“Local government in Ukraine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Local government in Ukraine

释义

Structure{{anchor|Representative bodies of local self-government in Ukraine}}
Powers
{{anchor|Material and financial basis of local government}}Finances
Elections
{{anchor|Features of local governments at the oblast level, area, cities of Kiev and Sevastopol. Local administrations}}Examples
{{anchor|Features self-ARC}}Crimea
See also
Notes
References

Local government in Ukraine consists of administrative divisions of Ukraine. There are 24 oblasts (regions), with each oblast further divided into raions (districts).

The heads of local governments are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine after a nomination by the Cabinet of Ministers and serve as representatives of the central government in Kiev. They govern over locally elected assemblies.{{cn|date=June 2017|reason=refs must be from official docs (they are online; see refs in the uk: version), not from random newspapers}}

Structure{{anchor|Representative bodies of local self-government in Ukraine}}

In cities with district divisions, decisions of the local community or the city council may be made at the district level.

Executive bodies of villages, townships, city and city-district councils have their executive committees and departments established by the council's executive bodies. The implementation of delegated executive powers is also under the control of the relevant executive bodies.

The village, township, or city mayor is the chief executive of the local community at the village (or association of several villages), town or city level, elected by universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot every four years in the manner prescribed by law. The village or township mayor leads the executive committee of the respective village, township or city council, and presides at its meetings.

In 2015 a new administrative unit United territorial communities were created meaning settlement councils, rural councils and a city of district significance can create a new administrative unit.^[1] This new administrative unit was created to help the financial and administrate power and independence of rural Ukraine.^[1]

Powers

Bodies subject to local self-government law may be separate arms of the executive. Executive bodies of villages, townships and city councils have jurisdiction in the following areas:

Socioeconomic and cultural development, planning and accounting
Budgeting and finance
Management of municipal property
Housing, consumer and commercial services, catering, transport and communications
Construction
Education, health, culture, physical culture and sports
Land use and environmental protection
Social welfare
Foreign economic activity
Defense
Administrative affairs and territorial structure
Protection of rights, freedoms and lawful interests of citizens and others

At meetings of the village, township and city council, the following issues are decided:

Makeup of the body's executive committee
Local referendums
Transfer of funds, logistical and other resources necessary
Association with other local bodies
Approval of socioeconomic and cultural development, target programs and other issues of local government
Approval of local budgets and amendments
Approving performance budgeting report
Local taxes and duties within the limits set by law
Issuance of municipal bonds
Providing (in accordance with law) benefits from local taxes and fees
Exclusions from the law of public property, approval of local privatization programs and a list of public utilities not subject to privatization
Placement of new facilities, considering the scope of environmental impact in accordance with current regulations
Territorial structure
Laws on land use, ensuring the quality of life
Creation of special free and other areas and changes in their status, on the initiative of the President or the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine

The powers of executive bodies of village, township and city councils are autonomous or delegated. Delegated powers include:

Monitoring compliance with land and environmental legislation, land use and protection of natural resources at the national and local levels; reforestation
Registration of land ownership, land-use lease contracts documenting ownership and right to use land
Disaster relief in accordance with law; public notification
Defining territory for warehousing, storage or placement of industrial, household and other waste in accordance with law
Organization and implementation of land-management projects
Preparation and submission of targeted local programs to improve safety, working conditions and the environment, territorial employment programs and protection of different population groups from unemployment
Implementation of measures to improve housing and welfare for the disabled, war veterans, victims of political repression, military and former military personnel, families who lost breadwinners, the elderly and children without parental care
Granting benefits and assistance for the protection of motherhood and childhood; enforcing legislation on guardianship and custody
Representation of citizens who suffered from natural disasters
Compensation and benefits to citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster, as stipulated by law
Monitoring of safety for employees in hazardous and dangerous jobs, providing employees benefits and compensation for work in hazardous conditions
Provision for free education and health services for all, training opportunities in public schools and in their native language, study of their native language in state educational establishments and through national cultural societies
Provision for education and health services, developing and improving the network of educational and medical institutions, physical culture and sport, identifying needs and contracting for training specialists to ensure conformity to legislation governing medicinal products and medical supplies
Preventing child neglect
Support of orphans and children left without parental care in boarding schools and orphanages, vocational education and maintenance by the state of those with defects in physical or mental development who cannot study in ordinary schools (special education)
Protection of historical and cultural monuments, conservation and cultural heritage
Promotion of military and alternative (civilian) service, mobilization, preparing young people for service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine
Organization and participation in activities related to civil defense
Upholding legislative requirements regarding applications, regardless of ownership
Upholding laws on the conduct of meetings, protests and demonstrations, sports, entertainment and other events
Crime prevention
Civil registration

