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词条 List of star extremes
释义

  1. Age and distance

  2. Brightness and power

  3. Size and mass

  4. Motion

  5. Star systems

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

A star is a sphere that is mainly composed of hydrogen and plasma, held together by gravity and is able to produce light through nuclear fusion. Stars exhibit many diverse properties, resulting from different masses, volumes, velocities, stage in stellar evolution and even proximity to earth. Some of these properties are considered extreme and sometimes disproportionate by astronomers.

Age and distance

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest star Sun 3rd century BC1 AU}} Our local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos Reported for reference
Second-nearest star Proxima Centauri 19151.30 pc}} Also called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system. This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established. [2] [2][3] List of nearest stars
Most distant individually seen star MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (or Icarus (star)) 2018 z=1.49
9.0 Gly		[4][5][6][7] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star Stars in GN-z11 2016 z=11.09

13.39 Gly

[8] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Oldest star HD 14028314.5|0.8}} billion years the "Methuselah star" [9] List of oldest stars
YoungestStars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, See Protostar, Young Stellar Object and Star Formation.
Nearest stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest "average" star Alpha Centauri
A & B		 18391.34|pc|ly}} This was the third star whose parallax was determined. Before Alpha Cen, the record was held by 61 Cygni, the first star whose parallax was determined. [2][10][13]
Nearest normal starAlpha Centauri C
(Proxima Centauri)		1915{{convert|1.30|pc|ly}}Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A&B.[2][13][16][11]
Nearest red dwarfBefore Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star
Nearest degenerate star Sirius B 18528.6|ly|pc}} This is also the nearest white dwarf [12]
Nearest borderline subgiant Procyon11.5|ly|pc}} All stars closer to the Sun are either main sequence or dwarf stars.
Nearest undisputed subgiant Delta Pavonis19.9|ly|pc}} A subgiant, but only slightly brighter than the Sun.
Nearest "true" giant star Pollux33.8|ly|pc}}
Nearest red giant Arcturus36.7|ly|pc}}
Nearest spectral type A or hotter Sirius8.6|ly|pc}}
Nearest neutron star RX J185635-3754 2000400|ly|pc}} [15][16][17]
Nearest white dwarf Sirius B 18528.6|ly|pc}} Sirius B is also the first white dwarf discovered. [18][19]
Nearest flare star Proxima Centauri
(Alpha Centauri C)		1.30|pc|ly}} α Cen C is also the nearest neighbouring star. [20]
Nearest brown dwarfLuhman 16}} 20136.5|ly|pc}} This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars. [21]

Brightness and power

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitude Sun prehistoricm=−26.74}} Reported for reference
[22][23]
Brightest star other than the Sun Sirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris)		 prehistoric m=−1.46Historical brightest stars}} [22][23][24][25] List of brightest stars
Brightest star in a transient event Progenitor of SN 1006 1006 m=−7.5 This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as PKS 1459-41 [22][23][25] [26]
Dimmest star from the Earth UDF 2457 [22][23]
Most luminous star R136a1 2010V=−8.09}} [27] [41] List of most luminous stars
Most luminous star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008V=−40}} The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae [27] List of gamma-ray bursts
Least luminous normal star 2MASS J0523-1403 2013V=20.6}} [13][27] [28]
Most energetic star R136a1 2010B=-12.5}} [29] [41] List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 [29]
Least energetic normal star 2MASS J0523-1403 2013 L=0.000126LSun [13][29] [28]
Hottest normal starWR 102 T=210000 K [30] List of hottest stars
Coolest normal starS Cassiopeiae T=1800 K [31] List of coolest stars
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Hottest degenerate star KPD 0005+5106
H1504+65		 2008
 		 200,000 K
200,000 K		 [32][33]
Hottest neutron starAt least 100,000K
Hottest white dwarf KPD 0005+5106 2008 200,000 K [34]
Hottest PG 1159 star/GW Vir star RX J2117+3412 1999 170,000 K [35]
Coolest brown dwarf WISE 1828+2650 250–400 K3 and 10}}.

