| 词条 | Lampedusa |
| 释义 |
| name = Lampedusa | image_name = Lampedusa island.jpg | image_caption = Aerial view of Lampedusa | map_image = Pelagie Islands map.png | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sicily#Italy | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = | native_name = | native_name_link = | nickname = | location = Mediterranean Sea | coordinates = {{coord|35.515556|N|12.573056|E|format=dms|display=inline, tile}} | archipelago = Pelagie Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 20.2 | coastline_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = | country = Italy | country_admin_divisions_title = Region | country_admin_divisions = Sicily | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Province | country_admin_divisions_1 = Agrigento | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Comune | country_admin_divisions_2 = Lampedusa e Linosa | country_admin_divisions_title_3 = Continent | country_admin_divisions_3 = Africa | population = 5,871 | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} Lampedusa ({{IPA-it|lampeˈduːza|pron}}; {{lang-scn|Lampidusa}} {{IPA-scn|lambɪˈɾuːsa|}}; {{lang-grc|Λοπαδούσσα|Lopadoussa}}) is the largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The comune of Lampedusa e Linosa is part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento which also includes the smaller islands of Linosa and Lampione. It is the southernmost part of Italy and Italy's southernmost island. Tunisia, which is about {{convert|113|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} away, is the closest landfall to the islands. Sicily is farther at {{convert|205|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}, whilst the island nation of Malta is {{convert|176|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} to the east.[1] Lampedusa has an area of {{convert|20.2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=out}} and a population of about 6,000 people. Its main industries are fishing, agriculture, and tourism. A ferry service links the island with Porto Empedocle, near Agrigento, Sicily. There are also year-round flights from Lampedusa Airport to Palermo and Catania on the Sicilian mainland. In the summer, there are additional services to Rome and Milan, besides many other seasonal links with the Italian mainland. Since the early 2000s, the island has become a primary European entry point for migrants, mainly coming from Africa.[1] In 2013, Rabbit Beach (it. "Spiaggia dei Conigli"), located in the southern part of the island, was voted the world's best beach by travel site TripAdvisor.[2] EtymologyThe name Lampedusa derives from the ancient Greek name of the island, Λοπαδούσσα or Λαπαδούσσα (Lopadoússa/Lapadoússa). It has been suggested that the name derives from the word λέπας (lépas), which means 'rock', due to the rocky landscape of the island; this word was also used by the Greeks for a kind of oyster and the island may have been called like this due to the abundance of this kind of oyster. Other scholars believe that the name derives from λαμπάς (lampás), which means 'torch', because of the lights which were placed on the island for the sailors.[3] HistoryHistorically, Lampedusa was a landing place and a maritime base for the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and Berbers. The Romans established a plant for the production of the prized fish sauce known as garum. In 812 (or 813),[4] directed by the Aghlabids, the island was sacked by Saracens during the ongoing Arab–Byzantine wars.[5][6] By the end of the medieval period, the island became a dependency of the Kingdom of Sicily.[7] In 1553, Barbary pirates from North Africa under the command of the Ottoman Empire raided Lampedusa, and carried off 1,000 captives into slavery.[8] As a result of pirate attacks, the island became uninhabited.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} In 1565, Don García de Toledo made a brief stop at Lampedusa while leading a relief force to break the Great Siege of Malta. In subsequent centuries, the Hospitaller fleet which was based in Malta sometimes used Lampedusa's harbour as a shelter from bad weather or from corsairs.[7] In 1667, the island was given to Ferdinand Tomasi of Palermo, who acquired the title of Prince of Lampedusa from King Charles II of Spain.[7] Tomasi was the ancestor of the famous writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. A century after acquiring the island, the Tomasi family began a program of resettlement.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} In the late 18th century, the Order of St. John maintained a small establishment on Lampedusa, which included a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This was manned by a priest and six Maltese men, who often traded with pirates. A structure known as marabuto, probably a mausoleum commemorating a member of the Marabouts, also existed on the island at this time, and it was visited by many Muslim devotees.[7] 19th centuryOn 25 June 1800, Prince Giulio Maria Tomasi leased Lampedusa in perpetual emphyteusis to Salvatore Gatt, a Maltese merchant, on the condition that the latter would build two coastal watchtowers at Cala della Galere and Cala della Madonna. Gatt settled the island with some Maltese workers, and he imported livestock and began cultivating the land. The old castle was reconstructed, and a windmill was also built. Gatt hoisted the British flag for protection. On 27 June 1804, the prince conceded the island to Giuseppe Bugeja, another Maltese, although Gatt remained in control of the island.