrench and 6- or 12-point sockets. The hex drive is better than square drive for locations where surrounding obstacles limit wrenching access, because smaller wrench-swing arcs can still successfully rotate the fastener. Metric sizes of the hex are specified by ISO 4032 and ISO 4033, plus ISO 4035 for Jam Nuts, and ISO 4014 and ISO 4017 for hex cap screws, ISO 4018 for Hex head screws (grade c).

Pentagon

A pentagon screw drive uses five-sided fastener heads, and the fastener is known as a penta screw or penta bolt. It is designed to be intrinsically incompatible with many tools. Since five is an odd number, it cannot be turned by open-end or adjustable wrenches, which have parallel faces (and thus require a fastener with an even number of sides). Moreover, it cannot be turned by typical consumer- and professional-grade socket drivers, which possess either six or twelve points (neither of which are multiples of five). Penta nut security fasteners also are available, which can only be driven by specialized five-sided socket drivers.

Due to the difficulty of turning these fasteners without specialized (and uncommon) five-point wrenches such as hydrant wrenches, they are commonly used for tamper resistance by public utilities on water meter covers, natural gas valves, electrical cabinets, and fire hydrants.

External Torx

An external Torx screw has a projecting head in the shape of a Torx screwdriver bit (instead of a standard recessed cavity); a Torx socket is used to drive it. The external "E" Torx nominal sizing does not correspond to the "T" size (for example, an E40 socket is too large to fit a T40, while an E8 Torx socket will fit a T40 Torx bit^[49]). These screws are most commonly encountered in the motor industry.

12-point

A 12-point screw drive uses two overlapped hexagon shapes, one rotated by 30º. Standard 12-point hex socket bits and wrenches fit these screws. The screw heads are typically flanged, and may fit into standard Allen hex socket cap screw counterbores molded or machined into parts to be fastened. Compared to Allen hex sockets, the advantages of these bolts include higher torque capability and the lack of a recess to trap water. A disadvantage is the extra cost involved in forming the heads.

Tamper-resistant types

Most of the following screw drives are considered tamper-resistant because of their obscurity. Tamper-resistant drives are commonly used on equipment such as home electronics, to prevent easy access thereby reducing the incidence of damage, improper repairs or repairs by people with the relevant technical knowledge without having to return the unit to the manufacturer. However, widespread recent availability of assorted drive bits (including security types) minimizes this advantage, at least for some fastener types. True tamper-resistant screw drives include the breakaway head and one-way screw drives.

In addition to screw drives, various nut drives have been designed to make removal difficult without specialized tools. Proprietary examples include T-Groove, Slot-Lok, Pentagon, Tork-Nut, T-Slope and Spanner designs.^[50]

Breakaway head

The breakaway head (also called breakoff or shear fastener)^[51] is a high-security fastener whose head breaks off during installation, during or immediately after the driving process, to leave only a smooth surface. It typically consists of a countersunk flat-head bolt, with a thin shank and hex head protruding from the flat head. The hex head is used to drive the bolt into the countersunk hole, then either a wrench or hammer is used to break the shank and hex head from the flat head, or it is driven until the driving head shears off. Either method leaves only a smooth bolt head exposed. This type of bolt is commonly used with prison door locks, automobile ignition switches, and street signs, to prevent easy removal. An alternative design leaves a low-profile button head visible after installation.^[51] In addition to breakaway bolts, breakaway nuts of similar design are available.^[52]

In non-security applications, a breakaway head fastener is sometimes used as a crude torque limiter, intended to break off at an approximate torque limit. For example, certain toilet seat fastener bolts use a breakaway plastic nut, with the driver part intended to shear at a torque high enough to prevent wobbling, while not shattering the porcelain toilet from excessive pressure. Breakaway fasteners used in a non-security application may have a second driveable surface (such as a hex head) to allow later removal or adjustment of the fastener after the initial breakaway installation.

