| 释义 |
- Meat dishes
- Vegetables and legumes
- Breads and grains
- Desserts
- See also
- References
- Bibliography
- Further reading
{{American cuisine}}This is a list of soul foods and dishes. Soul food is a style of cuisine that is associated with African Americans outside of the Southern United States and primarily originated in the Southern United States as its dishes have been borrowed from the cuisine of the Southern United States.[1] It uses a variety of ingredients and cooking styles, some of which are indigenous to Africa and were brought over by enslaved Africans, and others that are indigenous to Europe and derive from white American cooking influences as well as to the Americas, borrowed from Native American cuisine.[1][1] Meat dishes Some meat soul foods and dishes include: | Name | Image | Description | |
| Chicken fried steak [2] | A breaded cutlet dish consisting of a piece of steak (tenderized cube steak) coated with seasoned flour and pan-fried. It is associated with Southern cuisine and derives from German American cuisine. | | Fatback | Fatty, cured, salted pork, especially the first layers of the back of the pig primarily used in slow-cooking as a seasoning. Pictured is breaded and fried fatback. | | Fried chicken | A dish consisting of chicken pieces usually from broiler chickens that have been floured or battered and then pan-fried, deep fried, or pressure fried. The seasoned breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior. Southern fried chicken derives from Scottish American cuisine.Chicken and waffles, in particular, is a soul food dish associated with special occasions. Waffles are adapted from European cuisine. [3] | | Fried fish [1] | Any of several varieties of fish, including catfish, whiting,[7] porgies, bluegill, sometimes battered in seasoned cornmeal. Adapted from method of frying chicken. | | Ham hocks [4][9] | Typically smoked or boiled, ham hocks generally consist of much skin, tendons and ligaments, and require long cooking through stewing, smoking or braising to be made palatable. The cut of meat can be cooked with greens and other vegetables or in flavorful sauces. | | Hog jowl | Cured and smoked cheeks of pork. It is not actually a form of bacon, but is associated with the cut due to the streaky nature of the meat and the similar flavor. Hog jowl is a staple of soul food,[5] but is also used outside the United States, for example in the Italian dish guanciale.[6][7] | | Hog maw | The stomach lining of a pig; it is very muscular and contains no fat. As a soul food dish, hog maw has often been coupled with chitterlings, which are pig intestines. In the book Plantation Row Slave Cabin Cooking: The Roots of Soul Food hog maw is used in the Hog Maw Salad recipe.[8] | | Offal | Such as chitterlings or "chitlins" (the cleaned and prepared intestines of pigs, slow cooked and also often eaten with a vinegar-based sauce or sometimes parboiled, then battered and fried). It is adapted from early European cuisine, or hog maws[1] (the muscular lining of the pig's stomach, sliced and often cooked with chitterlings).[1] | | Ox tails [9] | The tail of cattle, oxtail is a bony, gelatin-rich meat, which is usually slow-cooked as a stew[10] or braised. | | Pickled pigs' feet [4] | Slow cooked, sometimes pickled or often eaten with a vinegar based sauce. | | Pigs' feet | The feet of pigs: the cuts are used in various dishes around the world, and claims that their usage has increased in popularity since the late-2000s financial crisis[11] have been made by various sources, despite the fact that for each pig butchered, a constant of four pig's feet may be consumed.[12] | | Pork | As a meat dish, such as ham and bacon, and for the flavoring of vegetables and legumes, gravys and sauces. | | Pork ribs | The ribcage of a domestic pig, meat and bones together, is cut into usable pieces, prepared by smoking, grilling, or baking – usually with a sauce, often barbecue – and then served. The method of barbecuing is of Native American influence. | | Poultry | Giblets, such as chicken liver and gizzards.[4][13] Pictured is a chicken gizzard dish. | | Turkey | Neck bones | |
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Vegetables and legumes Beans, greens and other vegetables are often cooked with ham {{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} or pork parts to add flavor. | Name | Image | Description |
|---|