Size and mass

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Largest apparent size star Sunprehistoric
{{nowrap>(3rd century BCE)}}		31.6′ – 32.7′}}[36] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BCE, as {{frac>1|720}} the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth)[37] Reported for reference
[23]
Largest apparent size star other than the Sun R Doradus 1997 0.057" This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured. [23][25] [38]
Smallest apparent size star [23]
Largest star(uncertain)UY Scuti2012r={{solar radius|1,708 ± 192|link=y}}}} The quoted size was based on an angular diameter and distance of 2.9 kpc. Gaia Data Release 2 suggests a much closer distance and consequently smaller radius. [39] List of largest stars
Smallest starEBLM J0555-57Ab}} 2017r=0.084 RSun}} [40] [41][42][43] List of least voluminous stars
Most massive star R136a1 2010 315 MSun This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 solar masses, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. [44] [45] List of most massive stars
Least massive normal starSCR 1845–6357 A 0.07 MSun [40][46] List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Most massive brown dwarfSDSS J010448.46+153501.8 2017 90 MJupiter This is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[47][48][49]
Most massive degenerate starThe most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder. [12]
Most massive neutron star PSR J0348+0432 2013 2.01 MSun A Black Widow Pulsar called PSR B1957+20 may be more massive than PSR J0348+0432. However, the mass of PSR B1957+20 is quite uncertain. This neutron star's mass is at least 1.66 solar mass, and the upper limit is about 2.4 solar mass. Even so, it will still place within the range of Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit.[50] [51]
Most massive white dwarf RE J0317-853 1998 1.35 MSun [52][53]
Least massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least massive degenerate starThe least massive type of degenerate star is the white dwarf. See Least massive white dwarf for this recordholder. [12]
Least massive neutron star PSR J0737-3039B 2004 1.249 MSun [54]
Least massive white dwarf SDSS J091709.55+463821.8
(WD J0917+4638)		 2007 0.17 MSun [55][56][57][58]
Least massive brown dwarfJupiter(disputed)Antiquity1 MJupiterLargest possible degenerate object by diameter. Would qualify as a sub brown dwarf, based on mass.

Motion

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Highest proper motion Barnard's Star 10.3 "/yr This is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System. [59][60]
Lowest proper motion
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocity
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal star VFTS 102 2013 600 km/s [40] [61]
Lowest rotational speed

Star systems

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least stars in a star systemThere are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star system
  • Nu Scorpii
  • AR Cassiopeiae
 Septuple star system Both are called 7-star systems in the 1997 MSC,[92] and appear in the 2008 MSC.[93] [62] [63][64]
Stars in the closest orbit around one anotherThere are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one another HD 134439/HD 1344400.56|0.25}} light-years Orbit is most likely unstable long-term [62]
Nearest multiple star system Alpha Centauri 18391.30|pc|ly}} This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[65][66] [18][67]
Nearest binary star system Luhman 16 20131.998|pc|ly}} Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star system Alpha Centauri 18391.38|pc|ly}} Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star system Gliese 5705.88|pc|ly}} K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf.
Nearest quintenary star system V1054 Ophiuchi6.46|pc|ly}} M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star.
Nearest sextenary star system Castor 171815.6|pc|ly}} A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other.
Nearest septenary star system Nu Scorpii150|pc|ly}} A B3V star orbited by an unknown star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star.
Star systems by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Shortest period black hole binary systemMAXI J1659-152}} 20132.4 hours}}Swift J1753.5-0127}} with a {{nowrap|3.2 hour}} period) [68]

See also

  • Angular diameter
  • Compact star
  • List of exoplanet extremes
  • List of extremes in the sky
  • Peculiar velocity
  • Proper motion
  • Radial velocity
  • Rotational speed
  • Star
  • Star system