{{anchor|Material and financial basis of local government}}Finances

The financial basis of local government consists of movable and immovable property, revenues, other funds, land, natural resources and common property, and is managed by district and regional councils. Territorial communities of villages, towns and cities may unite (on a contractual basis) objects of communal property and budget funds for implementation of joint projects, or to jointly finance (or maintain) communal enterprises, organizations and institutions. The state participates in the revenue of local budgets, financially supporting local self-government. Costs to local government arising from decisions of public authorities are compensated by the state.

Local governments can be legally-separate powers of the executive. The state finances the exercise of these powers in full from the state budget of Ukraine, or (by referring to the local budget, in the manner prescribed by law, certain national taxes) transfers to local governments appropriate objects of state property. Activities of local authorities aim to meet the social needs of citizens and (especially) to obtain essential services. Local budgets are the financial base of local governments; the resources accumulated in these budgets determine how effectively local authorities can carry out their mandate.

Elections

Under the Constitution of Ukraine, the term of office of the heads of villages and towns and the council members of these villages and towns is five years.^[2]^[3]{{#tag:ref|In the 2010 Ukrainian local elections four years was set for the office of the heads of villages and towns and the council members of these villages and towns.^[2]^[4]|group=nb}} The last nationwide local election was held in 2015.^[5]

Rural township councils are elected by a majority in single-member constituencies, which divide territory under the village level. Municipal councils are elected by a proportional system: members are elected from electoral lists of candidates. District councils in cities are also elected by a proportional system.

Elections at the village and township levels are by a majority electoral system.

Ukrainian citizens who belong to the relevant local community and are entitled to vote may do so in national (or Crimean), regional, district, city-district or local elections and fully participate in political life (including election campaigns and observing elections), as determined by the laws of Ukraine.

Composition of village, township, city, city-district, district and regional councils should be:

Under 1,000 population: 12–15 members
1,000–3,000: 16–26 members
3,000–5,000: 20–30 members
5,000–20,000: 30–36 members
20,000–50,000: 30–46 members
50,000–100,000: 36–50 members
100,000–250,000: 40–60 members
250,000–500,000: 50–76 members
500,000–1,000,000: 60–90 members
1,000,000–2,000,000: 76–120 members
Over 2,000,000: 76–150 members

The right to nominate candidates is implemented through local voters of the parties (blocks) or by self, as provided by law.

{{anchor|Features of local governments at the oblast level, area, cities of Kiev and Sevastopol. Local administrations}}Examples

Regional and district councils are local authorities which represent the common interests of villages and towns within the powers specified in the Constitution of Ukraine, other laws and powers transferred to them by rural, town and city councils. At plenary sessions of the district and regional councils, the following issues are decided:

Holding a referendum on issues affecting their common interests
Holding national referendums and national and local elections
Approval of socioeconomic and cultural development of the region, and hearing reports on their implementation
Approval of district and regional budgets and their amendments
Monitoring state-budget allocations
Management of common property
Administrative and territorial structure, within the procedure established by law
Electing (and dismissing) a chairman and deputy chairman
Approval of executive-council staff

The District Chairman is elected from among its members during the term of the council by secret ballot, and serves until a new chairman is elected. The chairman is accountable to the council; they may be dismissed from office by a two-thirds majority of the council in a secret ballot. Regional and district councils do not form their own executive bodies, since appropriate powers delegated by their regional and district state administrations.

The organizational, legal, informational, analytical and logistical activities of the council and its agencies provide staff for council members. It contributes interaction and relationships with local communities, local authorities, bodies and officials of local governments. The ex officio chairman heads the council.

Executive power in oblasts, districts and the cities of Kiev and Sevastopol is exercised by local administrations. The organization, powers and procedures of local public administrations is defined by the Law of Ukraine "On local state administrations" of April 9, 1999 № 586-XIV. The exercise of executive power in Kiev and Sevastopol are determined by special laws. The composition of local state administrations is formed by the head of local state administrations, who are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine upon submission to the Cabinet of Ministers.

