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词条 Lala Lajpat Rai
释义

  1. Early life

  2. Patriotism

  3. Travel to America

  4. Demand for separate state for Muslims

  5. Protests against Simon Commission

  6. Death

  7. Legacy

     Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai  Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai 

  8. Works

  9. References

  10. External links

{{pp|small=yes}}{{Redirect|The Lion of Punjab}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}{{Infobox person
| name = Lala Lajpat Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|01|28|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|11|17|1865|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhudike, Punjab, British India
| death_place = Lahore, Punjab, British India
| image = Lala Lajpat Rai 1965 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| movement = Indian Independence movement
| party = Indian National Congress, Hindu Mahasabha
| occupation = Author, politician, freedom fighter
}}

Lala Lajpat Rai {{audio|Lala Lajpat Rai.ogg|pronunciation}}, (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian freedom fighter. He played a pivotal role in the Indian Independence movement. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate.[1] He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894.

Early life

Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 in a Hindu Aggarwal family,[2] as a son of Urdu and Persian government school teacher Munshi Radha Krishan Agrawal and his wife Gulab Devi Agrawal, in Dhudike (now in Moga district, Punjab).[3][4][5] In 1877, he was married to Radha Devi Agrawal, with whom had two sons, Amrit Rai Agrawal and Pyarelal Agrawal, and a daughter, Parvati Agrawal.

In the late 1870s, his father was transferred to Rewari, where he had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari (now in Haryana, previously in joint Punjab), where his father was posted as an Urdu teacher. During his early life, Rai's liberal views and belief in Hinduism were shaped by his father and deeply religious mother respectively, which he successfully applied to create a career of reforming the religion and Indian policy through politics and journalistic writing.[6] In 1880, Lajpat Rai joined Government College at Lahore to study Law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such as Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement of Swami Dayanand Sarasvati, became a member of existing Arya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder editor of Lahore-based Arya Gazette.[7] When studying law, he became a bigger believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian lifestyle must be based. He believed, Hinduism, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a secular nation could be formed. His involvement with Hindu Mahasabha leaders gathered criticism from the Naujawan Bharat Sabha as the Mahasabhas were non-secular, which did not conform with the system laid out by the Indian National Congress.[7] This focus on Hindu practices in the subcontinent would ultimately lead him to the continuation of peaceful movements to create successful demonstrations for Indian independence.[8]

In 1884, his father was transferred to Rohtak and Rai came along after the completion of his studies at Lahore. In 1886, he moved to Hisar where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became founding member of Bar council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. Since childhood he also had a desire to serve his country and therefore took a pledge to free it from foreign rule, in the same year he also founded the Hisar district branch of the Indian National Congress and reformist Arya Samaj with Babu Churamani (lawyer), three Tayal brothers (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, arya samaji [https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA182 Pandit Murari Lal], Seth Chhaju Ram Jat (founder of Jat School, Hisar) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honor of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practice before the Lahore High Court. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practiced journalism and was a regular contributor to several newspapers including The Tribune. In 1886, he helped Mahatma Hansraj establish the nationalistic Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore which was converted to Islamia College (Lahore) after 1947 partition of India.

In college where he studied law, he came into contact with other future freedom fighters, such as Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. Then his family went to Hissar where he then practiced law. Then to Lahore to practice in front of the high court in 1892.[9]

In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the freedom of India and went to Britain in 1914 and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920.

Patriotism

After joining the Indian National Congress and taking part in political agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay, Burma (now Myanmar), without trial in May 1907. In November, however, he was allowed to return when the viceroy, Lord Minto, decided that there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed.

Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the Bradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British institutions, included Bhagat Singh.[10] He was elected President of the Indian National Congress in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.[11] In 1921, he founded Servants of the People Society, a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.[12]

Travel to America

{{See also|Ghadar Party}}

Lajpat Rai travelled to the US in 1907, and then returned during World War I. He toured Sikh communities along the US West Coast; visited Tuskegee University in Alabama; and met with workers in the Philippines. His travelogue, The United States of America (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, including W.E.B. Du Bois and Fredrick Douglass. While in America he had founded the Indian Home Rule League in New York and a monthly journal Young India and Hindustan Information Services Association. He had petitioned the Foreign affiars committee of Senate of American Parliament giving a vivid picture of maladministration of British Raj in India, the aspirations of the people of India for freedom amongst many other points strongly seeking the moral support of the international community for the attainment of independence of India. The 32 page petition which was prepared overnight was discussed in the U.S. Senate during October 1917.

