| 词条 | Lamu |
| 释义 |
| name = Lamu | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Lamu, Lamu Island, Kenya.jpg | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kenya | coordinates = {{coord|2|16|10|S|40|54|8|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagu|Kenya}} | subdivision_type1 = County | subdivision_name1 = Lamu County | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1370 | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2009 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = EAT | utc_offset = +3 | website = | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | official_name = Lamu Old Town | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iv), (vi) | ID = 1055 | year = 2001 | area = {{convert|15.6|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1,200|ha|acre|abbr=on}} }} }} Lamu or Lamu Town is a small town on Lamu Island, which in turn is a part of the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya. Situated {{convert|341|km}} by road northeast of Mombasa that ends at Mokowe Jetty, from where the sea channel has to be crossed to reach Lamu Island. It is the headquarters of Lamu County and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The town contains the Lamu Fort on the seafront, construction under Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, the sultan of Pate, and was completed after his death in the early 1820s. Lamu is also home to 23 mosques, including the Riyadha Mosque, built in 1900, and a donkey sanctuary. HistoryEarly historyLamu Town on Lamu Island is Kenya's oldest continually inhabited town, and was one of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa. It is believed to have been established in 1370.[1] Today, the majority of Lamu's population is Muslim.[2] The town was first attested in writing by an Arab traveller Abu-al-Mahasini, who met a judge from Lamu visiting Mecca in 1441. In 1505, the Portuguese invaded Lamu, forcing the king of the town to quickly concede to paying protection money to them.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=566}} The Portuguese invasion was prompted by the nation's successful mission to control trade along the coast of the Indian Ocean. For a considerable time, Portugal had a monopoly on shipping along the East African coast and imposed export taxes on pre-existing local channels of commerce. In the 1580s, prompted by Turkish raids, Lamu led a rebellion against the Portuguese. In 1652, Oman assisted Lamu to resist Portuguese control.{{sfn|Jackson|2009|p=89}} "Golden Age"Lamu's years as an Omani protectorate during the period from the late 17th century to the early 19th century mark the town's golden age. Lamu was governed as a republic under a council of elders known as the Yumbe who ruled from a palace in the town; little exists of the palace today other than a ruined plot of land.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} During this period, Lamu became a center of poetry, politics, arts and crafts as well as trade. Many of the buildings of the town were constructed during this period in a distinct classical style.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} Aside from its thriving arts and crafts trading, Lamu became a literary and scholastic centre. Woman writers such as the poet Mwana Kupona – famed for her Advice on the Wifely Duty – had a higher status in Lamu than was the convention in Kenya at the time.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} In 1812, a coalition Pate-Mazrui army invaded the archipelago during the Battle of Shela. They landed at Shela with the intention of capturing Lamu and completing the fort which had begun to be constructed, but were violently suppressed by the locals in their boats on the beach as they tried to flee.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} In fear of future attacks, Lamu appealed to the Omanis for a Busaidi garrison to operate at the new fort and help protect the area from Mazrui rebels along the Kenyan coast.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} Colonial periodIn the middle of the 19th century, Lamu came under the political influence of the sultan of Zanzibar. The Germans claimed Wituland in June 1885.{{sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=22}} The Germans considered Lamu to be of strategical importance and an ideal place for a base.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=330}} From 22 November 1888 to 3 March 1891, there was a German post office in Lamu to facilitate communication within the German protectorate in the sultanate. It was the first post office to be established on the East African coast; today there is a museum in Lamu dedicated to it: the German Post Office Museum.[3] In 1890, Lamu and Kenya fell under British colonial rule by the terms of the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty. Kenya gained political independence in 1963, although the influence of the Kenyan central government has remained low, and Lamu continues to enjoy some degree of local autonomy. Modern Lamu{{see also|2014 Lamu attacks}}In a 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Lamu as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management and development pressure as primary causes.[4] While the terror group Al Shabaab kidnappings had placed Lamu off-limits in September 2011, by early 2012 the island was considered safe. On 4 April 2012, the US Department of State lifted its Lamu travel restriction.[5] However, two attacks in the vicinity of Lamu in July 2014, for which Al Shabaab claimed responsibility, led to the deaths of 29 people.