| 词条 | Little Blitzen River |
| 释义 |
| name = Little Blitzen River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = German for lightning. Given in 1864 by soldiers who crossed the main stem during a thunderstorm and named it Donner und Blitzen (thunder and lightning).[1] | image = LittleBlitzen.jpg | image_caption = Little Blitzen U-Shaped Gorge | image_size = 300 | map = | map_size = 300 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = USA Oregon | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of Little Blitzen River in Oregon | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Oregon | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = County | subdivision_name4 = Harney | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|12.5|mi|km|abbr=on}}[2] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Steens Mountain | source1_location = Little Blitzen Gorge, Harney County, Oregon | source1_coordinates= {{coord|42|40|33|N|118|34|56|W|display=inline}}[3] | source1_elevation = {{convert|8975|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | mouth = Donner und Blitzen River | mouth_location = near Riddle Ranch, Harney County, Oregon | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|42|40|26|N|118|47|37|W|display=inline,title}}[4] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|4862|ft|abbr=on}}[4] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}Little Blitzen River is a {{convert|12.5|mi|km|adj=on}} tributary of the Donner und Blitzen River in the U.S. state of Oregon.[2][8] Little Blitzen River rises on the west flank of Steens Mountain about {{convert|20|mi|km}} southeast of Frenchglen and about {{convert|70|mi|km}} south of Burns in Harney County.[8][10] Flowing west in a steep-walled canyon, it joins the South Fork Donner und Blitzen River[5] at {{coord|42.6737752|-118.7935277|type:river_source:gnis-1123136_region:US-OR|name=Little Blitzen mouth}} to form the Donner und Blitzen main stem, which continues north about another {{convert|40|mi|km}} to its mouth at {{coord|43.291542|-118.8199273|type:river_source:gnis-1120027_region:US-OR|name=Donner und Blitzen River mouth}} in Malheur Lake.[6][7] The Donner und Blitzen River was named by soldiers of German origin and translates as "thunder and lightning".[8] Little Blitzen River brings to mind one of Santa Claus's reindeer.[8] As part of the Omnibus Oregon Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1988, Congress designated "the 12.5-mile segment of the Little Blitzen from its headwaters to its confluence with the South Fork Blitzen" as Wild and Scenic.[2] It is part of the nation's first Great Basin redband trout reserve, established by Congress in 2000.[17][9][10] The American Hiking Society has listed Little Blitzen Gorge Trail among its 10 "hidden gems".[20] GeologyLittle Blitzen Gorge, down which the river flows, is one of four huge U-shaped trenches carved by ice on the western face of Steens Mountain during the most recent glacial period.[17] The mountain, {{convert|30|mi|km}} long, is the largest fault-block mountain in the northern Great Basin.[17] Although its eastern face is almost vertical, its western face slopes more gradually.[17] Cut through basalt, the western canyons are up to {{convert|1/2|mi|km}} deep.[11] Little Blitzen River begins at about {{convert|9000|ft|m}} above sea level near the top of the mountain and loses about {{convert|4000|ft|m}} in elevation between source and mouth.[3][4] ConservationMuch of Little Blitzen's watershed lies within the Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area (CMPA), established in 2000 to protect the region's long-term environmental integrity. The CMPA encompasses about {{convert|425000|acre}} of public land managed by the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Steens Mountain Advisory Council.[11] About {{convert|100000|acre}} along the top of the mountain are protected as "livestock-free wilderness".[11] Little Blitzen Research Natural Area (RNA), a protected area of {{convert|2540|acre|ha}}, lies at the head of Little Blitzen Gorge.[29] The RNA protects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as individual plant species such as wedgeleaf saxifrage, Steens Mountain whitlow grass, and Davidson's penstemon.[12] The Donner und Blitzen system, including Little Blitzen River, provides habitat for a unique population of Great Basin redband trout,[13] protected in the nation's first-ever redband trout reserve.[11] The reserve consists of "the public land portion of the Donner und Blitzen River and tributaries upstream of its confluence with Fish Creek to the longitudinal extent of current and future redband trout distribution, and the width of the flood prone area."[10] RecreationLittle Blitzen River is a National Wild and Scenic River, a designation applied to the Donner und Blitzen River and all of its major tributaries from the headwaters to the southern boundary of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge near Frenchglen.[14] Recreational opportunities along the river include wildlife watching, camping, fishing, and hiking. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife limits fishing on Little Blitzen to catch-and-release throughout the year.[15] The American Hiking Society and American Rivers have listed Little Blitzen Gorge Trail, with its wildflowers and waterfalls, among their "Ten Hidden Gems of the National Landscape Conservation System".