This drive type has the disadvantage of not being as precisely controlled as can be obtained by proper use of a torque wrench; applications may still fail due to either too little torque being applied to correctly fasten the joint, or too much torque being required to shear the head, resulting in damage to the material being fastened.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Bristol

The Bristol (or Bristol spline) screw drive is a fastener with four or six splines, but is not necessarily tamper resistant.^[53] The grooves in the wrench are cut by a square-cornered broach, giving a slight undercut to the outer corners of the driver. The main advantage to this drive system is that almost all of the turning force is applied at right angles to the fastener spline face, which reduces the possibility of stripping the fastener. For this reason Bristol screw drives are often used in softer, non-ferrous metals. Compared to an Allen drive, Bristol drives are less likely to strip for the same amount of torque; however, the Bristol drive is not much more strip-resistant than a Torx drive.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} It was created by the Bristol Wrench Company.{{when|date=February 2017}}

This type of drive is commonly used in avionics, higher-end communications equipment, cameras, air brakes, construction and farm equipment, astronomy equipment, and military equipment. Variants with a pin in the center are often found in game systems, to discourage improvised attempts to use a slotted screwdriver to drive the fastener.

Line

The line screw drive is a Japanese system with male, female and female tamper-resistant screw configurations. The fasteners are commonly called "line head screws". They are also known as "game bit screws", due to their use on some video game consoles. They are found on IBM computers, as well as Nintendo and Sega systems and their game cartridges. The female sizes are designated ALR2, ALR3, ALR4, ALR5, ALR6; the male sizes are designated with an "H" instead of an "R"; and the tamper-resistant female have a "T" at the end of the designation (e.g. ALR3T).^[1]

In Japan, the male sizes are often designated as DTC-20, DTC-27, DTC-40 (discontinued) and DTC-45 corresponding to a respective screw head size of 3.2mm, 4.6mm, 6.4mm and 7.7mm; with the size of the screw measured across the widest portion of the mating part of the head. The most common sizes in use for consumer electronics are DCT-20 and DTC-27.

One-way

One-way screws are special screws that can be turned only in one direction. They are sometimes called one-way clutch screws, but should not be confused with true "clutch" screws. They can be installed with a standard flat-blade screwdriver, but cannot be easily removed using standard tools. One-way screws are commonly used in commercial restroom fixtures and on vehicle registration plates, to prevent vandals from tampering with them.

One-way screws are practical only when the need for removal is unlikely. They are difficult to remove with conventional tools because the slot is designed to cause cam out when even minimal torque is applied in the direction to unscrew it. Instead, a one-way screw can be removed by drilling a hole through the head of the screw and inserting a screw extractor. Alternatively, a rotary tool with cutting disk can be used to extend the slot, the head can be gripped with locking pliers, or the screw can be removed with a pin spanner (snake-eyes driver) after drilling two holes in the slot. It can also sometimes be removed by attaching a precision drill chuck tight to the screw head, in a manner similar to removing screws that have broken heads.^[54]

Oval

Jura espresso makers use a proprietary screw head with an eccentric oval to dissuade users from servicing their own machine, but the tool required (or just the bit for a common driver) is usually available from the same places that sell the parts directly to consumers.

Pentalobe

The pentalobe screw drive (often mistaken for 5-point torx screw drives) is a five-pointed tamper-resistant system being implemented by Apple in its products.^[55] Apple's first use of the pentalobe drive was in mid-2009 to secure the battery in the MacBook Pro. Smaller versions are now used on the iPhone 4 and subsequent models, the MacBook Air (since the late 2010 model), the MacBook Pro with Retina Display and the 2015 MacBook. Inexpensive pentalobe screwdrivers, manufactured by third parties, are relatively easy to obtain.^[56] Pentalobe screw sizes include TS1 (also known as P2 or 0.8 mm, used on the iPhone 4 and subsequent models), TS4 (also known as P5 or 1.2 mm, used on the MacBook Air [since late 2010], the MacBook Pro with Retina Display and the 2015 MacBook) and TS5 (also known as P6 or 1.5 mm, used on the 2009 MacBook Pro battery). The TS designation is ambiguous as it is also used for a Torq-set screw drive.

Polydrive

The polydrive screw drive, also known as RIBE,^[57] is spline-shaped with rounded ends in the fastener head. The tool has six flat teeth at equal spacing; the sizes are determined by the diameter of the star points. Its primary advantage over older screw drives is that it resists cam out. It is used primarily in the automotive industry in high-torque applications, such as brakes and driveshafts.

Proprietary head

There are specialty fastener companies that make unusual, proprietary head designs, such as Slot-Lok and Avsafe.^[58] These use special circular or oval cam-shaped heads that require complementary socket drivers.