[6] ClimateLamu has a tropical dry savanna climate (Köppen climate classification As). {{Weather box|location = Lamu |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 30.9 |Feb high C = 31.3 |Mar high C = 32.1 |Apr high C = 31.1 |May high C = 29.0 |Jun high C = 28.0 |Jul high C = 27.4 |Aug high C = 27.5 |Sep high C = 28.3 |Oct high C = 29.5 |Nov high C = 30.8 |Dec high C = 31.2 |year high C = 29.8 |Jan low C = 24.5 |Feb low C = 24.7 |Mar low C = 25.5 |Apr low C = 25.6 |May low C = 24.5 |Jun low C = 23.7 |Jul low C = 23.2 |Aug low C = 23.1 |Sep low C = 23.5 |Oct low C = 24.3 |Nov low C = 24.6 |Dec low C = 24.6 |year low C = 24.3 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 6 |Feb precipitation mm = 4 |Mar precipitation mm = 25 |Apr precipitation mm = 130 |May precipitation mm = 329 |Jun precipitation mm = 164 |Jul precipitation mm = 75 |Aug precipitation mm = 40 |Sep precipitation mm = 39 |Oct precipitation mm = 40 |Nov precipitation mm = 39 |Dec precipitation mm = 28 |year precipitation mm = 919 |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 1 |Mar precipitation days = 3 |Apr precipitation days = 10 |May precipitation days = 15 |Jun precipitation days = 15 |Jul precipitation days = 11 |Aug precipitation days = 8 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 5 |Nov precipitation days = 6 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 85 |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization[7] }} EconomyLamu's economy was based on slave trade until abolition in the year 1907.[8] Other traditional exports included ivory, mangrove, turtle shells and rhinoceros horn, which were shipped via the Indian Ocean to the Middle East and India. In addition to the abolition of slavery, construction of the Uganda Railroad in 1901 (which started from the competing port of Mombasa) significantly hampered Lamu's economy. Tourism has gradually refuelled the local economy in recent times, and it is a popular destination for backpackers. Many of the locals are involved in giving trips on dhows to tourists.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=565}} Harambee Avenue is noted for its cuisine, and has a range of stores including the halwa shop selling sweet treats and miniature mutton kebabs and cakes are sold at night.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=568}} Coconut, mango and grapefruit and seafood such as crab and lobster are common ingredients.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=568}} The town contains a central market, the Gallery Baraka and Shumi's Designs shop, and the Mwalimu Books store.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=558}} The oldest hotel in the town, Petley's Inn, is situated on the waterfront.[1] Other hotels include the American-restored Amu House, the 20-room Bahari Hotel, Doda Villas, the Swedish-owned Jannat House, the 3-storey 23-room Lamu Palace Hotel, Petley's Inn, the 13-room Stone House Hotel, which was converted from an 18th-century house, and the 18-room Sunsail Hotel, a former trader's house on the waterfront with high ceilings.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=561}} Mangroves are harvested for building poles, and Lamu has a sizeable artisan community, including carpenters who are involving in boat building and making ornate doors and furniture.[1]The town is served by Lamu District Hospital to the south of the main centre, operated by the Ministry of Health. It was established in the 1980s,[9] and is one of the best-equipped hospitals on the Kenyan coast.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=328}} China has begun feasibility studies to transform Lamu into the largest port in East Africa, as part of their String of Pearls strategy.[10] Notable landmarksThe town was founded in the 14th century and it contains many fine examples of Swahili architecture. The old city is inscribed on the World Heritage List as "the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa". Once a center for the slave trade, the population of Lamu is ethnically diverse. Lamu was on the main Arabian trading routes, and as a result, the population is largely Muslim.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=566}} To respect the Muslim inhabitants, tourists in town are expected to wear more than shorts or bikinis. There are several museums, including the Lamu Museum, home to the island's ceremonial horn (called siwa);{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2006|p=343}} other museums are dedicated to Swahili culture and to the local postal service. Notable buildings in Lamu town include: Lamu FortLamu Fort is a fort in the town. Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, the sultan of Pate, started to build the fort on the seafront, to protect members of his unpopular government. He died in 1809, before the first storey of the fort was completed. The fort was completed by the early 1820s. Riyadha MosqueHabib Salih, a Sharif with family connections to the Hadramaut, Yemen, settled on Lamu in the 1880s, and became a highly respected religious teacher. Habib Salih had great success gathering students around him, and in 1900 the Riyadha Mosque was built.{{sfn|Briggs|2010|p=204}} He introduced Habshi Maulidi, where his students sang verse passages accompanied by tambourines. After his death in 1935 his sons continued the madrassa, which became one of the most prestigious centres for Islamic studies in East Africa. The Mosque is the centre for the Maulidi Festival, which are held every year during the last week of the month of the Prophet's birth. During this festival, pilgrims from Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Zanzibar and Tanzania join the locals to sing the praise of Mohammad. Mnarani Mosque is also of note. Donkey sanctuarySince the island has no motorised vehicles, transportation and other heavy work is done with the help of donkeys. There are some 3000 donkeys on the island.