| 词条 | Little Cottonwood Creek (Salt Lake County, Utah) |
| 释义 |
| name = Little Cottonwood Creek | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Murray City Park, Murray, Utah.jpg | image_caption = The Little Cottonwood Creek in Murray City Park, Murray, Utah | image_size = 300 | map = Jordan River (Utah) Watershed.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Little Cottonwood Creek and other Salt Lake County streams | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Utah | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|27.72|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Murray, Utah[1] | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|111|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}[1] | discharge1_max = {{convert|5290|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = | source1_location = Cecret Lake, Alta, Utah, Salt Lake County, Utah | source1_coordinates= {{coord|40|34|12|N|111|37|19.2|W|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|11500|ft|abbr=on}}[2] | mouth = Jordan River | mouth_location = Murray, Utah, Salt Lake County, Utah | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40|39|57|N|111|54|27|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|4490|ft|abbr=on}}[2] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|46|sqmi|abbr=on}}[1] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} Little Cottonwood Creek is one of the principal streams entering Salt Lake Valley from the east rises near the summit of the Wasatch Mountains a short distance south of the ski resort town of Alta and flows in a westerly direction through Little Cottonwood Canyon until it emerges into Salt Lake Valley about eleven miles from its source thence its course is north westerly through Sandy, Midvale and Murray, Utah until it empties into the Jordan River about six miles south of Salt Lake City.[3] Its whole length is nearly {{convert|27|mi}}. The headwaters of Little Cottonwood Creek are in Little Cottonwood Canyon, a glaciated canyon in Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest and the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains eco-region. One of the main tributaries of the creek rises in Cecret Lake a small sheet of water situated near Alta. The entire Little Cottonwood Creek drainage basin encompasses {{convert|46|mi2}}, ranging in elevation from about {{convert|4490|to|11500|ft}}.[4] Communities were founded around the creek soon after pioneer settlement of Salt Lake Valley in 1847 and supported agricultural activities. Following the discovery of gold, silver, copper, and lead in nearby canyons in the 1870s, ore-refining activities brought an influx of people to these communities. During the mid- to late 1900s, residential land use replaced agriculture as the dominant land-use type in the lower Little Cottonwood Creek drainage basin as the population of Salt Lake Valley expanded.[5] Land cover upstream from the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon is 60 percent forest land and 33 percent rangeland. The watershed in Little Cottonwood Canyon is protected as a drinking water source but receives extensive recreational use. The urbanized part of the Little Cottonwood Creek drainage basin includes that part from the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon to the confluence with the Jordan River. The stream provides electrical power generation for Murray City. The first legitimate mining operation in Little Cottonwood Canyon was established in 1865. The ore deposits in Little Cottonwood Canyon yielded principally silver and lead with some copper, gold, and zinc. These ore deposits were formed mainly in shale, limestone, and dolomite. Galena or lead sulfide was the common primary lead mineral of the area. Argentite was found in most of the primary ores and was probably an abundant primary silver mineral. Ore production varied with time because of the nature of the deposits and the scattered control of holdings. The 1870s were especially productive, when rich deposits were mined. A number of smelters operated along Little Cottonwood Creek during the 1870s. Smelting operations produced a variety of by-products that included arsenic, matte, arsenical speiss, and slag. Past mining activities and ore-smelting operations continue to influence the water chemistry of the stream. Mine and smelter tailings in the Little Cottonwood Creek drainage basin can contribute trace metals to the stream. Metals from fluvial tailings deposits in the stream can be re-suspended and dissolved in the stream. Currently, the greatest threat to the streams ecosystem is pesticides from residential run-off. HydrologyThe hydrology of the urbanized reach of Little Cottonwood Creek is highly variable and complex because of the canals and diversion structures employed by different water users. Source water for the urban reach of Little Cottonwood Creek varies spatially and seasonally. Sources include snowmelt, storm water, ground water, irrigation return, and water imported from the Jordan River. The effect that each of these sources has on stream quality varies seasonally and with stream flow. About 85 percent of the runoff at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Creek was from snowmelt. The flood stage for the urban waterways is {{convert|5.7|ft}}. Notable flooding is rare, with significant flooding in 1983 and as recently as the summer of 2010, when the waterline was {{convert|6.3|ft}} above bank level.[6] FaunaThe Utah Division of Wildlife Resources stock the creek with 1,000 trout yearly. The trout are primarily rainbow and Bonneville cutthroat trout. As the higher elevations of the creek still are affected by early mining operations there is little carry over from each year’s stocking.[7] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024276/pdf/WRI024276.pdf |title= Hydrology and Water Quality of an Urban Stream Reach in the Great Basin—Little Cottonwood Creek near Salt Lake City, Utah, Water Years 1999–2000 |publisher= United States Geological Survey |date= 2000-06-06 |accessdate= 2010-06-08}} 2. ^1 Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates. Retrieved on 2010-06-08. 3. ^Andrew Jenson; The Historical record: a monthly periodical devoted exclusively to historical, biographical, chronological and statistical matters, Volumes 5-8 4. ^Wood, A.J., Lammers, D.A., Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., Denton, R.L., Domeier, M., and Comstock, J.A., 2001, Ecoregions of Utah: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey 5. ^1 Steven J. Gerner and Kidd M. Waddell; Hydrology and Water Quality of an Urban Stream Reach in the Great Basin—Little Cottonwood Creek near Salt Lake City, Utah, Water Years 1999-2000—Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4276 National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit Great Salt Lake Basins. US Geological Survey. 6. ^Stettler, Jeremiah; Cleanup begins as flooding eases. The Salt Lake Tribune June 8, 2010 7. ^Brett Prettyman, Tom Wharton; Fishing Utah. Publisher Globe Pequot, 2001 {{ISBN|1-56044-983-7}} External links{{commons category-inline|Little Cottonwood Creek (Salt Lake County, Utah)}} 4 : Rivers of Utah|Rivers of Salt Lake County, Utah|Tributaries of the Jordan River (Utah)|Wasatch Range |
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