“Lanier Middle School (Houston)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bob Lanier Middle School, formerly Sidney Lanier Junior High School/Middle School, is a middle school (lower secondary school) in Houston, Texas, United States, with a ZIP code of 77098. Lanier, a school of the Houston Independent School District (HISD), handles grades 6 through 8. Named after former Mayor of Houston Bob Lanier, the school is located in Neartown and near Montrose and has both neighborhood non-magnet and Vanguard/IBMYP (of the International Baccalaureate) gifted/talented programs. Lanier's neighborhood program serves Montrose, Afton Oaks, Boulevard Oaks, River Oaks, Southampton, and other communities.

History

The school was originally designated Abraham Lincoln School, but after criticism from veterans of the U.S. Civil War who fought for the Confederate States of America, the name was changed to Sidney Lanier, a Confederate soldier who later became recognized as the "Poet of the Confederacy".^[1] As of 2014, there were at least ten high schools named after Lanier.^[2] Lanier opened in 1926 as one of HISD's first junior high schools. In 1926, the Purple Pup was adopted as Lanier's mascot.

In 1935, students from Lanier created a petition to rename Woodhead Street, named after John Woodhead, to Higginbotham Street, after the principal, Blanch Higginbotham. According to the article "Historic Houston Streets: The Stories Behind the Name," students at other schools used "Wood head" as a derogatory label for Lanier students, implying that they lacked intelligence. After hearing testimony about Woodhead's character, the Houston City Council decided to keep the previous street name. The students apologized to E. S. Woodhead, John Woodhead's brother and a Houstonian.^[3]

In 1973, Lanier's Vanguard program was instated. Lanier received a re-dedication after renovations in 1982.^[4]

In September 1991 Lanier was one of 32 HISD schools that had capped enrollments; in other words the school was filled to capacity and excess students had to attend other schools.^[5]

Lanier's first floor flooded in 1998 due to Tropical Storm Frances. In the early 2000s (decade), to reduce echoing in the classrooms and to allow easier installation of network hardware, a false ceiling was installed in almost all classrooms and hallways. Sometime after 2001, televisions that were in every classroom were removed.

Prior to the 2008/2009 school year, Lanier had a third temporary building which housed bathrooms and water fountains, though only one water fountain out of three was operational as of 2005. At the start of this school year, the building housing the bathrooms was removed, and the other two temporary buildings were moved from the field to other parts of the campus.

Lanier was renovated during the 2008/2009 school year, with a new paint job, new interior signage, and new walkways to the new locations of the temporary buildings.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Dr. Katie Bradarich became principal in July 2017. She was abruptly reassigned on November 28, 2018, according to a voice message received by the parents of students.^[6]

2016 Renaming

On February 12, 2016 the HISD board voted to require Lanier to again change its name in an effort to purge HISD of school names based on Confederate figures, even though the Lanier students approved of keeping the school's name.^[7] Former teacher Jim Henley stated that Lanier was known as a creative artist and that he was not known as a Confederate soldier.^[8] Mike Tolson of the Houston Chronicle wrote that since Lanier had only a small number of works, he "is not studied much these days[...]and students who are not from his native Georgia are unlikely even to know his name."^[9] Tolson argued that "For the majority minority board, [Lanier] was low-hanging fruit, along with other men who actually served the Confederate cause in a more serious way and are not studied in classes on American poetry."^[9]

In May 2016 the HISD board voted to rename the school after Bob Lanier, former Mayor of Houston.^[10] "Lanier Watchdogs", a group of Lanier parents, accused the HISD board of omitting the cost of renaming the school; this group hired Wayne Dolcefino to assist their investigation.^[11]

In April 2016 a group of parents asked HISD board member Jolanda Jones to apologize to students who opposed the name change after she accused them of bullying other students in favor of the name change during a board meeting. Dolcefino investigated the issue and found no evidence of bullying. Jones refused to apologize despite her claims being totally discredited.^[12] Jones will run for re-election in 2019.

