1. Medical use

2. Adverse effects

3. Mechanism of action

4. Chemistry

5. History

6. References

Lixisenatide (trade name Lyxumia in the Europe and Adlyxin in the U.S. and manufactured by Sanofi) is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of diabetes type II.

Medical use

Lixisenatide is used as adjunct to diet and exercise to treat diabetes type II.^[1] In Europe, its use is limited to complementing insulin therapy.^[2] As of 2017 it is unclear if they affect a person's risk of death.^[3]

It is provided in an autoinjector containing fourteen doses and is injected subcutaneously.^[1]

Lixisenatide should not be used for people who have problems with stomach emptying.^[1] Lixisenatide delays emptying of the stomach, which may change how quickly other drugs that are taken by mouth take effect.^[1]

The drug has not been studied in pregnant women well enough to draw conclusions and it is unknown if lixisenatide is secreted in breast milk; in animal studies the drug harmed the fetus of pregnant animals.^[1]

Adverse effects

In about 0.1% of cases people have had anaphylactic reactions to lixisenatide and in about 0.2% of cases the drug has caused pancreatitis.^[1] Use with insulin or sulfonylurea may cause hypoglycemia.^[1] In some cases, people with no kidney disease have had acute kidney injury and in some people with existing kidney disease the condition has gotten worse.^[1] Because lixisenatide is a peptide people can and do develop an immune response to it that will eventually make the drug ineffective; people who have developed antibodies to lixisenatide tend to have more inflammation at the injection site.^[1]

At least 5% of people had nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, or dizziness after taking lixisenatide.^[1]

Mechanism of action

Lixisenatide is a member of the class of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist drugs, each of which activates the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1 is a hormone that helps pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin in response to high blood sugar. Because it works like the normal hormone, insulin is only secreted when blood sugar is high. Like GLP-1, it also slows gastric emptying.^[2]

Chemistry

Lixisenatixe is a peptide made of 44 amino acids, with an amide group on its C terminus.^[1]

has been described as "des-38-proline-exendin-4 (Heloderma suspectum)-(1–39)-peptidylpenta-L-lysyl-L-lysinamide", meaning it is derived from the first 39 amino acids in the sequence of the peptide exendin-4, that was isolated from the Gila monster venom, omitting proline at position 38 and adding six lysine residues. Its complete sequence is:^[4]

H–His–Gly–Glu–Gly–Thr–Phe–Thr–Ser–Asp–Leu–Ser–Lys–Gln–Met–Glu–Glu–Glu–Ala–Val–Arg–Leu–Phe–Ile–Glu–Trp–Leu–Lys–Asn–Gly–Gly–Pro–Ser–Ser–Gly–Ala–Pro–Pro–Ser–Lys–Lys–Lys–Lys–Lys–Lys–NH₂

History

It was created by Zealand Pharma A/S of Denmark;^[5] in 2003 Zealand licensed it to Sanofi which developed the drug.^[6] Lixisenatide was approved by the European Commission on February 1, 2013.^[2] Sanofi submitted an NDA in the US, which was accepted for review by the US FDA in February 2013^[7] but after discussions with the FDA about the cardiovascular safety data included in the package (starting in 2008, the FDA had required stronger CV safety data for new anti-diabetes drugs, following the controversy around the risks of Avandia)^[8] Sanofi decided to withdraw the NDA and wait for the results of a Phase III study that was scheduled to be completed in 2015.^[9][10] Because the drug was the first GLP-1 agonist that could be taken once a day, sales projections in 2013 were €500M per year by 2018.^[10] Sanofi resubmitted the application which the FDA accepted in September 2015, by which time Sanofi had lost the lead in the field of anti-diabetic drugs to Novo Nordisk.^[11] Lixisenatide received FDA approval on July 28, 2016.^[12]

In 2010, Zeland and Sanofi extended their license agreement to allow Sanofi to develop a combination therapy of lixisenatide with insulin glargine, which was Sanofi's best selling drug at the time, with sales of around €3 billion in 2009.^[13] Sanofi planned to start the Phase III trial that year.^[13] Sanofi submitted the NDA in December 2015 for the combination, called LixiLan and it was considered by the same Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory FDA Committee that was considering lixisenatide as a single agent.^[28][14] In May 2016 by a vote of 12-2, with several members of the committee expressing reservations about Sanofi's plans to offer two pens with different ratios of insulin glargine and lixisenatide - one for people who had never taken insulin before and one for people who had; there was also concern about how to handle dosing when switching people from a single drug regimen to the combination drug.^[15][16][17] In August 2016 the FDA told Sanofi that it was delaying a final decision for three months, and asked Sanofi for more data on how people used the delivery devices.^[18]

Patent protection for lixisenatide expires in 2020.^[19]

References

• 1906 Paris–Roubaix
• 1906 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
• 1906 Pensacola hurricane
• 1906 Pittsburg Pirates season
• 1906 presidential election
• 1906 Princeton Tigers football team
• 1906 Russian constitution
• 1906 SAFA Grand Final
• 1906 SAFA season
• 1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting
• 1906 Sammarinese Constitutional Assembly election
• 1906 Sammarinese general election
• 1906 San Francisco Fire
• 1906 San Francisco fire
• 1906 Scottish Cup Final
• 1906 Sewanee Tigers football team
• 1906 South Dakota gubernatorial election
• 1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
• 1906 Springboks
• 1906 Stanford football team
• 1906 Stanford rugby football team
• 1906 Stanley Cup championship
• 1906 Stanley Cup playoffs
• 1906 State of the Union
• 1906 State of the Union Address