| Black-eyed peas [4] | Often mixed into Hoppin' John and other types of rice and beans dishes.[9] Pictured are black-eyed peas with smoked hocks and corn bread. | | Collard greens | A staple vegetable of Southern U.S. cuisine, they are often prepared with other similar green leaf vegetables, such as kale, turnip greens, spinach, and mustard greens in "mixed greens".[14] They are generally eaten year-round in the South, often with a pickled pepper vinegar sauce. Typical seasonings when cooking collards can consist of smoked and salted meats (ham hocks, smoked turkey drumsticks, pork neckbones, fatback or other fatty meat), diced onions and seasonings. | | Hoppin' John [15] | A dish served in the Southern United States consisting of black-eyed peas (or field peas) and rice, with chopped onion and sliced bacon, seasoned with a bit of salt.[16] Some people substitute ham hock, fatback, or country sausage for the conventional bacon; a few use green peppers or vinegar and spices. Smaller than black-eyed peas, field peas are used in the Low Country of South Carolina and Georgia; black-eyed peas are the norm elsewhere. | | Mustard greens | A species of mustard plant. Subvarieties include southern giant curled mustard, which resembles a headless cabbage such as kale, but with a distinct horseradish-mustard flavor. It is also known as green mustard cabbage. | | Okra [17] | A vegetable that is native to West Africa, and is eaten fried or stewed and is a traditional ingredient of gumbo. It is sometimes cooked with tomatoes, corn, onions and hot peppers | | Sweet potatoes | Often parboiled, sliced, then adorned with butter, sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, vanilla or other spices, and baked; commonly called "candied sweets" or "candied yams"[4] | | Turnip greens | Turnip leaves are sometimes eaten as "turnip greens", and they resemble mustard greens in flavor. Turnip greens are a common side dish in southeastern US cooking, primarily during late fall and winter. Smaller leaves are preferred; however, any bitter taste of larger leaves can be reduced by pouring off the water from initial boiling and replacing it with fresh water. Varieties specifically grown for the leaves resemble mustard greens more than those grown for the roots, with small or no storage roots. | |
Breads and grains | Name | Image | Description |
|---|
| Cornbread [18] | A quickbread often baked or made in a skillet, commonly made with buttermilk and seasoned with bacon fat; inspired by the great availability of corn in the America. Cornbread is of Native American origin. Traditional southern cornbread is baked in European cake and bread baking style. Pictured is skillet cornbread. | | Grits [19] | A cooked coarsely ground cornmeal of Native American origin. | | Hoecake [9] | Also known as Johnnycake, a type of cornbread that is thin in texture, and fried in cooking oil in a skillet, whose name is derived from field hands' often cooking it on a shovel or hoe held to an open flame. | | Hushpuppies [9] | Balls of deep-fried cornmeal, usually with salt and diced onions. Typical hushpuppy ingredients include cornmeal, wheat flour, eggs, salt, baking soda, milk or buttermilk, and water, and may include onion, spring onion (scallion), garlic, whole kernel corn, and peppers. | |
Desserts| Name | Image | Description |
|---|
| Cobbler | Made of fruits typically found in the southern U.S., especially peach [20] | | Pie | Pictured is pecan pie | | Sweet potato pie [9][20] | Parboiled sweet potatoes, then pureed, spiced, and baked in a pie crust, similar in texture to pumpkin pie | | Banana pudding | | Red velvet cake | |
See also- List of American foods
- List of foods of the Southern United States
- Louisiana Creole cuisine
References1. ^Ferguson 1993
2. ^Hopson, Kimball (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xKMUOyZ_rXEC&pg=PT5&dq=soul+food,+chicken+fried+steak&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GZtTUfzBOKHJiwK-5oGADg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA Soul Food Recipes: From the Dirty South]. Kimball Hopson. {{ISBN|1438283520}}
3. ^{{cite news |title= Serving up chicken & waffles |work= Los Angeles Business Journal |date= September 22, 1997 |page=1}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 Timothy Williams [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/06/nyregion/06soulfood.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&sq=soul%20food&st=cse&scp=2 In Changing Harlem, Soul Food Struggles] 5, 2008 New York Times
5. ^{{cite book|last=Gillespie|first=Carmen|title=Toni Morrison: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo5h9LqqanAC&pg=PA343|accessdate=28 July 2012|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108575|page=343}}
6. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/dining/jowciale-pork-jowl-with-a-backwoods-whiff.html | title=Pork Jowl With a Backwoods Whiff | newspaper=New York Times | date=September 13, 2011 | accessdate=July 27, 2012 | author=Fabricant, Florence}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=May|first=Tony|title=Italian Cuisine: The New Essential Reference to the Riches of the Italian Table|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tAafwz2YcQC&pg=PA11|accessdate=28 July 2012|date=2005-06-01|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312302801|page=11}}