In May 2016 a group of residents threatened to sue HISD if it followed through with renaming Lanier.^[13] In June 2016 a group of eight Houston area residents, including alumni and parents, had given HISD a second ultimatum; when HISD did not accept it, they sued HISD to get an injunction to prevent the name changes. Dolcefino serves as their spokesperson.^[14]

John Nova Lomax argued against the renaming in Texas Monthly on the grounds that Bob Lanier had a mixed political legacy.^[15]

Admissions and neighborhoods served

Students zoned to Lanier automatically are eligible to attend the school, and are automatically able to attend the Vanguard program if they qualify.{{fact|date=March 2019}} Several areas of Houston inside the 610 Loop are zoned to Lanier,^[16] including Afton Oaks,^[17] River Oaks,^[18] Boulevard Oaks,^[19] Avalon Place,{{fact|date=March 2019}} Southampton Place^[20] (including Broadacres,^[21]), Shadyside,^[22] portions of the Neartown area west of Montrose Boulevard (including portions of Montrose west of Montrose Boulevard, Castle Court,^[23] Cherryhurst and Cherryhurst Addition,^[24]^[25] Lancaster Place, Mandell Place, Park, Richwood, Vermont Commons, and WAMM, as well as much of Hyde Park, and portions of North Montrose^[23]), Weslayan Plaza, Oak Estates, Royden Oaks, Ranch Estates, Highland Village, Lynn Park, West Lane Place, Rice Village,{{fact|date=March 2019}} and most of Upper Kirby (areas of the district located west of Edloe and north of Westpark, residential areas located east of Edloe, west of Kirby, north of U.S. Route 59, and areas located east of Kirby).^[26]

For non-zoned students to attend Lanier, parents must submit Vanguard magnet application forms.^[27] Admissions from this point on are drawn randomly on a lottery-basis. 256 students are drawn each year. Students beyond this are put on a wait-list.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Academics

In the 1995-1996 school year, 82% of black students and 70% of Hispanic students at Lanier passed state tests.^[28] 98% of White students had passed the same tests. Tom Monaghan, the principal, said "If you looked at the big picture, we looked pretty good. But we said, 'That's not good enough. We have to look at the zoned kids.'"^[29]

The school added an extra teacher for mathematics remediation for 8th graders, established new instructional strategies for language arts, added additional mathematics instruction for 7th graders in need of help in mathematics content, and created after-school reading and writing groups for Latino students. In the 2000-2001 school year, after the measures were taken, 89% of black students and 86% of Hispanic students passed state tests.^[28]

As of 2011 Lanier had received Texas Gold Performance Awards based on performance in language arts, mathematics, reading, science, social studies, and writing.^[30]

Location and campus

The campus consists of a three story main building, a separate building (containing a band and a drama room), and 2 temporary buildings (for the health room). Lanier has an indoor pool located in the basement of the main building. Lanier also has an auditorium with a wraparound balcony located in the center of the campus between the South and North Patios, the latter officially named the "Tom Hutch-Hutchings Memorial Gardens" in honor of a longtime Lanier World Cultural Studies teacher. There is also a Chess Patio where one can play chess located next to the cafeteria. Lunch may be eaten on the South (also known as Purple) or Chess Patio, in addition to the cafeteria.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

In the main building, the first and second floors have 7th and 8th grade classes. The third floor has 6th grade and core classes.^[32]

Lanier's campus has been expanded numerous times since it was first built. The most notable expansion was the addition of the area of the building housing the cafeteria and gymnasium. This expansion has resulted in some quirks in the building that are still visible today, most notably a door leading to stairs to the basement that is only half-exposed above the floor of the hallway. These stairs are no longer in service, though the door can be opened even though it's blocked by the hallway floor. Students aren't allowed to open the door and/or go down those stairs. Prior to this expansion, the cafeteria was located where the library is today, on the third floor. A dumbwaiter, located where the elevator is today, carried food to the cafeteria.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

The windows at Lanier were upgraded at some point. Originally, they were 4-panel window panes that could each be opened. They were upgraded to standard slide-open windows. Possibly at this point, for currently unknown reasons, many of the windowsills in the back side of the school were bricked up.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

"The Pipe of Peace", a mural by the artist Grace Spaulding John, is located at the school.^[33]

Lanier is located west of Houston's Neartown neighborhood. Lanier is nearby single-family houses and small shops. A convenience store, a hardware store, and a few restaurants are near Lanier Middle School.