[7] At the time, the British were considering taking over Lampedusa, possibly as an alternative to Malta, which had just become a British protectorate. In 1803, the Royal Navy dropped the idea since the island's small harbour was not comparable to Malta's larger and well-fortified Grand Harbour. However, reports stated that the island could be useful in supplying Malta, especially with the threat of Sicily falling to the French.[7] In 1810, Gatt leased the island to Alexander Fernandez of the Army Commissariat in the Mediterranean, who established a farm with cattle and sheep, and employed 28 workers to turn the island's surface into pasturage. A small detachment of 26 men of the 14th Regiment were sent to the island in 1811 to support Fernandez, who was planning to built a fort on the island. By 1813, the island had a population of almost 200 Maltese workers.[7] A Royal Commission stated in an 1812 report that there would be considerable difficulties in turning the island (together with Linosa and Pantelleria) into a supply base for Malta. The Commission found Fernandez's situation to be very strange, and the Treasury demanded an explanation of his conduct. In November 1813, the sloop HMS Partridge was infected with yellow fever, and was sent to Lampedusa until convalescence. This caused most of the population to flee back to Malta, leaving only 50 to 60 people on the island. The Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland, visited Lampedusa and found that Fernandez was running a business venture, so on 15 September 1814 he announced the withdrawal of British troops stationed on the island. The same notice also stated that "it is not the intention of [the British] Government to have any further concern or connection with [Lampedusa]".[9] At this point, Greek privateers deposited provisions and took refuge at Lampedusa while being pursued by Tunisian vessels.[7] Fernandez had left to Gibraltar in 1813, but he continued to make claims on his title in Lampedusa. The British Government refused to compensate him in 1818, and Sicilian courts deprived him of his title soon afterwards. The Gatt family retook possession to the island, but what happened in subsequent years is unclear. Salvatore Gatt is believed to have died or disappeared sometime between 1813 and 1821, and the island was taken over by Fortunato Frendo, who had murdered Giacoma Gatt, Salvatore's wife. An official expedition was sent to the island from Naples in 1828, and the island was found to be inhabited by members of the Frendo, Gatt, and Molinos families along with a few workers.[7] A Neapolitan warship visited the island in 1841 as a show of force, but nothing changed until 11 September 1843, when two warships arrived and landed 400 soldiers on the island. They substituted the British flags on the island with Neapolitan flags. A royal decree was read out proclaiming the island as part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A few of the Maltese settlers remained on the island, while others returned to Malta or went to Tunisia.[7] In the 1840s, the Tomasi family formally sold the island to the Kingdom of Naples.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} In 1861, the island became part of the Kingdom of Italy, but the new Italian government limited its activities there to building a penal colony.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}} 20th centuryDuring the Second World War, the island was Axis territory, held by a small Italian garrison. Despite its proximity to Allied-held Malta and North Africa, the island did not see any military engagements until June 1943 when, as a precursor to the Allied invasion of Sicily, the island was secured without resistance in Operation Corkscrew by the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Lookout and ninety-five men of the 2nd Battalion the Coldstream Guards. White flags had been sighted in the port, and when Lieutenant Corbett of Lookout approached the port in a motor launch, he was told that the island's garrison wished to surrender.[10] Mussolini had given the garrison his permission to surrender because it lacked any water. The Governor's formal surrender was accepted in the island's underground command-post by a combined Army/Navy delegation sometime before 9:00 pm on 12 June 1943. During this process, the governor handed his sword to the Coldstream company commander, Major Bill Harris.[11] A second unofficial claim has also been made regarding the capitulation of the island, when earlier that same day elements of the garrison had also attempted to surrender in unusual circumstances when Sergeant Sydney Cohen, the pilot of a Royal Air Force Supermarine Walrus aircraft landed having run low on fuel and suffering problems with his compass.[12] Cohen's exploits were commemorated in a Yiddish play The King of Lampedusa that ran for six months.[13] The first telephone connection with Sicily was installed only in the 1960s.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}} In the same decade an electric power station was built.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}} In 1972, part of the western side of the island became a United States Coast Guard LORAN-C transmitter station. In 1979, Lt. Kay Hartzell took command of the Coast Guard base, becoming "the first female commanding officer of an isolated duty station".