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词条 List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines
释义

  1. History

  2. List

  3. Timeline

  4. See also

  5. References

The list of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines include people that Philippine historians and other figures have identified as having held the presidency of a government that intended to represent the Philippines but are not counted by the Government of the Philippines as an official President of the Philippines.

History

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first President of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as President. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)[1][2][3][4][5]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[6] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay founded a Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as Presidents by the Philippine government.[7][8]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first President of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

List

#President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Party Vice President Government
A Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
(30 November 1863–10 May 1897) (Lived: 33 years)
[5][9][10][11] 		August 24, 1896[12] March 22, 1897[13]
or
May 10, 1897[14]		 Katipunan
Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús 		Sovereign Tagalog Nation
BEmilio Aguinaldo y Famy
(22 March 1869–6 February 1964) (Lived: 94 years)
 March 22, 1897[15] November 1, 1897[16] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction) 		Mariano Trias y Closas Tejeros revolutionary government
November 2, 1897[17] December 14, 1897[18] Independent Republic of Biak-na-Bato
May 24, 1898 June 23, 1898 [19] Dictatorial Republic[20]
June 23, 1898{{refn|group="L"|Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.}}January 23, 1899[21] Pre-Malolos revolutionary government
C Francisco Macabulos y Soliman
(17 September, 1871–30 August 1922) (Lived 50 years)		 April 17, 1898 May 19, 1898[22] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan) 		Central Executive Committee
D Miguel Malvar y Carpio
(27 September 1865–13 October 1911) (Lived: 46 years)
[23]
 April 1, 1901[24] April 16, 1902[25] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan) 		none
(The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President.) 		First Republic
(Malolos Republic)
E Macario Sakay y de León
(1870–13 September 1907) (Lived 37 years)
[26][27][28]
 May 6, 1902[29] July 14, 1906[30] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan)		 Francisco Carreón y Marcos Tagalog Republic
F Jorge Bartolome Vargas
( 24 April 1890 –22 February 1980) (Lived 89 years)		 January 23, 1942 October 14, 1943[31] KALIBAPI none Philippine Executive Commission
{{legend|#CC0000|Katipunan|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend|{{Kalibapi/meta/color}}|KALIBAPI|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
Notes
1. ^{{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|Borromeo|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA25#PPA25,M1 25]}} (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA61#PPA61,M1 61], citing {{Harvnb|Guerrero|Encarnacion|Villegas|}});
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|Borromeo|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA26 26]}}, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|Borromeo|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1 135]}} (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
2. ^{{Harvnb|Halili|Halili|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA138#PPA138 138–139]}}.
3. ^{{Citation|last=Severino|first=Howie|title=Bonifacio for (first) president|date=November 27, 2007|publisher=GMA News|url=http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html}}.
4. ^*{{Citation|last = Guerrero|first = Milagros|last2 = Schumacher, S.J.|first2 = John|title = Reform and Revolution|publisher = Asia Publishing Company Limited|volume = 5|series = Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People|year = 1998|isbn = 962-258-228-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281}}.
5. ^1 *{{Citation |last1=Guerrero |first1=Milagros |last2=Encarnación |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Villegas |first3=Ramón |title=Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution |journal=Sulyap Kultura |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=3–12 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |location= |year=1996 |ref=guerrero1996a |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115193832/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1 |archivedate=2010-11-15 |df= }}.
6. ^{{Cite news|title=Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?|author=Ambeth Ocampo|authorlink=Ambeth Ocampo|date=May 11, 2010|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}
7. ^manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104124237/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html |date=2008-01-04 }}
8. ^{{Citation |url = http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm |title = Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot? |first = Paul |last = Flores |accessdate = 2007-04-08 |date = August 12, 1995 |publisher = Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609060908/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm |archivedate = June 9, 2007 |df = }}
9. ^{{cite book | last = Guererro | first = Francis Rodney | last2 = Songalia | title = Reform and Revolution | publisher = Asia Publishing Company Limited | volume = 5 | series = Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People | year = 1998 | isbn = 962-258-228-1}}
10. ^{{Cite book|last1 = Borromeo-Buehler|first1 = Soledad|last2 = Borromeo|first2 = Soledad Masangkay|authorlink = |title = The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy|publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press|location = Quezon City|year = 1998|isbn = 971-550-278-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C|ref=harv}}
11. ^{{Cite web|last=Severino|first=Howie|authorlink = Howie G. Severino|title = Bonifacio for (first) president|date = 2007-11-27|accessdate = 2009-08-20|publisher = GMA Network|work = gmanews.tv |url = http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html}}
12. ^Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
13. ^Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
14. ^Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
15. ^Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
16. ^Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
17. ^Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
18. ^Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
19. ^Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary governemt.
20. ^Aguinaldo formally held the title of "Dictator", was not formally President until the end of the Dictatorial government.
21. ^Term ended with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
22. ^Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo to established a dictatorial republic.
23. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211205431/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html|archivedate=2008-12-11| title = Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar| first = Maricel V.| last = Cruz| accessdate = 2009-08-20| date = 2008-02-02| publisher = Manila Times| work = www.manilatimes.net}}
24. ^Term began when Malvar assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
25. ^Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
26. ^{{Cite book|last = Agoncillo|first = Teodoro|authorlink = Teodoro Agoncillo|title = History of the Filipino People|publisher = Garotech Publishing Inc.|location = Quezon City|year = 1990|origyear = 1960|edition = 8th |isbn = 971-10-2415-2|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ}}
27. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm |title = Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot? |first = Paul |last = Flores |accessdate = 2007-04-08 |date = 1995-08-12 |publisher = Philippine History Group of Los Angeles |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609060908/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm |archivedate = 2007-06-09 |df = }}
28. ^{{cite web| url = http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070921-89821/September%92s_heroes| title = September's heroes| first = Michael| last = Tan| authorlink = Michael Tan| accessdate = 2009-08-20| date = 2007-09-21| publisher = Philippine Daily Inquirer| work = www.inquirer.net}}
29. ^Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
30. ^Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
31. ^Term ended upon the establishment of Second Philippine Republic.

Timeline

{{List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines timeline}}

See also

  • List of Presidents of the Philippines
  • Timeline of Philippine sovereignty
  • President of the Philippines
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato
  • First Lady or First Gentleman of the Philippines

References

{{reflist}}{{Unofficial Philippine Presidents}}{{PhilPres}}

4 : Lists of Presidents of the Philippines|Philippine Heads of State and Government|Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Articles which contain graphical timelines
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