For further security, there are custom-designed fastener heads requiring matching drivers available only from the manufacturer and only supplied to registered owners, similar to keyed locks.^[59]

The Ultra-Lok, and Ultra-Lok II are some of these designs that use custom keyed drivers, which tend to be confined to industrial and institutional uses that are unavailable to the average layperson. Key-Rex screws are another design, and are used in such things as ballot boxes and bank vaults.^[41]

One example familiar to laypersons is for the attachment of wheels and spare tires of passenger vehicles to deter theft; one of the lug nuts on each wheel may require a specialized socket provided with the set of lug nuts. Similar security fasteners are also available for bicycle wheels and seats.

Security hex

A security hex screw drive features an extruded pin to make the fastener more tamper resistant by inserting a pin in the fastener screw drive, requiring a tool with a corresponding hole to drive the fastener. This can also prevent attempts at turning the screw with a small flat-bladed screwdriver.{{clear left}}

Security Torx

A security Torx screw drive is a common modification to socket and cruciform style drives to make the fastener more tamper resistant by inserting a pin in the fastener screw drive, requiring a tool with a corresponding hole to drive the fastener. This can also prevent attempts at turning the screw with a small flat-bladed screwdriver.{{clear left}}

Spanner

The spanner^[60] or Snake-Eyes (trademarked)^[61] screw drive uses two round holes opposite each other and is designed to prevent tampering. Other informal names include pig nose, drilled head or twin hole.^[62] This type is often seen in elevators and restrooms in the United States, the London Underground in the United Kingdom, some train wagons and the Montreal Metro in Montreal, Quebec, and is seen in all Panama Metro wagons. The driving tool is called a "spanner driver" or "spanner screwdriver"^[63] in the US, and a "pin spanner" in the UK.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} They are also often used for soft spikes on golf shoes. The US military's M17 and M18 service pistols (variants of the Sig Sauer P320) use spanner screws to dissuade disassembly of the handgun beyond normal field maintenance except by the authorized armorer.

The knife and gun manufacturer Microtech uses a variation of this with 3 round holes arranged in a triangle shape. The camera company Leica Camera has used versions of this on rewind knobs and other levers on their rangefinder cameras.

12-spline flange

The 12-spline flange screw drive has twelve splines in the fastener and tool. It consists of 12 equally spaced protrusions, each with a 60° angle. It is achieved overlaying 4 equilateral triangles, each one rotated 30° over the previous one. The spline drive was part of the obsolete, U.S-designed Optimum Metric Fastener System and was defined by ASTM B18.2.7.1M, which was withdrawn in 2011,^[64] making the spline drive obsolescent. Spline drives were specified for 5, 6.3, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 mm size screws^[65]. Its primary advantage is its ability to resist cam out, so it is used in high-torque applications, such as tamper-proof lug nuts, cylinder head bolts, and other engine bolts.

Torq-set

Torq-set is a cruciform screw drive used in torque-sensitive applications. The Torq-set head is similar in appearance to a Phillips drive in that it has a cross with 4 arms. In Torq-set however, the lines are offset from each other, so they do not align to form intersecting slots across the top of the head. Because of this, a regular Phillips or flat-blade screwdriver will not fit the head. It is used in military and aerospace applications. For example the E-3, P-3, F-16, Airbus, Embraer, and Bombardier Inc.^[66] Phillips Screw Company owns the name and produces the fasteners.

The applicable standards that govern the Torq-set geometry are National Aerospace Standard NASM 33781 and NASM 14191 for the ribbed version. The ribbed version is also known as ACR Torq-set.^[67]

Tri-angle

The TA is a type of screw drive that uses a triangle-shaped recess in the screw head. This drive can restrict access to the device internals but can readily be driven with hex keys. These screws are often found in children's toys from fast food restaurants, as well as vacuum cleaners, fan heaters, elevators, camping stoves, golf clubs, Breville kettles and Master Locks, among others, Sizes include TA14, TA18, TA20, TA23 and TA27.^[68] Note that the sides of the triangle are straight, which differs from Tri-point-3 fasteners.{{clear left}}

Tri-point

The TP (or Y-type) security screw drive is similar to the Phillips screw head, but three points rather than four. These specialized screws are usually used on electronics equipment, including most Nintendo hardware, Sanyo and Kyocera cellular telephones, and Fuji digital cameras.