[14] The 1980s, and especially 1985–1986, saw an increase in tensions and the area around the island was the scene of multiple attacks. On April 15, 1986, Libya fired two Scuds at the Lampedusa navigation station on the island, in retaliation for the American bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi, and the alleged death of Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter. However, the missiles passed over the island, landed in the sea, and caused no damage.[15] On 4 January 1989, U.S. Navy aircraft from the carrier USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan fighters approximately {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=off}} from the island.[16] The NATO base was decommissioned in 1994 and transferred to Italian military control.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}} North African immigration{{main article|Lampedusa immigrant reception center}}Since the early 2000s, Lampedusa, the European territory closest to Libya, has become a prime transit point for irregular migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia wanting to enter Europe. In 2004 the Libyan and Italian governments reached a secret agreement that obliged Libya to accept African immigrants deported from Italian territories. This resulted in the mass repatriation of many people from Lampedusa to Libya between 2004 and 2005, a move criticised by the European Parliament.[17] By 2006, many African immigrants were paying people smugglers in Libya to help get them to Lampedusa by boat.[18] On arrival, most were then transferred by the Italian government to reception centres in mainland Italy. Many were then released because their deportation orders were not enforced.[19] In 2009, the overcrowded conditions at the island's temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting.[20] A fire that started during an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}} In 2011, many more immigrants moved to Lampedusa during the rebellions in Tunisia and Libya.[21] By May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island from Tunisia and Libya.[22] By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived.[23] Most were young males in their 20s and 30s.[24] The situation has caused division within the EU, the French government regarding most of the arrivals as economic migrants rather than refugees in fear of persecution.[25] Italy has repeatedly requested aid from the EU in managing refugees, but has been turned down. In July 2013, Pope Francis visited the island on his first official visit outside of Rome. He prayed for migrants, living and dead, and denounced their traffickers.[26] In October 2013, the 2013 Lampedusa disaster occurred; a boat carrying over 500 migrants, mostly from Eritrea and Somalia, sank off the coast of Lampedusa with the deaths of at least 300 people.[27][28] From January to April 2015, about 1600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa, making it the deadliest migrant route in the world.[29] The 2017 Oscar-nominated Italian documentary film Fire at Sea documented a part of this migrant crisis and was filmed entirely on the island in 2014 and 2015.[30] The film also won the 66th Berlin Film Festival. GeographyLampedusa is the southernmost point of the Republic of Italy. It is also Italy's southernmost island. Politically and administratively, Lampedusa is part of Italy, but geologically it belongs to Africa since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 metres. Lampedusa is a semi-arid island, dominated by a garigue landscape, with maquis shrubland in the west. It has no sources of water other than irregular rainfall. Overall the island has two slopes, from west to east, and from north to south of the island. The south-western side is dominated by deep gorges, while the southeastern part is dominated by shallow valleys and sandy beaches. The entire northern coast is dominated by cliffs: gently sloping cliffs on the east coast, and vertical sheer cliffs on the west coast. WildlifeThe fauna and flora of Lampedusa are similar to those of North Africa, with a few pelagic endemic species.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The Isola dei Conigli (literally "Rabbit Island"), close to the south coast of Lampedusa, is one of the last remaining egg-laying sites in Italy for the Loggerhead Sea Turtle, which is endangered throughout the Mediterranean. The beach and the neighbouring island are part of a nature reserve: here the singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno spent his vacations, and died in 1994. Next to Parise Cape is a small beach accessible only by sea, through a low grotto. Other species living along the island's coast include mantas and smaller cetaceans such as dolphins and Risso's dolphins.[31]Waters nearby Lampedusa is the only area in the Mediterranean with sightings of pregnant great white sharks and newly born individuals.[32] Recent studies revealed that the waters of Lampedusa are a wintering feeding ground for the Mediterranean group of fin whales.[33][34] Humpback whale, a species used to be considered as a vagrant species in to the Mediterranean basin, has been seen around the island in recent years.[35] Along with Linosa, Lampedusa once was a stronghold for critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals until 1950s and they are likely to be regional extinct today.