8. ^{{cite web | title = Plantation Row Slave Cabin Cooking: The Roots of Soul Food | url = http://www.foodhistory.com/inklings/books/plantation | accessdate = 2007-10-08 }}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9lAl8f11qngC&printsec=frontcover&dq=soul+food |title = Hog and Hominy |author = Opie, Frederick Douglass |publisher =Columbia University Press |date = 2008 |accessdate = June 29, 2009 |quote = |page=133|ISBN=0231146388}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=The twist in the tail |first=Heston |last=Blumenthal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,,1084124,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 November 2003 |accessdate=16 August 2012}}
11. ^{{cite news|last=Carmichael|first=Sri|title=Pig's trotters fly off the shelves as customers seek cheap meat cuts|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23758922-pigs-trotters-fly-off-the-shelves-as-customers-seek-cheap-meat-cuts.do|newspaper=The Evening Standard|date=21 October 2009}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jan/06/footprints-tetrapods-walked|title=Footprints show tetrapods walked on land 18m years earlier than thought|first=Karen|last=McVeigh|date=6 January 2010|accessdate=2 November 2017|website=Theguardian.com}}
13. ^1 Mike Royko [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24228043.html?dids=24228043:24228043&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+20%2C+1994&author=Mike+Royko.&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=FOOD+NAGS+CAN+KILL+ANYONE'S+APPETITE&pqatl=google FOOD NAGS CAN KILL ANYONE'S APPETITE] July 20, 1994 Page: 3 Chicago Tribune
14. ^{{cite web|author=Diana Rattray, About.com Guide|url=http://southernfood.about.com/od/collardgreens/r/bl1207e.htm |title=Mixed Greens - Recipe for Greens |publisher=Southernfood.about.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-07-26}}
15. ^"On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional Soul Food fixin' consisting of F peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating field-peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity" Celebrate New Year's with Field- peas by Rachel Ellner December 31, 2008 Nashua Telegraph
16. ^Hoppin John What's cooking America.Another name for it is Stew Peas
17. ^Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2j3v6ImcX0C&pg=PT559&dq=soul+food,+okra&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5LxTUf7ROsbOiwKZ9oH4CA&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCA Culinary Nutrition: The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking]. Academic Press. Page 547. {{ISBN|0123918839}}
18. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/06/dining/06SOUL.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0 | title=Greens in Black and White | publisher=The New York Times | date=October 6, 2004 | accessdate=March 28, 2013 | author=St. John, Warren}}
19. ^Ferguson 1993, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-RoZrySwkxIC&pg=PA25&dq=soul+food,+grits&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-LdTUbazJIqUiQKC0IHQCA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=soul%20food%2C%20grits&f=false pp. 25-26].
20. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://events.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/nyregion/new-jersey/10qbitenj.html?scp=5&sq=soul%20food&st=cse&_r=0 | title=Soul Food With a Secret | publisher=The New York Times | date=May 8, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2013 | author=Feeney, Kelly}}
Bibliography- Ferguson, Sheila (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-RoZrySwkxIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Soul+Food:+Classic+Cuisine+from+the+Deep+South&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_bhTUYfBFNHgigKL64HYDw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Soul%20Food%3A%20Classic%20Cuisine%20from%20the%20Deep%20South&f=false Soul Food: Classic Cuisine from the Deep South]. Grove Press. {{ISBN|0802132839}}
Further reading- Woods, Sylvia (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ox9mG2IymT4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22soul+food%22&as_brr=0&cd=1 Sylvia's Soul Food]. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0688100120}}
{{Cuisine of the United States}}{{Lists of prepared foods}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Soul Food Items}} 3 : American cuisine-related lists|Cuisine of the Southern United States|Soul food |