Tri-point-3

TP3 (sometimes referred to as tri-lobe or tri-lobular) uses a Reuleaux triangle-shaped recess in the screw head, to make it semi-secure because it cannot be driven by a flat-blade screwdriver^[72] and is not readily driven, as Tri-angle is, by hex keys. It is used on fast food promotional toys and video games, die-cast toys, and some Roomba battery packs. There are four sizes: A = 2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.7 mm, and 3.2 mm.

Tri-groove

Tri-groove or T-groove is a design for a security screw with a flat-topped conical head and three short radial slots that do not join in the center.

Tri-wing

The tri-wing, also known as triangular slotted, is a screw with three slotted "wings" and a small triangular hole in the center. Unlike the "tri-point" fastener, the slots are offset, and do not intersect the center of the fastener. A version with left-hand threads is called an Opsit screw, where unscrewing can be done by turning the screwdriver clockwise, which is the opposite of tri-wing and regular screws.^[73]^[74]

The design was adopted by some parts of the aerospace industry, led by Lockheed in the early 1970s on the L-1011, but met with mixed results due to complaints of insert damage during installation.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} McDonnell Douglas also used this as a primary fastener on its commercial aircraft. British Aerospace and Airbus are also users of this fastener. In the present day it is usually seen on electronics equipment.

Other drive types

U-drive

A U-drive screw has a helical thread with an angle acute enough to be driven by a hammer, and thus has a domed head with no means of turning it.^[75] These are most frequently driven into plastic.

Alternative categorizations

There are various other ways to categorize screw drives. One way is by shape of the fastener screw drive:

See also

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.sizes.com/tools//screw_drive.htm |title=screw drive systems |publisher=Sizes.com |date=2010-12-30 |accessdate=2012-03-12}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Pavlis|first=Egon "arcticpenguin" [pseudonym]|title=When a Phillips is not a Phillips Plus So Much More!|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/When-a-Phillips-is-not-a-Phillips-Plus-So-Much-Mor/|work=Instructables: share what you make|publisher=Instructables|accessdate=2012-03-11}}
3. ^¹²³{{Cite journal | last = Capotosto | first = Rosario | title = Screwdriver Basics | journal = Popular Mechanics | volume = 173 | issue = 12 | pages = 82–83 |date=December 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R2YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA82 | postscript =. | issn = 0032-4558 | ref = harv}}
4. ^{{cite book | last = Review | first = Princeton | title = Cracking the Asvab | publisher = Random House | location = New York | year = 2004 | page = 174 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VDEvmtc-qGgC&pg=PA174 | isbn = 978-0-375-76430-1 }}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=April 1956|title=Screw Holding Screw Driver|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Audiocraft/Audiocraft-1956-04.pdf|journal=Audiocraft Magazine|volume=|pages=7|via=}}
6. ^[https://www.instructables.com/id/When-a-Phillips-is-not-a-Phillips-Plus-So-Much-Mor/ When a Phillips Is Not a Phillips Plus So Much More!] - Instructables.com
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.sizes.com/tools/screw_drive.htm|title=Screw drive systems|accessdate=2009-06-23}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reedandprincemfg.com/|title=Reed & Prince Manufacturing Corporation: Welcome|date=|publisher=Reedandprincemfg.com|accessdate=2012-03-12}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sizes.com/tools/screw_drive.htm|title=Screw Drive Systems|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Machinery's Handbook|date=2004|publisher=Industrial Press, Inc.|page=1596|edition=27th|url=http://www.fennetic.net/irc/Machinery%27s%20Handbook%2027th%20Edition/27_Fast_08B.pdf|accessdate=8 September 2017}}
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite journal|last1=Higgins|first1=Matt|title=What is the Difference: Screw Bits - Phillips vs. Pozidriv|journal=Fine Homebuilding|date=September 16, 2015|volume=154|issue=November 2015|page=38|url=http://www.finehomebuilding.com/toolguide/departments/what-is-the-difference/screw-bits-phillips-pozidriv.aspx|accessdate=2015-09-25}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Ryder Windham|title=You Know You're in Rhode Island When...: 101 Quintessential Places, People, Events, Customs, Lingo, and Eats of the Ocean State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3CQKpve7WUC&pg=PA60|year=2006|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-3940-0|pages=60–}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Means for uniting a screw with a driver|url=https://www.google.ca/patents/US2046837|website=US Patent and Trademark Office|publisher=US Government|accessdate=28 February 2016}}
14. ^{{Cite book|last=Docter |first=Quentin|last2=Dulaney|first2=Emmett |last3=Skandier|first3=Toby|title=CompTIA A+ Complete Study Guide|page=766|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wu-CjtBWFwC&pg=PA766|isbn=978-0-470-04831-3|postscript =.|ref=harv}}
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book|last1=Rybczynski|first1=Witold|title=One good turn : a natural history of the screwdriver and the screw|date=2000|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|isbn=0-684-86729-X}}
16. ^{{cite web|last1=Wilder|first1=George|title=What are the differences between the two types of drive – Phillips and Posidriv®?|url=http://www.v8register.net/FilesRV8WN/RV8NOTE320%20Phillips%20and%20Posidrive%20drives%20GW2%202701109.pdf|website=v8register|accessdate=2017-09-02}}
17. ^{{cite web|url = http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-42698-205111/unrestricted/chapter_2.pdf|title = Testing and Understanding Screwdriver Bit Wear|date = 1998-05-18|accessdate = 2015-01-20|website = Virginia Tech Digital Library and Archives|publisher = Virginia Tech|last = Adler|first = Alexander|format = PDF|layurl = http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-42698-205111/}}
18. ^{{US Patent| 2474994}}
19. ^{{Cite patent| inventor-last = Tomalis| inventor-first = Joseph| inventor2-last = American Screw Company| publication-date = December 30, 1942| issue-date = July 5, 1949| title = Screw Socket| country-code = US| patent-number = 2474994}}
20. ^{{cite web | url = http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=7&docid=02474994&IDKey=14D96AF311E8&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D2474994.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2474994%2526RS%3DPN%2F2474994| title = US Patent #2,474,994 Claims, Page 7}}
21. ^{{Cite journal|date=1962-05-04|others=G K N SCREWS AND FASTENERS Ltd, G K N SCREWS AND FASTENERS Ltd|title=Improvements in or relating to screw threaded fasteners and drivers for use therewith|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB1006509A/en}}
22. ^{{Cite journal|date=2015-12-11|others=Alan Pritchard, Research Engineering & Manufacturing Inc.|title=Recessed head fastener and driver combination|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016100110A1}}
23. ^¹Pozidriv page at Phillips Screw Company