[16] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | last = McArthur | first = Lewis A. |author2=McArthur, Lewis L. | title = Oregon Geographic Names, Seventh Edition | publisher = Oregon Historical Society Press | year = 2003 | location = Portland, Oregon | page = 297 | isbn = 0-87595-277-1}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Omnibus Oregon Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1988 | publisher = National Wild and Scenic Rivers System | url = http://www.rivers.gov/publications/act/100-557.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = December 15, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610031357/http://www.rivers.gov/publications/act/100-557.pdf | archivedate = June 10, 2010 | df = }} 3. ^1 Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates. 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | work = Geographic Names Information System| publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = November 28, 1980 | url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1123136| title = Little Blitzen River | accessdate = December 15, 2008 }} 5. ^The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) includes the South Fork in its definition of the main stem Donner und Blitzen River. It places the main stem's source at {{coord|42.5337785|-118.7310228|type:river_source:gnis-1120027_region:US-OR|name=Donner und Blitzen River source}} rather than at the mouth of the Little Blitzen. 6. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Online Topographic Maps from the United States Geological Survey | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.6785739211&lon=-118.782195138&datum=nad83&zoom=8&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomout&size=m | accessdate = December 15, 2008}} 7. ^1 {{cite map |publisher = DeLorme Mapping |title = Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer |edition = 1991 |section = 74, 77–78 |isbn = 0-89933-235-8}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|last=Jouris|first=David |year=1994|title=All Over the Map: An Extraordinary Atlas of the United States|pages=92|publisher=Ten Speed Press|isbn=0-89815-649-1|accessdate=December 18, 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMgClfsa9RYC&pg=PA92&dq=Donner+und+Blitzen+River+christmas&as_brr=3}} 9. ^{{cite web |work = U.S. Code Collection | title = Donner und Blitzen River Redband Trout Reserve | publisher = Cornell University Law School | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/460nnn-72 | accessdate = December 18, 2008}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |work = Andrews/Steens Resource Management Plan | title = Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan | publisher = Bureau of Land Management, Burns District Office| url = https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7276/Steens_Mountain_Cooperative_Management_and_Protection_Area_Record_of_Decision_and_RMP.pdf?sequence=1|format = pdf| accessdate = December 19, 2008}} The Redband Trout Reserve section of the report appears on page RMP-39. 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web | title = Steens Mountain | publisher = Bureau of Land Management | url = http://www.blm.gov/or/districts/burns/recreation/steens-mtn.php | accessdate = December 15, 2008}} 12. ^1 {{cite web | title = Little Blitzen Research Natural Area | publisher = Forest Sciences Laboratory, Oregon State University | year = 1995 | url = http://www.fsl.orst.edu/rna/sites/lblitzen.htm | accessdate = December 15, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174437/http://www.fsl.orst.edu/rna/sites/lblitzen.htm | archivedate = July 21, 2011 | df = }} 13. ^{{cite web | title = Blitzen River Redband Trout | publisher = Oregon Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis Research Lab | url = http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ODFW/NativeFish/BlitzenRedband.htm | accessdate = December 15, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724145151/http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ODFW/NativeFish/BlitzenRedband.htm | archivedate = July 24, 2008 | df = }} 14. ^{{cite web | title = Donner und Blitzen River, Oregon | publisher = Public Lands Interpretive Association | year = 1997–2008 | url = http://www.publiclands.org/explore/site.php?id=3538&PHPSESSID=23cfeb7c9 | accessdate = December 15, 2008}} 15. ^{{cite web | title = Welcome to the ODFW Recreation Reports Southeast Zone: Fishing: Blitzen River: Trout | publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife | year = 2006 | url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/RR/southeast/| accessdate = December 18, 2008}} 16. ^1 {{cite web | title = Best Unknown Rivers and Trails of the National Landscape Conservation System | publisher = American Hiking Society | url =http://www.americanhiking.org/uploadedFiles/Our_Work/Western_Public_Lands_Initiative/BestUnkownRiversTrails.pdf?n=7814 | format = pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234730/http://americanhiking.org/uploadedFiles/Our_Work/Western_Public_Lands_Initiative/BestUnkownRiversTrails.pdf?n=7814 | archivedate = April 25, 2013}} External links{{GeoGroupTemplate}} 4 : Rivers of Oregon|Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States|Rivers of Harney County, Oregon|Rivers of the Great Basin |
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