| 词条 | Lalleshwari |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Lal Ded | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = sa | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = 1320 | birth_place = Pandrethan, Kashmir, Indian subcontinent | death_date = 1392 | death_place = Kashmir, Indian subcontinent | death_cause = | other_names = Lalla, Lal Ded, Lal Diddi | known_for = Vatsun poetry | notable_works = | style = | footnotes = }}Lalleshwari (1320–1392), locally known mostly as Lal Ded, was a Kashmiri mystic of the Kashmir Shaivism school of philosophy in the Indian subcontinent.[1] She was the creator of the style of mystic poetry called vatsun or Vakhs, literally "speech" (Voice). Known as Lal Vakhs, her verses are the earliest compositions in the Kashmiri language and are an important part in the history of modern Kashmiri literature.[2][3] She inspired and interacted with many Sufis of Kashmir.[4] She is also known by various other names, including Lal Ded, Mother Lalla, Lalla Aarifa, Lal Diddi, Laleshwari, Lalla Yogishwari and Lalishri.[5][6][7] LifeLalleshwari was born in Pandrethan (ancient Puranadhisthana) about 4.5 miles to the southeast of Srinagar, in a Kashmiri Pandit family during the time of Sultan Ala-ud-din.[8] There is evidence of the fact that in those times, liberal education was imparted to women. From her vakhs, it is thought that she was educated in the early part of her life at her father's house.[9] She left home at the age of 24 to take Sannyasa (renunciation) and become a disciple of the Shaivite guru, Siddha Srikantha (Sed Bayu), whom she ultimately surpassed in spiritual attainments. She continued the mystic tradition of Shaivism in Kashmir, which was known as Trika before 1900.[10] Literary worksHer poems (called vakhs) have been translated into English by Richard Temple, Jaylal Kaul, Coleman Barks,[11] Jaishree Odin, and Ranjit Hoskote.[12][13][14][15][16] An example of Lal Vakh in Kashmiri: suy Parasivun tanthar −138 English translation: Whatever work I did became worship of the Lord; Whatever word I uttered became a prayer; Whatever this body of mine experienced became the sadhana of Saiva Tantra illumining my path to Parmasiva. -138[17] While the above translation uses the hindu terms in the translation that are actually there in the original, Lal Ded has since been appropriated by later day Islamic culture and analysed from Sufi prism. Here is another translation of the same vakh, from a more poetic and islamic perspective: Whatever work I've done, whatever I have though, was praise with my body and praise hidden inside my head.[18] LegacyThe leading Kashmiri Sufi figure Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (also known as Nooruddin Rishi or Nunda Rishi) was highly influenced by Lal Ded. He ultimately led to the formation of the Rishi order of saints and later gave rise to many Rishi saints like Resh Mir Sàeb.[1] One Kashmiri folk story recounts that, as a baby, Nunda Rishi refused to be breast-fed by his mother. It was Lal Ded who breast-fed him.[19] Lal Ded and her mystic musings continue to have a deep impact on the psyche of Kashmiris, and the 2000 National Seminar on her held at New Delhi led to the release of the book Remembering Lal Ded in Modern Times.[20] In his book "Triadic Mysticism", Paul E. Murphy calls her the "chief exponent of devotional or emotion-oriented Triadism".{{cn|date=April 2017}} According to him, three significant representatives of devotionalism emerged in Kashmir in the five hundred years between the last half of the ninth and the end of the fourteenth centuries.{{cn|date=April 2017}} What this points to is the non-sectarian nature of Lal Ded's spiritual life and her song-poems. Yet, her life and work have been used for various religious and political agendas over time. As author and poet Ranjit Hoskote writes: "To the outer world, Lal Ded is arguably Kashmir's best known spiritual and literary figure; within Kashmir, she has been venerated both by Hindus and Muslims for nearly seven centuries. For most of that period, she has successfully eluded the proprietorial claims of religious monopolists. Since the 1980s, however, Kashmir's confluential culture has frayed thin under the pressure of a prolonged conflict to which transnational terrorism, State repression and local militancy have all contributed. Religious identities in the region have become