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wiha.com/index.php/england/informationen_service/service/ratgeber/schraubprofile|title=Screw head types / Product Guides / Service / Information & Services / England / Home — Wiha | Screwdrivers L-Keys Bits Pliers Online Shop| Premium Tools for Professionals|date=2008-02-13|publisher=Web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213034011/http://www.wiha.com/index.php/england/informationen_service/service/ratgeber/schraubprofile|archivedate=2008-02-13|accessdate=2012-03-12}}
25. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://goedkopeschroevenkopen.nl/unterschied-zwischen-pozidrive-und-superdrive|title=Difference between Pozidriv and Supadriv (in German)|date=|publisher=Goedkopeschroevenkopen.nl|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002716/http://goedkopeschroevenkopen.nl/unterschied-zwischen-pozidrive-und-superdrive|archivedate=February 22, 2014|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2014-03-20}}
26. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/When-a-Phillips-is-not-a-Phillips/step14/SupaDrivreg/|title=SupaDriv®|author=arcticpenguin|date=2008-12-29|publisher=Instructables.com|accessdate=2012-03-12}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.jtbworld.com/2009/01/phillips-jis-pozidriv-supadriv-and.html|title=Phillips, JIS, Pozidriv, SupaDriv and other screw drive types|website=blog.jtbworld.com|accessdate=2017-09-02}}
28. ^ : "Supadrive allow a small angular offset between the screw and the screwdriver. Pozidrive have to be directly in line"
29. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.instructables.com/id/When-a-Phillips-is-not-a-Phillips/step10/JIS-Japanese-Industrial-Standard/ | title=When a Phillips is not a Phillips! |publisher=Instructables.com}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phillips-screw.com/mortorq_super.php|title=The Phillips Screw Company|website=www.phillips-screw.com}}
31. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.mcfeelys.com/tech/dbs.aspx| title=McFeely's Square Drive Screws}}
32. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.americanfastener.com/fasteners/selftapping.asp| title=American Fastener}}
33. ^Wera Catalog, 2011/2012, P. 371
34. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYVk7lSsN4C&pg=PA107 |title=Furniture Projects for the Deck and Lawn |publisher=Google Books |date= |accessdate=2012-03-12}}
35. ^{{cite web|last=Robertson Inc.|title=Robertson Inc. - The Original Robertson Fastening System|url=http://www.robertsonscrew.com/|work=Robertson Inc. main site|accessdate=28 September 2011}}
36. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/Ontario/robertson_screws.htm| title=Robertson Screws}}
37. ^{{cite web| url=http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/screwdriver.htm| title=History of Screws and Screwdrivers}}
38. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCZuETU7u5oC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=ford+robertson+screw#PPA58,M1| title=Caledonia: Along the Grand River| isbn=978-0-920474-81-5| author1=Martindale| first1=Barbara| date=1996-03-01}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuvoconcept.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Nuvo_Screws_2016_web.pdf|title=NUVO Screws 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lox.com/|title=LOX Maximum Torque with Minimum Effort|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
41. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/g2809/11-strange-screws/|title=11 Strange Screws You Don't See Every Day|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
42. ^GermanAutoParts.com Volkswagen Tools
43. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lisi-aerospace.com/products/fasteners/tooling/installation-tooling/Pages/aster-keys.aspx|title=ASTER™ System|website=www.lisi-aerospace.com|language=fr-fr|access-date=2018-06-13}}
44. ^{{US patent|3584667}} filed 1967-03-21
45. ^Camcar eventually became part of Textron Fastening Systems in the 1990s. In 2006 Textron Fastening Systems was sold to Platinum Equities, LLC, of Beverly Hills, California. They renamed the company Acument Global Technologies, which as of 2010 includes Avdel, Camcar, Ring Screw, and others.
46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://phillipsii.com/|title=Phillips II High-Performance Screws|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
47. ^{{Cite journal| title = McMaster-Carr catalog | publisher = McMaster-Carr | edition = 116th | page = 2806 | url = http://www.mcmaster.com/#catalog/116/2806/ | accessdate = 2010-06-11 | postscript =. | ref = harv}}
48. ^{{cite book | last = Digest | first = Reader's | title = Family Handyman Best Projects, Tips and Tools | publisher = Readers Digest | page = 106 | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fFkObm6DvXwC&pg=PA106 | isbn = 978-0-7621-0455-0 }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wihatools.com/Marketing/torxspec.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226084217/http://www.wihatools.com/Marketing/torxspec.htm|archive-date=2015-12-26|title=Chart of Torx fasteners and tools|publisher=Wiha Tools USA|accessdate=2012-01-14}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Tamper Proof Nuts|url=http://www.losspreventionfasteners.com/products/tamperproof-security-nuts/|website=Loss Prevention Fasteners|publisher=Ultra Fasteners Inc|accessdate=2015-09-25}}
51. ^¹{{cite web|title=Tork-Bolts|url=http://www.losspreventionfasteners.com/store/products/tork-bolts/|website=Loss Prevention Fasteners|publisher=Ultra Fasteners Inc.|accessdate=2015-09-25}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Tork-Nuts|url=http://www.losspreventionfasteners.com/store/products/tork-nut/|website=Loss Prevention Fasteners|publisher=Ultra Fasteners Inc.|accessdate=2015-09-25}}