The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Congress Party that launched the non co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release.[13]

Demand for separate state for Muslims

He controversially demanded "a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and Hindu State India" in The Tribune on 14 December 1923.[14][15]

Protests against Simon Commission

In 1928, the British government set up the Commission, headed by Sir John Simon, to report on the political situation in India. The Indian political parties boycotted the Commission, because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, and it met with country-wide protests. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led non-violent march in protest against it. The protest was with the words "Simon go back" and black flags. The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to lathi (baton) charge the protesters and personally assaulted Rai.[18] Despite being extremely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd and said, "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of British rule in India".[16]

Death

He did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928 of a heart attack. Doctors thought that Scott's blows had hastened his death.[17] However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.[18] Although Bhagat Singh did not witness the event,[19] he vowed to take revenge as it was a murder of a very tall leader in the freedom movement,[18] and joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar and Chandrashekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to British Raj.[24] However, in a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Bhagat Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.[20] Chanan Singh, a Head Constable who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.[21]

This case of mistaken identity did not stop Bhagat Singh and his fellow-members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association from claiming that retribution had been exacted.[22]

Legacy

{{refimprove section|date=December 2015}}

Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai

Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement, Indian independence movement, Hindu reform movements and Arya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men, such as Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, were driven to sacrifice their lives for the freedom of their Motherland following Rai's example.

In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including Arya Gazaette are Lahore, Hisar congress, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the Lakshmi Building in Karachi, which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of Life Insurance business happened during 1956.

In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in her memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore.[23] This became known as the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as in patients.

Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai

Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai at Lahore, was later moved central square in Shimla after the partition of India. In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group of Punjabi philanthropists (including R.P Gupta and B.M Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of Maharashtra, which runs the Lala Lajpatrai College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut is named after him.[24] In 1998, Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga was named after him. In 2010, the Government of Haryana set up the Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences at in Hisar in his memory.

Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with is statue in Hisar;[25] Lajpat Nagar and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi,Lala Lajpat Rai memorial park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) in Kanpur and Kharagpur; Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of Jagraon are named in his honor. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India.

Works

Along with founding Arya Gazaette as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books.

  • The Story of My Deportation, 1908.
  • [https://archive.org/details/aryasamajaccount00lajprich Arya Samaj], 1915.
  • [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam00lajp The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression], 1916.
  • [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/unhappy_india/Unhappy_India.pdf Unhappy India], 1928.
  • [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/englands_debt_to_india/EnglandsDebtToIndia.pdf England's Debt to India], 1917.
  • Autobiographical Writings
  • [https://archive.org/details/16RaiYoungindia Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within.] New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1916. This book was written shortly after World War I broke out in Europe. Lajpat Rai was traveling in the United States at the time of Franz Ferdinand's assassination.[31] Rai wrote the book to exclaim his people's desire to help the British, who had been ruling in India since the mid-1700s, fight against the Germans. While the book makes the Indian people sound good, saying that they were rushing in masses to volunteer for war, one must take what Rai says with a grain of salt.[26] Rai is trying to gain American support in India against British colonialism, and the Indian people would look bad in the American public's, as well as government's, eyes if they were not willing to fight for the greater good, even on the side of Britain. Rai also makes the point to emphasize that the Indian people do not want to engage in a military conflict with Britain.[27] In Young India, Rai makes many parallels to the American fight for independence against the British, such as their common enemy (the British), their wish for self-sovereignty, and the right to bear arms as an independent nation. Rai uses Young India to convey his idea of an independent India, free from the viceroys and rule of the English Parliament. Rai wishes to have complete sovereignty from all foreign rule, but he needs to gain the support of America, his only true hope for an ally against Britain. Young India gives a first-hand account of one of the primary freedom fighters in India in the early 1900s. Rai was one of the most well-known leaders of the Nationalist, as well as Independence, Movement in India. By writing an account outlining the history of India, showing that the Indian people are better than the stereotype given by the West, willing and able to govern themselves, and attempting to gain American support against the Colonial British, Rai allows his readers to understand what is actually happening in India and why India should become an independent nation.
  • The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai, Volume 1 to Volume 15, edited by B.R. Nanda.