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=330}} Dr. Elisabeth Svendsen of The Donkey Sanctuary in England first visited Lamu in 1985. Worried by the conditions for the donkeys, the Sanctuary was opened in 1987.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=566}} The Sanctuary provides treatment to all donkeys free of charge. CultureLamu is home to the Maulidi Festival, held in January or February, which celebrates Mohammed's birth. It features a range of activities from "donkey races to dhow-sailing events and swimming competitions".{{sfn|Bain|Bruyn|Williams|2010|p=284}} The Lamu Cultural Festival, a colourful carnival, {{Sfn|Ham|Butler|Starnes|2012|p=215}} is usually held in the last week of August, which since 2000 has featured traditional dancing, crafts including kofia embroidery, and dhow races.{{sfn|Parkinson|Phillips|Gourlay|2006|p=219}} The Donkey Awards, with prizes given to the finest donkeys, are given in March/April.{{sfn|Parkinson|Phillips|Gourlay|2006|p=219}} Women's music in the town is also of note and they perform the chakacha, a wedding dance. Men perform the hanzua (a sword dance) and wear kanzus.{{sfn|Senoga-Zake|1986|p=68}} Lamu Old Town was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001, based on 3 criteria:
TransportIn 2011, proposals were being advanced to build a deep-water port which would have much greater capacity in terms of depth of water, number of berths, and ability for vessels to arrive and depart at the same time than the country's main port at Mombasa.[12] In popular cultureThe song "Lamu"[13] by Christian singer Michael W. Smith is inspired by the island. In the song, Smith refers to Lamu as "an island hideaway...the place we soon will be a rebirth from life's demise...where the world is still". The song is about running away from life's problems. Lamu is the setting of Anthony Doerr's short story "The Shell Collector" from his collection of stories by the same name. Part of the events in the novel “Our Wild Sex in Malindi” (by Andrei Gusev) takes place in Lamu.[14][15] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=This is Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUtrgTb9hZ8C&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-84537-151-7|page=18}} 2. ^Oded, Arye (2000). Islam and Politics in Kenya. Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 11 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/53/24/|title=Lamu: German Post Office Historical – Background|publisher=National Museums of Kenya|accessdate=9 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624142945/http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/53/24/|archivedate=24 June 2016|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |title=GHF |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |accessdate=9 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archivedate=20 August 2012 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://nairobi.usembassy.gov/emergency-messages-for-u.s.-citizens/security-message-and-travel-warning-april-4-2012/ |title=Security message and Travel Warning (April 4, 2012) | Embassy of the United States |publisher=Nairobi.usembassy.gov |accessdate=9 December 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Akwiri|first1=Joseph|title=Gunmen kill at least 29 in latest raids on Kenyan coast|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/06/us-kenya-attacks-idUSKBN0FB05R20140706|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=7 July 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1796| title = World Weather Information Service – Lamu| publisher= World Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 31 August 2016}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Transafrican Journal of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SQtAQAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=East African Publishing House|page=110}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmkn.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=115|title=THE SAD CASE OF MOKOWE LAMU DISTRICT HOSPITAL|publisher=Cmkn.org|accessdate=9 December 2013}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/world/africa/12lamu.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Future Kenya Port Could Mar Pristine Land|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=9 December 2013}} 11. ^Lamu Old Town, UNESCO 12. ^African Business, May 2011 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelwsmith.com/ |title=Artist, Christian, Worship Leader – Community, News, Tour Dates, Cruise and More |publisher=Michael W. Smith |date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=9 December 2013}} 14. ^“Our Wild Sex in Malindi” by Andrei Gusev, 2018. 15. ^[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=23284 «Наш жёсткий секс в Малинди»] by Andrei Gusev in Lady’s Club {{ru icon}}.
External links{{wikivoyage|Lamu}}{{Commons category|Lamu}}
11 : Lamu|1370 establishments|14th-century establishments in Africa|Lamu Archipelago|Archaeological sites in Kenya|World Heritage Sites in Kenya|Swahili city-states|County capitals in Kenya|Populated coastal places in Kenya|Populated places established in the 1370s|Populated places in Lamu County |
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