53. ^{{cite book |author=U.S. Bureau of Naval Personnel |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvDpE5llCB8C&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=%22bristol+wrench%22|title=Tools and Their Uses|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-22022-2|page=13}}
54. ^{{cite web|author=David Galloway |url=http://lifehacker.com/5979369/remove-screws-with-broken-heads-using-a-drill-chuck |title=Remove Screws with Broken Heads Using a Drill Chuck |publisher=Lifehacker.com |date= |accessdate=2015-12-24}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2011/01/20/apples-diabolical-pl.html |title=Apple's diabolical plan to screw your iPhone |first=Mark |last=Frauenfelder |publisher=Boing Boing |date=2011-01-20}}
56. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/01/24/apple_screws/ | title=The cost of beating Apple's shrewd screws? £2 | publisher=The Register | date=January 24, 2011 | accessdate=July 5, 2011 | author=Ray, Bill}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=Ribe – Your development partner for fastening systems |url=http://www.ribe.de/en/verbindungstechnik |publisher=Ribe Verbindungstechnik}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Avsafe|url=http://www.losspreventionfasteners.com/store/products/avsafe/|website=www.losspreventionfasteners.com|accessdate=2017-02-28}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brycefastener.com/keyrex.htm|title=Key-Rex Security Screws|accessdate=2008-04-02|quote=The keyway is licensed and private for each user |dead-url=no |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060709053626/https://www.brycefastener.com/keyrex.htm |archivedate=2006-07-09}} ([https://www.brycefastener.com/key-rex-tamper-proof-screws-bolts.html Current KeyRex page])
60. ^{{Cite book|title=McMaster-Carr catalog|edition=116th|page=3056|url=http://www.mcmaster.com/#catalog/116/3056 | accessdate = 2010-05-06 | postscript =.|ref=harv}}^{Needs login}
61. ^{{cite web|title=tamperproof.com online catalog|url=http://www.tamperproof.com/categories/products.html|accessdate=2012-08-23}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=Spanner-Bolts|url=http://www.losspreventionfasteners.com/store/products/spanner-bolts/|website=Loss Prevention Fasteners|publisher=Ultra Fasteners Inc.|accessdate=2015-09-25}}
63. ^{{Cite book|title=McMaster-Carr catalog|edition=116th |page=2821|url=http://www.mcmaster.com/#catalog/116/2821 | accessdate = 2011-09-26 | postscript =.|ref=harv}}^{Needs login}
64. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.indfast.org/info/free-technical-info.asp?fld=Bulletins\\Bulletin&f=ISO%20Fastener%20Standards%20Should%20Be%20Used%20for%20All%20Metric%20Fasteners.pdf|title=ISO Fastener Standards Should Be Referenced for All Metric Fasteners|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
65. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qq3IdWd1vQkC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=12-spline+flange+screw&source=bl&ots=vYvRoaTzV9&sig=WiEP__JI8MfxbAKJGiG2_tZ3q_Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq-qCE6qjYAhXEv1QKHXvsAvcQ6AEIQTAI#v=onepage&q=12-spline%20flange%20screw&f=false|title=Transactions of Technical Conference on Metric Mechanical Fasteners|last=|first=|publisher=American National Standards Institute|year=1975|isbn=|location=|pages=67}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phillips-screw.com/torq-set.php |title=Phillips Screw Company |publisher=Phillips-screw.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-01}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phillips-screw.com/acr_torq-set.php |title=Phillips Screw Company |publisher=Phillips-screw.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-20}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://sizes.com/tools/screw_drive.htm#Triangular|title=Triangular recesses and heads|website=Screw drive systems|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-02}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moodytools.com/MTI_CATALOG_PAGE_23.pdf |title=MTI Catalog |publisher=moodytools.com |accessdate=2014-01-10}}
70. ^{{cite web |title=How-To: Understand and unlock Apple’s Mac and iPhone security screws |url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/05/05/how-to-understand-and-unlock-apples-mac-and-iphone-security-screws/|website=9to5Mac|accessdate=28 February 2017|date=May 5, 2015}}
71. ^{{cite web |title=Tri-point Y000 Screwdriver (for Apple Watch and iPhone 7) |url=https://www.ifixit.com/Store/Parts/Tri-point-Y000-Screwdriver-for-Apple-Watch-and-iPhone-7/IF145-309-2|website=iFixit|accessdate=28 February 2017}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://tamperproof.com/categories/tp3-security-to-the-third-power.html|title=TP3|accessdate=2009-05-23|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
73. ^{{cite web|author=Tri-Wing Screwdriver |url=http://www.triwingscrewdrivers.com/types/ |title=Tri-wing screwdriver: Types |publisher=Triwingscrewdrivers.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-12}}
74. ^{{cite web|title=Security Fasteners|url=http://www.stanleyfasteners.com/catalog/ch6/ch6-4.html|website=www.stanleyfasteners.com|accessdate=2017-02-28}}
75. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastenersuperstore.com/fastener-guides/screws-drive-styles-guide|title=Fastener Superstore Fastener Guide|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}