The Upper Kirby district, which is near Lanier, plans to establish a "teen center" at Richmond at Wake Forest geared toward students at Lanier, St. John's, Lamar, and other Upper Kirby schools and schools near Upper Kirby. Funding issues have delayed establishment of the center.^[34]

School uniform

All Lanier students are required to wear school uniforms consisting of monogrammed LMS polo shirts in colors of red, black, white, and late in the 2013 school year (around May) purple shirts were brought back. They had not been available for about 10 years. The polo shirts purchased at the school and pairs of khaki bottoms (trousers, shorts, capris, or skirts) Skirts and capris are for girls only.^[35] GSG leaders wear maroon and green shirts. This uniform was instituted at the start of the 1997/1998 school year. The school also provides used uniforms for students who may not be able to afford them.

During the 2017-2018 school year the uniform policy was amended due to the effects of Hurricane Harvey. Instead of polo shirts, students were allowed to wear any solid colored red, black, white, purple, maroon, or green shirt.

During the 2018-2019 school year, the school enacted a controversial dress policy, requiring girls to wear leggings under their skirts. Many students filed a petition against this rule, "The new addition to Lanier Middle School dress code is sexist and unfair."The administration then adjusted the dress code requiring girls to only wear bike shorts, instead of leggings.

The Texas Education Agency specifies that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify "bona fide" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections.^[36]^[37]

Extra-curricular activities and non-core classes

Sports: Track and Field, Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Soccer, Baseball, Softball, Rugby, Basketball, and Swim Team.

Classes and after school Activities: Speech and Debate, Drama, Art/Media Kids, robotics, chess club, Model United Nations, photography, Fiction Club, Geography Club, NJHS, Band, Cheerleading, Dance, Breakdance, Name that Book, Ladies of Lanier, Student Council, Orchestra, Yearbook, MathCOUNTS

Lanier Dance has won five consecutive national championships, six consecutive state championships and has been named the top dance team in all of HISD multiple times. Lanier Dance is under the direction of Kelsey Joseph and Suzanne Wolfe.

Lanier's debate team have won 9 consecutive national championships and are very successful team led by Franz Hill. The Lanier Band has won the Texas regional band competition back to back and is led by Leo Hernandez^[38] and the Lanier drama team has won multiple competitions in the last three years. Although not a fine arts magnet like Johnston Middle School, Lanier has repeatedly placed higher in competitions, and although the band program has over two hundred students, the band is directed by only one person, who manages the band very well. The Lanier band is considered the best HISD Middle School band.{{who|date=March 2019}}{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Student discipline

The school enacted attendance policies meant to maintain a high level of student attendance, and the school threatens to criminally prosecute parents of students consistently committing truancy. The school had received awards for having high student attendance rates.^[30]

Student body

Feeder patterns

Zoned schools

IB program

The IB programs at Poe, River Oaks, Roberts, and West University elementaries feed into Lanier's IB program. Lanier accordingly feeds its IB students into Lamar High School's IB program.^[46]