harder and more sharp-edged, following a substantial exodus of the Hindu minority during the early 1990s, and a gradual effort to replace Kashmir's unique and syncretically nuanced tradition of Islam with a more Arabocentric global template. It is true that Lal Ded was constructed differently by each community, but she was simultaneouslyLallesvari or Lalla Yogini to the Hindus and Lal'arifa to the Muslims; today unfortunately, these descriptions are increasingly being promoted at the expense of one another." [21] Beyond several new translations of Lal Ded's vakh, there are other contemporary performative arts that are based on Lal Ded's life and poetry. For example, there are contemporary renditions of Lal Ded's poetry in song. In addition, a solo play in English, Hindi, and Kashmiri titled Lal Ded (based on her life) has been performed by actress Mita Vashisht across India since 2004.[22][23] Further reading
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book | author=M. G. Chitkara | title=Kashmir Shaivism: Under Siege | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CK0DFijayQC&pg=PR14 | date=1 January 2002 | publisher=APH Publishing | isbn=978-81-7648-360-5 | pages=14–}} 2. ^Lal Vakh online {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511233728/http://koausa.org/Music/LalVakh/index.html |date=11 May 2008 }} 3. ^Lal Ded's Vakhs 4. ^{{cite book | author=Triloki Nath Dhar | title=Kashmiri Pandit Community: A Profile | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyvsZrTFXVYC&pg=PA7| date=1 January 2006 | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-8324-177-9 | page=7}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Carnac Temple|title=Word of Lalla the Prophetess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec1Bv2wW_xkC|date=1 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-8119-9}} 6. ^Lal Ded www.poetry-chaikhana.com. 7. ^Lal Ded {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919105514/http://www.radiokashmir.org/lalded/index.html |date=19 September 2008 }} www.radiokashmir.org. 8. ^Lalleshwari: Forerunner of Medieval Mystics Kashmiri Herald, Volume 1, No. 1 – June 2001. 9. ^{{Cite book|title=Lal Ded: The great Kashmiri saint-poetess|last=Toshkhani|first=Dr.S.S.|publisher=A P H PUBLISHING CORPORATION|year=2002|isbn=9788176483810|location=New Delhi|pages=}} 10. ^{{cite book | last = Toshkhani | first = S.S. | title = Lal Ded : the great Kashmiri saint-poetess | publisher = A.P.H. Pub. Corp | location = New Delhi | year = 2002 | isbn = 81-7648-381-8 }} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Barks|first=Coleman|title=Naked Song|publisher=Maypop Books|year=1992|isbn=0-9618916-4-5}} 12. ^Kashmir's wise old Grandmother Lal Aditi De's review of I, Lalla by Ranjit Hoskote in The Hindu/ Business Line 13. ^Mystic insights Abdullah Khan's review of I, Lalla by Ranjit Hoskote in The Hindu 14. ^[https://archive.is/20130125135934/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Words-are-floating/Article1-729886.aspx Words are floating] Jerry Pinto's review of I, Lalla by Ranjit Hoskote in Hindustan Times 15. ^Lalla and Kabir, resurrected Nilanjana S. Roy's article on Ranjit Hoskote's I, Lalla and Arvind Krishna Mehrotra's Songs of Kabir 16. ^I, Lalla/ Songs of Kabir {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130456/http://caravanmagazine.in/PrintThisStory.aspx?StoryId=920 |date=26 March 2012 }} Extracts from Ranjit Hoskote's I, Lalla and Arvind Krishna Mehrotra's Songs of Kabir in The Caravan 17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ikashmir.net/lalded/vakhs.html |title=Lal Ded's Vakhs}} 18. ^Barks, Coleman (1992). Naked Song. P. 18 Maypop Books. {{ISBN|0-9618916-4-5}}. 19. ^{{cite book | author=K. Warikoo | title=Cultural Heritage of Jammu And Kashmir | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvAr6ZJLLuIC&pg=PA140| date=1 January 2009 | publisher=Pentagon Press | isbn=978-81-8274-376-2 | pages=140–}} 20. ^Remembering Lal Ded in Modern Times National Seminar by Kashmir Education, Culture and Science Society, 2000. 21. ^I, Lalla: The Poems of Lal Ded, translated by Ranjit Hoskote with an Introduction and Notes, Penguin Classics, 2011, p. x, {{ISBN|978-0-670-08447-0}}. 22. ^Songs of a mystic, The Hindu, 1 May 2005. 23. ^Bhumika K. All for theatre. The Hindu, 7 November 2011. External links
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