Notes

1. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628422|title=Characterisation of red supergiants in the Gaiaspectral range|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=595|pages=A105|year=2016|last1=Dorda|first1=Ricardo|last2=González-Fernández|first2=Carlos|last3=Negueruela|first3=Ignacio}}
2. ^{{de icon}} "Innes' Sterne bei α Centauri", Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 206, 1918 {{bibcode|1918AN....206...97H}}
3. ^Harold L. Aden, "Alpha and Proxima Centauri", Astronomical Journal, vol. 39, issue 913, 1918 {{bibcode|1928AJ.....39...20A}}
4. ^{{cite journal |author=Kelly, Patrick L.|display-authors=etal|title=Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0430-3 |date=2 April 2018 |journal=Nature |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=334–342 |doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0430-3 |accessdate=2 April 2018 |arxiv=1706.10279 |bibcode=2018NatAs...2..334K }}
5. ^{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |title=Rare Cosmic Alignment Reveals Most Distant Star Ever Seen |url=https://www.space.com/40171-cosmic-alignment-reveals-most-distant-star-yet.html |date=2 April 2018|work=Space.com |accessdate=2 April 2018 }}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Robert |title=Hubble peers through cosmic lens to capture most distant star ever seen |url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/04/02/cosmic-lens-helps-hubble-capture-most-distant-star-ever-seen/ |date=2 April 2018 |work=Berkeley News |accessdate=2 April 2018 }}
7. ^{{cite web |last=Parks |first=Jake |title=Hubble spots farthest star ever seen |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/04/hubble-images-farthest-star-ever-seen |date=2 April 2018 |work=Astronomy |accessdate=2 April 2018 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | authors=P. A. Oesch, G. Brammer, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Labbe, M. Franx, I. Momcheva, M. L. N. Ashby, G. G. Fazio, V. Gonzalez, B. Holden, D. Magee, R. E. Skelton, R. Smit, L. R. Spitler, M. Trenti, S. P. Willner | title=A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z = 11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=819 | issue=2 | pages=129 |arxiv=1603.00461 |bibcode=2016ApJ...819..129O |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129 | year=2016 }}
9. ^ScienceDaily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130307145103.htm "Hubble Finds 'Birth Certificate' of Oldest Known Star"], 7 March 2013
10. ^An "average" star is a normal star which is larger than a red dwarf, but smaller than a giant star. Depending on the definition, this can also be called "Sun-like star".
11. ^Universe Today, "How Far is the Nearest Star?", Fraser Cain, 13 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-02)
12. ^1 2 Not including stellar-mass black holes, or exotic stars
13. ^{{cite book|author=New Scientist|title=The Invisible Star Shows Up|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLlzpvKTIjMC&pg=PA538|year=1983|publisher=Reed Business Information|page=538}}
14. ^ NASA, "Where is the closest neutron star?", Laura Whitlock, 1 December 2005 (accessed 2010-11-01)
15. ^NASA Images, "Hubble Sees Bare Neutron Star Streaking Across Space" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102160337/http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/NVA2~8~8~13120~113661:Hubble-Sees-Bare-Neutron-Star-Strea# |date=2012-11-02 }}, NASA, 9 November 2000 (accessed 2010-11-01)
16. ^RedOrbit, "The Motion of RX J185635-3754 - The Nearest Neutron Star to Earth", 8 February 2005 (accessed 2010-11-01)
17. ^Astronomy 122: Astronomy of Stars and Galaxies, "Lecture 19: Neutron Stars"{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Sharon Morsink, University of Alberta, term:Winter 2011, published:2010 (accessed 2010-11-01)
18. ^1 2 Atlas of the Universe, "The Universe within 12.5 Light Years: The Nearest Stars", Richard Powell, 30 July 2006 (accessed 2010-11-01)
19. ^BBC News, "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf", Christine McGourty, 14 December 2005 (accessed 2010-11-01)
20. ^Universe Today, "What is the Nearest Star to the Sun?", Fraser Cain, 7 October 2009 (accessed 2010-11-02)
21. ^SpaceDaily, "The Closest Star System Found in a Century", Barbara K. Kennedy, 12 March 2013
22. ^1 2 3 By visual magnitude (m)
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
24. ^This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
25. ^1 2 3 4 5 Other than the Sun
26. ^NOAO, "Astronomers Peg Brightness of History’s Brightest Star", 5 March 2003 (accessed 2010-10-25)
27. ^1 2 Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, in visible light.
28. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Dieterich|first=Sergio B.|author2=Henry, Todd J. |author3=Jao, Wei-Chun |author4=Winters, Jennifer G. |author5=Hosey, Altonio D. |author6=Riedel, Adric R. |author7= Subasavage, John P. |title=The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit|journal= The Astronomical Journal|year=2014|arxiv=1312.1736 |bibcode = 2014AJ....147...94D |doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94 |volume=147 |issue=5|page=94}}
29. ^1 2 Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
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32. ^{{cite journal | bibcode = 2011hst..prop12483W | title=What is the origin of the hottest known white dwarf? | journal=HST Proposal | pages=12483 | year=2011 | authors=Werner, Klaus}}
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34. ^Indian News, "Astronomers discover Universes hottest white dwarf", ANI, 13 December 2008 (accessed 2010-11-09)
35. ^11th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, ASP Conference Series #169, "RX J2117+3412, the hottest known pulsating PG 1159 star", Vauclair, G.; Moskalik, P.; The Wet Team, 1999, {{ISBN|1-886733-91-0}} , {{bibcode|1999ASPC..169...96V}} , pg.96
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37. ^Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE – c. 546 BCE)", Patricia O’Grady, 17 September 2004 (accessed 2010-10-25)
38. ^ESO, "The Biggest Star in the Sky", 11 March 1997 (accessed 2010-10-25)
39. ^{{cite journal |title=The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=554 |issue=A76 |pages=A76 |date=June 2013 |bibcode=2013A&A...554A..76A |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220920|arxiv = 1305.6179 |last1=Arroyo-Torres |first1=B |last2=Wittkowski |first2=M |last3=Marcaide |first3=J. M |last4=Hauschildt |first4=P. H }}
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
41. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/smallest-star-eblm-j0555-57ab-space-alien-life-cambridge-trappist-1/ |title= Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered |author= Eric Mack |date= 11 July 2017 |publisher= cnet }}
42. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers |title= Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers |date= 2017 |publisher= University of Cambridge }}
43. ^{{cite journal |title= The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit |authors= Alexander von Boetticher, Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, Didier Queloz, Sam Gill, Monika Lendl, Laetitia Delrez, David R. Anderson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Francesca Faedi, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Leslie Hebb, Coel Hellier, Emmanuël Jehin, Pierre F.L. Maxted, David V. Martin, Francesco Pepe, Don Pollacco, Damien Ségransan, Barry Smalley, Stéphane Udry, Richard West |arxiv= 1706.08781 |journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume= 604 |pages= L6 |id= EBLM_III |date= 12 June 2017 |bibcode= 2017A&A...604L...6V |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731107}}
44. ^Not including stellar black holes
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References

{{reflist}}{{Star}}

2 : Lists of stars|Lists of superlatives in astronomy
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