References

1. ^{{cite book |last1=Ashalatha |first1=A. |first2=Pradeep |last2=Koropath |first3=Saritha |last3=Nambarathil | title = Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1 | chapter = Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement | work = Government of Kerala • Department of Education | publisher = State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) | year = 2009 | pages = 72 | chapter-url = https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf | accessdate = 13 October 2011}}
2. ^{{cite book |editor=Ganda Singh |title=Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8MBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=iii |oclc=641497600 }}
3. ^Tidrick, Kathryn (2006) Gandhi: a political and spiritual life I.B.Tauris {{ISBN|978-1-84511-166-3}} pp. 113–114
4. ^Jones, Kenneth W. (1976) Arya dharm: Hindu consciousness in 19th-century Punjab University of California Press {{ISBN|9788173047091}} p. 52
5. ^Nagar, Purushottam (1977) Lala Lajpat Rai: the man and his ideas Manohar Book Service p. 161
6. ^Lala Lajpat Rai. Encyclopædia Britannica.
7. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3520389|jstor=3520389|title=Towards Independence and Socialist Republic: Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Part Two|journal=Social Scientist|volume=8|issue=3|pages=31–40|last1=Mittal|first1=S. K.|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|year=1979}}
8. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2010/feb/5.htm |author=Ahluwalia, Kewal | title = Lala Lajpat Rai | publisher=aryasamaj.com|date = February 2010}}
9. ^Lala Lajpat Rai. culturalindia.net
10. ^{{cite news | title = Bradlaugh Hall's demise | date = 17 April 2011 | url = http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/bradlaugh-halls-demise/ | work = Pakistan Today | accessdate = 15 October 2011}}
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040610204823/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/lala_lajpat_rai.htm Lala Lajpat Rai]. congresssandesh.com
12. ^{{cite web | title = Head Office | url = http://sops.in/index.php/2013-08-22-12-13-12/head-office |publisher=Servants of the People Society |accessdate=27 May 2014}}
13. ^{{cite book|author= Raghunath Rai|title= History|publisher= VK Publications|location=|year=|isbn= 978-81-87139-69-0|oclc=|page= 187}}
14. ^Noorani, A. G. (December 2001) [https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1826/18260810.htm The Partition of India]. The Hindu
15. ^Panikkar, P. N. (31 August 2010) [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/Politics-of-Partition/article16151535.ece Politics of Partition]. The Hindu
16. ^{{cite journal |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |first=Corinne |last=Friend |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=Fall 1977 |pages=65–90 |jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}
17. ^1 {{cite book |last=Rai |first=Raghunath |year=2006 |title=History For Class 12: Cbse. India |publisher=VK Publications |isbn=978-81-87139-69-0 |page=187}}
18. ^1 {{cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC |title=Bhagat Singh |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0827-2 |page=36}}
19. ^{{cite book |last2=Hooja |first2=Bhupendra |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC |title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-87496-72-4 |page=16}}
20. ^{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |authorlink1=Kuldip Nayar |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC |title=The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0700-3 |page=39}}
21. ^{{cite book|last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India)|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 |page=65}}
22. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |first=Amit Kumar |last=Gupta |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=Sep–Oct 1997 |pages=3–27 |jstor=3517678}}
23. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | title = Gulab Devi Chest Hospital | accessdate = 13 October 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015025317/http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | archivedate = 15 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}
24. ^"Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College’s maladies: Meagre budget, vacant posts ", Hindustan Times, 8 September 2017.
25. ^Tributes paid at Lala Lajpat Rai Square and Statute at Hisar, DNA News.
26. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=z-m1AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lajpat+intitle:Young+intitle:India#v=onepage&q=Lajpat%20intitle%3AYoung%20intitle%3AIndia&f=false|title=Young India |last1=Rai |first1=Lala Lajpat |date=1916 |website=GoogleBooks |publisher=Huebsch |access-date=22 April 2015}}
27. ^{{cite book |last=Hope |first=Ashley Guy |date=1968 |title=America and Swaraj: The U.S. Role in Indian Independence |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Public Affairs Press}}

External links

{{Commons category|Lala Lajpat Rai}}{{Wikiquote}}
  • [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books_by_authers/lala_lajpat_rai.html Lala Lajpat Rai's books at Hindustan Books]
  • Lala Lajpat Rai's "Young India" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
  • Satish K. Kapoor, He gave a fillip to freedom struggle, Tribune
  • {{Gutenberg author |id=Rai,+Lajpat | name=Lajpat Rai}}
  • {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lala Lajpat Rai}}
  • {{PM20|FID=pe/010828}}
{{India House}}{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}{{Indian independence movement}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lala Lajpat}}

15 : India House|1865 births|1928 deaths|Arya Samajis|Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India|Prisoners and detainees of British India|Deaths by beating|People from Moga, Punjab|Swadeshi activists|Indian independence activists from Punjab, India|Indian nationalists|Indian political writers|Writers from Punjab, India|19th-century Indian writers|Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
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