Notable alumni

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite news |title=School Names Changed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29767154/ |accessdate=22 March 2019 |newspaper=The Galveston Daily News |date=Jul 8, 1925}}
2. ^{{cite web |last1=Noble |first1=Don |title=Brother Sid: A Novel of Sidney Lanier |url=https://www.apr.org/post/brother-sid-novel-sidney-lanier#stream/0 |website=www.apr.org |accessdate=22 March 2019 |language=en}}
3. ^Hinton, Marks. "Historic Houston Streets: The Stories Behind the Name" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6PbshjqVf?url=http://www.heritagesociety.org/Hinton-Names%20of%20Houston%20Streets%20071907.pdf Archive]). The Heritage Society at Sam Houston Park. July 19, 2007. Retrieved on April 18, 2009.
4. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040818195339/http://ms.houstonisd.org/LanierMS/info/history/hyprhist.html A Hypertext History of Lanier]." Lanier Middle School. August 18, 2004. Retrieved on April 18, 2009.
5. ^Markley, Melanie. "32 schools hit enrollment cap." Houston Chronicle. Thursday September 26, 1991. A17. Retrieved on April 24, 2009.
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/education/article/Lanier-Middle-School-principal-reassigned-without-13427001.php|title=Lanier Middle School principal reassigned without explanation|last=Carpenter|first=Jacob|date=2018-11-28|website=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2018-12-29}}
7. ^Smith, Michelle Leigh. "HISD Trustees Ignore Community, Vote to Change Lanier & Johnston's Names" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6fRo1eQmV?url=http://origin.misc.pagesuite.com/pdfdownload/e709c498-8b3c-4b15-b99c-c9638afbd9c8.pdf Archive]). Southwest News. February 16, 2016. Volume 30, No. 38. p. 1, 15. Retrieved on February 20, 2016.
8. ^Lomax, John Nova. "Should Houston’s Lanier Middle School Lose Its Name Because Of Confederate Ties?" Texas Monthly. January 14, 2016. Retrieved on February 21, 2016.
9. ^¹"How to change Lanier Middle School's name without changing it." Houston Chronicle. February 12, 2016. Retrieved on February 21, 2016.
10. ^Clemons, Tracy. "HISD approves name changes for seven schools" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6hfFzZUGk?url=http://abc13.com/education/hisd-approves-name-changes-for-seven-schools/1336016/ Archive]). KTRK-TV. Thursday May 12, 2016. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
11. ^Downing, Margaret. "Angry Parents Say HISD Deceiving Taxpayers Over Cost of Lanier Name Change [UPDATED]." Houston Press. Retrieved on May 25, 2015.
12. ^Downing, Margaret. "Lanier Parents Want Jolanda Jones to Apologize to Middle School Students." Houston Press. Tuesday April 26, 2016. Retrieved on May 25, 2016.
13. ^Downing, Margaret. "Tonight's Vote to Rename Schools Prompts a Letter Threatening Legal Action Against HISD." Houston Press. Thursday May 12, 2016. Retrieved on August 2, 2016.
14. ^Flynn, Meagan. "Parents, Alumni Sue HISD Over Renaming Schools Honoring Confederacy." Houston Press. Thursday June 23, 2016. Retrieved on August 2, 2016.
15. ^{{cite web|author=Lomax, John Nova|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-daily-post/renaming-schools-named-confederates-take-hard-look-replacements/|title=If We’re Renaming Schools Named After Confederates, Take A Hard Look At Their Replacements|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=2016-05-11|accessdate=2017-05-23}}
16. ^¹"Lanier Middle Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411011944/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/LanierMS.pdf |date=2008-04-11 }}." Houston Independent School District
17. ^Block book maps: * Section 1: Blocks 1-16: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v077/AE1997_77-2_0052.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v077/AE1997_77-2_0052.pdf - Newcastle Courts and resubdivision Afton Oaks 3 indicated* Section 2, Blocks 8-10 and 17: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v077/AE1997_77-2_0053.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v077/AE1997_77-2_0053.pdf* Section 3, Blocks 12-15 and 17: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v077/AE1997_77-2_0054.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v077/AE1997_77-2_0054.pdf* Section 4, Block 18, Lots 1-16: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v077/AE1997_77-2_0055.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v077/AE1997_77-2_0055.pdf* Section 5: Blocks 1-4: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v077/AE1997_77-2_0056.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v077/AE1997_77-2_0056.pdf* Section 6, Blocks 16-20: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v080/AE1997_80_0062.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v080/AE1997_80_0062.pdf* Section 7, Blocks 1-2: http://books.tax.hctx.net/v081/AE1997_81_0072.jpg and http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v081/AE1997_81_0072.pdf