State administrations ensure:

Implementation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, acts of the President of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and other bodies of executive power
Law and order, the rights and freedoms of citizens
National and regional socioeconomic and cultural development, environmental protection programs and (in areas with indigenous peoples and national minorities) programs for national and cultural development
Preparation and implementation of regional and district budgets
Report on the implementation of budgets and programs
Cooperation with local governments
Cooperation with other states and their respective councils

The heads of local state administrations are accountable to the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. As part of the authority delegated to them by the relevant district or regional councils, local state administrations are accountable to and controlled by councils. Decisions by heads of local state administrations that contravene the Constitution and laws of Ukraine or other legislative acts of Ukraine may be revoked according to law by the President of Ukraine or a head of higher-level local administration. Regional or district councils may adopt a motion of no confidence in the head of the respective local state administration until the President of Ukraine takes decision and makes a reasoned response. If no confidence in the head of a district or regional state administration is expressed by two-thirds of the deputies to a council, the president of Ukraine decides whether or not to accept their resignation.

Election of members of district councils are by the proportional system: deputies elected from the electoral lists of political parties (or electoral blocs of political parties in the larger constituency). Election of deputies to regional councils and Kiev and Sevastopol also use the proportional system.

{{anchor|Features self-ARC}}Crimea

The representative body of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (ARC) is the Supreme Council. Parliament within its authority adopts decisions and resolutions which are binding in the ARC. The government of the ARC is the Council of Ministers. The chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed and dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC with the consent of the President of Ukraine. The powers, procedure and activities of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers are determined by the constitution and laws of Ukraine and legal acts of the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC.

The ARC regulates:

Agriculture and forestry
Reclamation and mining
Public works, crafts, trades and charity
Urban development and housing
Tourism, hotel business and fairs
Museums, libraries, theaters and other cultural institutions; historic and cultural reserves
Public transportation, roads and water supply
Hunting and fishing
Health and hospital services

Political activity regulated by the ARC includes:

Election of deputies to the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC and the approval of the election commission
Organizing and conducting local referendums
Managing property belonging to the ARC
Development, approval and execution of the ARC on the basis of the uniform tax and budget policy of Ukraine
Development, approval and implementation of ARC programs for socioeconomic and cultural development of environmental management and protection (according to national programs)
Recognition of the status of localities as resorts; establishment of resort sanitary-protection zones
Ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and national harmony; promotion of order and public security
Maintenance and development of state and national languages and cultures in the ARC; protection and use of historical monuments
Participation in the development and implementation of state programs for the return of deported peoples
Initiating a state of emergency and establishing zones of emergency in the ARC

The laws of the ARC can also be delegated to the president of the Ukrainian delegation, whose status is determined by the law of Ukraine.

To ensure the implementation of common socioeconomic and cultural programs of local communities, the budgets of the ARC and the oblasts are derived from the following payments:

A 25-percent tax on personal income, paid in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax individuals on their respective territory"
A 25-percent tax on rents, paid in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals in the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the corresponding region"
Fees for licenses to conduct certain types of business and certificates issued by the Council of Ministers of the ARC and regional state administrations

To ensure the implementation of common socioeconomic and cultural programs of local communities, district budgets are taken into account when determining the scope of intergovernmental transfers:

A 50-percent tax on personal income, transferred in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals" in villages, cities of regional importance and their associations
15 percent of payments for land, paid in villages, cities of regional importance and their associations
Fees for licenses to conduct certain types of business and certificates issued by district administrations
Payment for state registration of business entities, transferred in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals" to district administrations
Administrative fines imposed by district administrations

In addition, a base of regional and districts of the ARC is formed from transfers from the state budget and other government agencies.

Notes

1. ^¹{{uk icon}} [https://espreso.tv/article/2017/10/30/vybory_v_obyednanykh_terytorialnykh_gromadakh_scho_ce_i_dlya_chogo_potribne Elections in the united territorial communities. What is this and what you need], Espreso TV (31 October 2017)
2. ^¹CEC member: Kyiv City Council to be elected for five years in upcoming election, Interfax-Ukraine (16 February 2013)
3. ^Local elections in Kyiv should be held in 2015, according to Constitutional Court, Interfax-Ukraine (30 may 2013)
Ukraine court ruling on Kiev mayor election ‘pro-government’, Euronews (31 may 2013)
4. ^European Parliament EU-Ukraine PCC Members' delegation to Ukraine observing local and regional elections of 31 October 2010, European Parliament (10 November 2010)
5. ^Poroshenko Bloc, Batkivschyna, Nash Kray get largest number of seats in local councils – Ukrainian Voters Committee, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2015)

References

2 : Local government in Ukraine|Subdivisions of Ukraine

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。