| 词条 | List of venomous animals |
| 释义 |
Numerous animal species naturally produce chemical toxins which are used to kill or incapacitate prey or as a defense against predators. Venomous animals deliver these toxins as venom through a bite, sting, or other specially evolved mechanism. Venoms have evolved to serve a wide variety of purposes. Their intended effects can range from mild fleeting discomfort to paralysis and death, and they may be highly selective in which species they target, often making them harmless to all but a few specific co-evolved organisms. Because the definition of "venomous" can be extremely broad, this list includes only those animals with venom that is known or suspected to be medically significant for humans or domestic animals. InvertebratesArachnids{{further|Arachnidism|List of medically significant spider bites}}Strictly speaking, all spiders and scorpions possess venom, though only a handful are dangerous to humans. Spiders typically deliver their venom with a bite from piercing, fang-like chelicerae; scorpions sting their victims with a long, curved stinger mounted on the telson. Spiders
ScorpionsOf more than a thousand known species of scorpion, only a few dozen have venom that is dangerous to humans,[3] most notably the bark scorpions, including:
Insects{{further|Insect bites and stings|List of biting or stinging arthropods}}
Other arthropods
Cnidarians
CephalopodsMany species of octopus, squid, and cuttlefish make use of venom when hunting their prey.
VertebratesFish{{further|Venomous fish}}There are at least 1,200 species of venomous fish, including:
ReptilesSnakes{{further|Venomous snakes|Snake venom|Snakebite}}
Lizards
Amphibians{{Main|Poisonous amphibians}}Frogs
Salamanders
Mammals{{further|Venomous mammals}}Only a few modern mammal species are capable of producing venom; they are likely the last living examples of what was once a more common trait among the mammals. The definition of "venomous" becomes less distinct here, however, and whether some species are truly venomous is still disputed.
DinosaursSome scientists have proposed that Sinornithosaurus had a venomous bite, but recent evidence suggests otherwise.[9] See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^Funnel-web Spiders {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627164729/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Funnel-web-Spiders |date=27 June 2009 }} at the Australian Museum, Sydney {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}2. ^{{cite web|author=Jone SC |title=Ohio State University Fact Sheet: Brown Recluse Spider |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120716133101/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-16 |accessdate=2006-09-02 }} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Poisonous Animals: Scorpion (Scorpiones) |work=library.thinkquest.org |publisher=ThinkQuest |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/2_4sco.htm |year=c. 2000 |accessdate=2009-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304170447/http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/2_4sco.htm |archivedate=4 March 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mentalfloss.com/article/54168/meet-worlds-only-known-venomous-crustacean | title=Meet the World's Only Known Venomous Crustacean| date=2014-01-08}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jellyfishart.com/kb_results.asp?ID%3D11 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302090841/http://www.jellyfishart.com/kb_results.asp?ID=11 |archivedate=2 March 2012 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://animal.discovery.com/convergence/oceans-deadliest/deadliest-creatures/deadliest-creatures_05.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218092057/http://animal.discovery.com/convergence/oceans-deadliest/deadliest-creatures/deadliest-creatures_05.html |archivedate=18 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^Grady, Denise [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/22/science/22fish.html?ei=5094&en=3d2f666379306107&hp=&ex=1156219200&partner=homepage&pagewanted=print Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn] New York Times 22 August 2006. 8. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.fishchannel.com/media/fish-magazines/aquarium-fish-international/july-2008/venom2.aspx.pdf | title = Dangerous and Venomous Aquarium Fish | author = Ternay, A. | publisher = fishchannel.com | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140722215257/http://www.fishchannel.com/media/fish-magazines/aquarium-fish-international/july-2008/venom2.aspx.pdf | archivedate = 22 July 2014 | df = dmy-all }} 9. ^Gianechini, F.A., Agnolín, F.L. and Ezcurra, M.D. (2010). "A reassessment of the purported venom delivery system of the bird-like raptor Sinornithosaurus." Paläontologische Zeitschrift, in press. {{doi|10.1007/s12542-010-0074-9}} External links
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