18. ^"Map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705042457/http://www.ropo.org/map.html |date=2008-07-05 }}." River Oaks Property Owners Association. Retrieved on December 4, 2008.
19. ^"Information: Schools." Boulevard Oaks. Retrieved on December 4, 2008.
20. ^"Information: Schools." Boulevard Oaks. Retrieved on December 4, 2008.
21. ^"Broadacres" (JPG, [https://www.webcitation.org/6CKDrcqmu?url=http://books.tax.hctx.net/v053/AE1997_Vol_52-53_0273.jpg Archive], PDF, [https://www.webcitation.org/6CKDphnSx?url=http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v053/AE1997_Vol_52-53_0273.pdf Archive] - Harris County Block Book. Retrieved on November 20, 2012.
22. ^Harris County block book map: Shadyside: JPG format, PDF format Retrieved on March 23, 2019. Please compare these to the school boundary maps.
23. ^¹"[https://www.neartown.org/our-boundaries Our Boundaries]." Neartown Association. Retrieved on March 23, 2019. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ad0d15c4eddec75eef10467/t/5bb932f5e2c4833b728057d5/1538863863555/Houston-Super-Neighborhood-Neartown-Association.pdf PDF version with detail] - Individual subdivisions are noted
24. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20050316222947/http://www.cherryhurst.org/docs/plat_original.pdf Cherryhurst Original subdivision map]. Harris County Appraisal District. Retrieved on March 11, 2017.
25. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20050316222216/http://www.cherryhurst.org/docs/plat_addition.pdf Cherryhurst Addition subdivision map]. Harris County Appraisal District. Retrieved on March 11, 2017.
26. ^"Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone - 19 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501053537/http://www.upperkirbydistrict.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90&Itemid=165 |date=2008-05-01 }}." Upper Kirby. Retrieved on December 10, 2008.
27. ^"Magnet English Home." Houston Independent School District.
28. ^¹O'Reilly, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=McpyFZHDISIC&pg=PA41 41].
29. ^{{Citation |work= Journal of the Annenberg Challenge |publication-date=Winter 2001–2002|volume=5 |issue=2 |title=Closing the Achievement Gap - How Schools Are Making It Happen |author=Robert Rothman |url=http://annenberginstitute.org/challenge/pubs/cj/gap_cj.htm |accessdate= January 3, 2014}}
30. ^¹Deneen and Catanese, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8TYY2Z2yG2AC&pg=PA93&dq=%22Lanier+Middle+School%22+Houston&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Vwh3Uq_vDcLKsQSL2IF4&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Lanier%20Middle%20School%22%20Houston&f=false 93].
31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://can2lanier.wixsite.com/lote|title=Lanier - LOTE|last=Cantu|first=Elena|date=|work=Home {{!}} Lanier Middle School|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en}}
32. ^"Building Map." Lanier Middle School. Retrieved on August 9, 2011.
33. ^Chapman and Berry, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bvrqnIX5Y5oC&q=%22Lanier+Middle+School%22+Houston&dq=%22Lanier+Middle+School%22+Houston&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qw13UoSXPIvPsAS-yYDIBg&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCDgK 90]. "One surviving school mural, "The Pipe of Peace," can be found at Lanier Middle School. Its creator was Grace Spaulding John, a noted artist who had organized the first professional artists' gallery in Houston a few years earlier. Mrs. John and[...]"
34. ^"Upper Kirby plans flood relief / While residents hope for other projects, funds remain scarce." Houston Chronicle.
35. ^"Uniform and Apparel Policy." Lanier Middle School.
36. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008203140/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/commissioner/2001/008901.DOC DOCKET NO. 008-R5-901]." Texas Education Agency. Accessed October 13, 2008.
37. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080602171613/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/field/uniforms.html School Uniforms]", Texas Education Agency. June 2, 2008. Retrieved on June 20, 2017. "(c) A parent or guardian of a student assigned to attend a school at which students are required to wear school uniforms may choose for the student to be exempted from the requirement or to transfer to a school at which students are not required to wear uniforms and at which space is available if the parent or guardian provides a written statement that, as determined by the board of trustees, states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement."