[36] ClimateLampedusa has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). It has very mild winters with moderate rainfall and hot, dry, and humid summers. The sea surrounding the island is relatively shallow. The waters are warm most of the year, the highest temperatures recorded in August, typically {{convert|27|to|28|°C|°F}}. The water stays warm until November, when temperatures range from {{convert|20|to|23|°C|°F}}. It is coolest in February and March, when it averages around {{convert|16|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The average annual temperature is 19.2 °C, the average winter is between +15 °C and +17 °C, the summer between +28 °C and +30 °C. {{Weather box|location = Lampedusa (1961–1990, extremes 1960–present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 21.6 |Feb record high C = 23.0 |Mar record high C = 25.0 |Apr record high C = 26.9 |May record high C = 33.9 |Jun record high C = 37.7 |Jul record high C = 36.4 |Aug record high C = 37.8 |Sep record high C = 34.7 |Oct record high C = 31.0 |Nov record high C = 27.6 |Dec record high C = 23.0 |year record high C = 37.8 |Jan high C = 15.3 |Feb high C = 15.3 |Mar high C = 16.0 |Apr high C = 17.9 |May high C = 20.9 |Jun high C = 24.5 |Jul high C = 27.4 |Aug high C = 28.5 |Sep high C = 27.0 |Oct high C = 24.0 |Nov high C = 20.2 |Dec high C = 16.8 |year high C = 21.2 |Jan mean C = 13.6 |Feb mean C = 13.5 |Mar mean C = 14.2 |Apr mean C = 15.9 |May mean C = 18.8 |Jun mean C = 22.3 |Jul mean C = 25.2 |Aug mean C = 26.4 |Sep mean C = 25.0 |Oct mean C = 22.1 |Nov mean C = 18.4 |Dec mean C = 15.2 |year mean C = 19.2 |Jan low C = 11.9 |Feb low C = 11.8 |Mar low C = 12.4 |Apr low C = 13.9 |May low C = 16.7 |Jun low C = 20.1 |Jul low C = 23.0 |Aug low C = 24.3 |Sep low C = 23.0 |Oct low C = 20.1 |Nov low C = 16.7 |Dec low C = 13.5 |year low C = 17.3 |Jan record low C = 2.8 |Feb record low C = 4.0 |Mar record low C = 5.4 |Apr record low C = 7.4 |May record low C = 11.0 |Jun record low C = 14.1 |Jul record low C = 17.4 |Aug record low C = 18.0 |Sep record low C = 16.3 |Oct record low C = 10.7 |Nov record low C = 7.6 |Dec record low C = 4.4 |year record low C = 2.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 42.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 29.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 23.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 21.5 |May precipitation mm = 6.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 2.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 2.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 15.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 59.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 63.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 51.5 |year precipitation mm = 319.1 |Jan humidity = 78 |Feb humidity = 76 |Mar humidity = 78 |Apr humidity = 76 |May humidity = 78 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 78 |Aug humidity = 78 |Sep humidity = 77 |Oct humidity = 77 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 77 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.4 |Feb precipitation days = 4.7 |Mar precipitation days = 3.8 |Apr precipitation days = 2.6 |May precipitation days = 1.3 |Jun precipitation days = 0.5 |Jul precipitation days = 0.1 |Aug precipitation days = 0.4 |Sep precipitation days = 2.0 |Oct precipitation days = 5.8 |Nov precipitation days = 5.5 |Dec precipitation days = 7.1 |year precipitation days = |source = Servizio Meteorologico[37] |source 2 =[38]{{unreliable source|date=December 2017|reason=a community site hosted in altervista.org}} |date=January 2011 }} In popular culture
See also
References1. ^Refugee crisis on Lampedusa 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Beaches-g1|title=Tripadvisor's top 25 beaches}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=History of Lampedusa, Italy |work=Italy This Way |accessdate=16 October 2013 |url=http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/lampedusa-history.php}} 4. ^{{cite book|author1=Ferdinand Gregorovius|authorlink2=Annie Hamilton|title=History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108015028|page=66|edition=reprint}} 5. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Setton|editor1-first=Kenneth Meyer|title=A History of the Crusades: The first hundred years|date=1969|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299048341|page=43|edition=illustrated}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Henri Pirenne|title=Mohammed and Charlemagne|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135030179|page=160}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|last1=Ganado|first1=Albert|title=Lampedusa's strong and long-standing relationships with Malta|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20131110/life-features/Lampedusa-s-strong-and-long-standing-relationships-with-Malta.494430|work=Times of Malta|date=10 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921124955/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20131110/life-features/Lampedusa-s-strong-and-long-standing-relationships-with-Malta.494430|archivedate=21 September 2017}} 8. ^"Lampedusa Island". Encyclopædia Britannica 9. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Zerafa|first1=Thomas|title=When the British planned to make Lampedusa part of the Maltese Islands|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110717/life-features/When-the-British-planned-to-make-Lampedusa-part-of-the-Maltese-Islands.375992|work=Times of Malta|date=17 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921141731/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110717/life-features/When-the-British-planned-to-make-Lampedusa-part-of-the-Maltese-Islands.375992|archivedate=21 September 2017}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_zcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3828,431491&dq=lampedusa&hl=en|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=14 June 1943|page=1|author=Carl Cranmer|agency=Associated Press|title=Actual surrender of Lampedusa described by reporter on scene}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Quilter |first=D. |title=No Dishonourable Name |location=London |publisher=Clowes and Sons |year=1947 |pages=56–64 |isbn= }} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38341449"|title=Darwin Army News - Pilot "King" of Lampadusa}} 13. ^{{Cite web |title = Poster for 'The King of Lampedusa' |website = Jewish Britain: A History in 50 Objects |year = 2012 |publisher = The Jewish Museum, London |url = http://www.jewishmuseum.org.uk/jb-Poster-for-The-King%20of-Lampedusa |access-date = 2015-01-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023147/http://www.jewishmuseum.org.uk/jb-Poster-for-The-King%20of-Lampedusa |archive-date = 2015-09-06 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 14. ^U.S. Coast Guard Women's History 15. ^Libyan Missiles 16. ^Gulf of Sidra incident (1989) 17. ^European Parliament resolution on Lampedusa, 14 April 2005 18. ^Out of Africa: The human trade between Libya and Lampedusa 19. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1974925,00.html Bitter harvest], The Guardian, 19 December 2006 20. ^UNHCR Concerned over Humanitarian Situation in Lampedusa, Italy 21. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1373002/Gaddafis-diaspora-Libyans-overwhelming-Lampedusa.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first=Sue | last=Reid | title=Special dispatch: Gaddafi's diaspora and the Libyans overwhelming an Italian island who are threatening to come here | date=4 April 2011}} 22. ^{{cite news| url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE74D02Z20110514 | work=Reuters | title=Hundreds more migrants reach Italy from Africa | date=14 May 2011}} 23. ^{{cite web|author=AFP Friday, Aug 26, 2011 |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/World/Story/A1Story20110826-296417.html |title=Gaddafi planned to turn Italian island into migrant hell |publisher=News.asiaone.com |date=2011-08-26 |accessdate=2013-03-26}} 24. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/opinion/10iht-edguterres10.html | work=The New York Times | first=António | last=Guterres | title=Look Who's Coming to Europe | date=9 May 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jYWyqZanCi2M7i3Z_qsl0FmHlBkA?docId=6562488 |accessdate=February 26, 2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 26. ^{{cite news |title=Pope Francis visits Italy's migrant island of Lampedusa |work=BBC News |date=8 July 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23224010 }} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Italy to hold state funeral for shipwreck migrants|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24456058|accessdate=9 October 2013|work=BBC News|date=9 October 2013}} 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24407808 |title=Lampedusa boat disaster: Aerial search mounted |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2013 }} 29. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/about-700-believed-dead-in-shipwreck-off-libya-says-unhcr-1429432174?|title=Hundreds of Migrants Believed Dead in Shipwreck Off Libya, Says UNHCR|accessdate=19 April 2015|work=Wall Street Journal|date=19 April 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/24/14371650/fire-at-sea-gianfranco-rosi-interview-academy-awards-documentary |title=How Italy's Gianfranco Rosi made the stunning Oscar-nominated migrant doc Fire at Sea |first=Alessandra |last=Potenza |date=24 January 2017 |publisher=The Verge |accessdate=12 March 2018}} 31. ^esplorasicilia. 2010, [https://www.flickr.com/photos/esplorasicilia/5101744261/ Balene a Lampedusa] on Flickr 32. ^Monsters in the Med: Huge great whites found in 'safe seas' of European holiday hotspots 33. ^Revealed north-south fin whales route across the Mediterranean, from Strait of Sicily to PELAGOS SANCTUARY 34. ^Fin whale satellite tracking 2015: the Mediterranean migration {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425202951/http://www.tethys.org/tethys/lampedusa2015/ |date=2016-04-25 }} 35. ^[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261530754_Are_humpback_whales_electing_the_Mediterranean_Sea_as_new_residence Are humpback whales electing the Mediterranean Sea as new residence?] 36. ^A brief survey of Linosa island 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://clima.meteoam.it/viewClino.php?type=File&station=490&name_station=Isole|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226215817/http://clima.meteoam.it/viewClino.php?type=File&station=490&name_station=Isole|archivedate=26 February 2017|publisher =Servizio Meteorologico|title=Stazione 490 Lampedusa|accessdate=13 October 2012}} 38. ^{{cite web|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/lampedusa/|title = Lampedusa |publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana|language = Italian|accessdate = 13 May 2017}} 39. ^{{cite web|title="Scusate". Poi Mango muore |author=|publisher=noinotizie.it|url=http://www.noinotizie.it/08-12-2014/e-morto-mango/|accessdate=3 February 2015|language=it}} External links{{commons category}}
5 : Lampedusa e Linosa|Pelagie Islands|Coastal towns in Sicily|Frazioni of the Province of Agrigento|Islands of Africa |
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