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词条 Living Planet Programme
释义

  1. List of Earth Explorers missions

     Selected missions  Candidate missions  Earth Explorer 9 Candidates  Earth Explorer 10 Candidates  Non-selected missions 

  2. References

{{Other uses|Living Planet (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

The Living Planet Programme (LPP) [1] is a programme within the European Space Agency which is managed by the Earth Observation Programmes Directorate. LPP consists of two classes of Earth observation missions (listed below) including research missions known as Earth Explorers, and the Earth Watch class of missions whose objective is to develop support operational applications such as numerical weather forecasting or resource management.

List of Earth Explorers missions

Selected missions

Currently there are eight approved Earth Explorer missions, four of which are in orbit and operating:

  • GOCE – Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer; it was launched on 17 March 2009.[2]
  • SMOS – Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite[3][4] will study ocean salinity and soil moisture; it was launched on 2 November 2009.[5]
  • CryoSat – a program designed to map the Earth's ice cover.
    • CryoSat-1 was lost in 2005 when the Russian SS-19 Rockot launch vehicle malfunctioned and was terminated.
    • CryoSat-2 was launched on 8 April 2010.
  • Swarm – a trio of satellites to map the Earth's magnetic field.[6] The SWARM constellation was launched successfully on 22 November 2013.[7]
  • Aeolus – the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus will use an innovative laser to measure global winds. Aeolus was successfully launched on 22 August 2018.[8][9]
  • EarthCARE – Earth Clouds Aerosols and Radiation Explorer will examine the formation and effects of clouds.[10] Due for launch in 2021.[11]
  • {{Interlanguage link multi|Biomass (satellite)|fr}} – designed to calculate the amount of carbon stored in the world's forests, and to monitor for any changes over the course of its five-year mission. Due to launch in 2021.[12][13]
  • FLEX – the FLuorescence EXplorer mission will globally monitor steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence in terrestrial vegetation.[14] It is envisaged to launch in 2023.[15]

Candidate missions

There are two ongoing competitions for the Earth Explorer 9 and Earth Explorer 10 missions.[16][17]

Earth Explorer 9 Candidates

  • FORUM – Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring; a mission to measure Earth's outgoing radiation emissions across the entire far-infrared electromagnetic spectrum, in order to gain insight into water vapour and cirrus cloud regulation of the planet's surface temperature.[16]
  • SKIM – Sea-surface Kinematics Multiscale monitoring; a mission to measure ocean-surface currents using the Doppler technique, in order to improve understanding of the ocean current dynamics behind the hydrological and geochemical cycles.[16][18]

The winning candidate is currently projected to launch in 2025.[16]

Earth Explorer 10 Candidates

  • Stereoid - a synthetic aperture radar satellite that aims to further the study of ocean circulation patterns, glacial dynamics, and changes in land-surface topography.[17]
  • Daedalus - a mission to study the electrodynamic processes of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere.[17]
  • G-Class - a geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar satellite that aims to observe diurnal water cycle processes, in order to improve weather prediction capabilities.[17]

The winning candidate is currently projected to launch in 2027 or 2028.[17]

Non-selected missions

Past candidate missions that were not selected include:

  • CoReH2O – a mission to study key characteristics in terrestrial snow, ice, and water cycles and their relations to climate change and variability.[19] Competed with BIOMASS and PREMIER for the Earth Explorer 7 mission opportunity.
  • PREMIER – a mission to study atmospheric processes related to trace gas, radiation, and chemical compositions in the mid to upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in order to understand their role on climate change.[20] Competed with BIOMASS and CoReH2O for the Earth Explorer 7 mission opportunity.
  • CarbonSat – a mission to determine the global distributions of carbon dioxide and methane and their impact on climate change.[21] Competed with FLEX for the Earth Explorer 8 mission opportunity.