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonisd.org/domain/34411|title=Band / Welcome|website=www.houstonisd.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-10}}
39. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://findaschool.houstonisd.org/SchoolDetail.aspx?school=057|title=Lanier Middle School, School Detail|last=|first=|date=|website=Houston Independent School District|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
40. ^"River Oaks Elementary Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128152151/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/RiverOaksES.pdf |date=2007-11-28 }}." Houston Independent School District.
41. ^"Poe Elementary Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227005231/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/PoeES.pdf |date=2009-02-27 }}." Houston Independent School District.
42. ^"Roberts Elementary Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208181959/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/robertses.pdf |date=2012-02-08 }}." Houston Independent School District.
43. ^"St. George Place Elementary Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411011046/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/StGeorgeES.pdf |date=2008-04-11 }}." Houston Independent School District.
44. ^"Wilson Elementary Attendance Zone." Houston Independent School District.
45. ^"Lamar High School Attendance Zone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085440/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/SchoolBoundaryMaps/LamarHS.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}." Houston Independent School District.
46. ^Lescalleet, Cynthia. "Schools achieve long awaited status" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6blEU7x7I?url=http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/river_oaks/news/schools-achieve-long-awaited-status/article_8b115f51-8b09-5508-85c2-d1c16d7ae45b.html Archive]). River Oaks Examiner. Thursday, March 17, 2005. Retrieved on September 23, 2015.
47. ^{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Michael|title=Stanford student hoping to change game of basketball|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/wizards/stanford-student-hoping-to-change-game-of-basketball/2013/06/15/43acd4f4-d613-11e2-ab72-3f0d51ec1628_story.html|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=6 January 2014}}
48. ^¹{{Cite web |url=http://www.lanierpto.org/index.php/news/main/25/event=view |title=Purple Page |date=November 11, 2005 |publisher=Lanier Middle School PTO}}
49. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ms.houstonisd.org/LanierMS/info/history/hyprhist.html |title=A Hypertext History of Lanier |publisher=Lanier Middle School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026214031/http://ms.houstonisd.org/LanierMS/info/history/hyprhist.html |archive-date=2004-10-26}}
50. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.edunet.ie/links/usmiddle.html#L |title=United States Middle Schools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045522/http://www.edunet.ie/links/usmiddle.html#L |archivedate=2016-03-04|access-date=2018-07-12}}
51. ^{{cite interview|url=http://digital.houstonlibrary.org/oral-history/denton-cooley.php|title= Dr. Denton Arthur Cooley|first=Denton Arthur |last=Cooley|subject-link=Denton Cooley|interviewer=William H. Kellar, Ph.D.|date=August 4, 2007|publisher=Houston Public Library |work=Digital Archives}}
52. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329055851/http://www.culberson.house.gov/bio.aspx |archivedate=2006-03-29|url=http://www.culberson.house.gov/bio.aspx |title=Biography|publisher=U.S. Congressman John Culberson, 7th District of Texas}}
53. ^¹"Distinguished HISD Alumni {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515061020/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c3783acb02efc010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD |date=2012-05-15 }}," Houston Independent School District
54. ^{{cite news|last=Mitchell|first= Rick|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1994_1229284 |title=On the brink of stardom: There's another George on country's horizon|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|date= September 30, 1994}}
55. ^{{cite tweet|user=biannagolodryga|number=11423534805|first= Bianna|last= Golodryga |accessdate= September 18, 2010|date=1 Apr 2010|title=Who knew, @samchampion & I both went to Lanier Middle School! His is in Fairfax, mine, Houston. BTW- Sidney Lanier was a poet & musician.}}
56. ^{{cite web | url=http://digital.houstonlibrary.net/oral-history/mark-white.php|title= Gov. Mark White|work= Houston Oral History Project|publisher= University of Houston| accessdate= March 11, 2017|quote=Then we went to junior high school at Sidney Lanier and then on to Lamar High School.}}