References

1. ^ESA's Living Planet Programme European Space Agency
2. ^{{citation|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/GOCE|publisher=ESA|title=GOCE site|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Earth_Explorers/SMOS/ESA_s_water_mission_SMOS|title=ESA's water mission SMOS|publisher=ESA|date=6 November 2013|accessdate=30 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105013333/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Earth_Explorers/SMOS/ESA_s_water_mission_SMOS|archivedate=5 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite journal|date=February 2009|title=Exploring the Water Cycle of the ‘Blue Planet’: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission|journal=ESA Bulletin|publisher=European Space Agency|issue=137|pages=6–15 |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin137/bul137b_drinkwater.pdf |first1=Mark |last1=Drinkwater |first2=Yann |last2=Kerr |first3=Jordi |last3=Font |first4=Michael |last4=Berger}}
5. ^{{cite news | title=European water mission lifts off | date=2 November 2009 | publisher=BBC News | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8331962.stm | first1=Jonathan |last1=Amos | accessdate = 30 January 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Eurockot_to_launch_two_ESA_Earth_observation_missions|title=Eurockot to launch two ESA Earth observation missions|publisher=ESA|date=9 April 2010|accessdate=16 February 2019|df=dmy-all}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Esa's satellite Swarm launch to map Earth's magnetism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25028502| publisher=BBC News |date=22 November 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/aeolus |title=Aeolus - ESA Future Missions |publisher=ESA |accessdate=19 September 2017}}
9. ^{{cite news|last1=de Selding|first1=Peter B.|title=Cost, Schedule Woes on 2 Lidar Missions Push ESA To Change Contract Procedures|url=http://spacenews.com/cost-schedule-woes-on-2-lidar-missions-push-esa-to-change-contract-procedures/|accessdate=3 October 2015|publisher=Spacenews|date=22 May 2015}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environmental-expert.com/news/esa-signs-eur-263m-earth-monitoring-satellite-contract-32309|title=ESA signs EUR 263m earth monitoring satellite contract|publisher=Environment Expert|date=28 May 2008|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/earthcare |title=EarthCARE - Earth Online - ESA |publisher=ESA |accessdate=16 January 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/biomass |title=Biomass - ESA Future Missions |publisher=ESA |accessdate=19 September 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22435656 | title = Esa approves Biomass satellite to monitor Earth's forests | author = Jonathan Amos | work = BBC News | publisher = (British Broadcasting Corporation) | date = 8 May 2013 | accessdate = 8 May 2013}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=de Selding|first1=Peter B.|title=Panel Endorses Vegetation Fluorescence Mapper for ESA’s Earth Explorer Program|url=http://spacenews.com/panel-endorses-vegetation-fluorescence-mapper-for-esas-earth-explorer-program/|accessdate=3 October 2015|publisher=Spacenews|date=25 September 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Thales_Alenia_Space_leads_the_build_of_photosynthesis_mission |title=Thales Alenia leads the build of photosynthesis mission |publisher=ESA |date=18 January 2019 |accessdate=14 February 2019}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Two_new_Earth_Explorer_concepts_to_understand_our_rapidly_changing_world |title=Two new Earth Explorer concepts to understand our rapidly changing world |publisher=ESA |date=15 November 2017 |accessdate=16 February 2019}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Three_Earth_Explorer_ideas_selected |title=Three Earth Explorer ideas selected |publisher=ESA |date=21 September 2018 |accessdate=16 February 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Save_the_date_Earth_Explorer_9_User_Consultation_Meeting |title=Save the date: Earth Explorer 9 User Consultation Meeting |publisher=ESA |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=16 February 2019}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/document-library/browse-document-library/-/article/coreh2o-report-for-mission-selection-an-earth-explorer-to-observe-snow-and-ice |title=CoReH2O - Report for Mission Selection - An Earth Explorer to observe snow and ice |publisher=ESA |date=1 May 2012 |accessdate=19 September 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/document-library/browse-document-library/-/article/premier-report-for-mission-selection-an-earth-explorer-to-observe-atmospheric-composition |title=PREMIER - Report for Mission Selection - An Earth Explorer to observe atmospheric composition |publisher=ESA |date=1 May 2012 |accessdate=19 September 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Reports_on_Earth_Explorer_candidates_CarbonSat_and_FLEX_now_available |title=Reports on Earth Explorer Candidates CarbonSat and FLEX Now Available |publisher=ESA |date=30 June 2015 |accessdate=19 September 2017}}
{{European Space Agency}}{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

1 : European Space Agency programmes
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