| 词条 | Lankaran | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Lankaran | native_name = Lənkəran | native_name_lang = az | image_skyline = Lankaran.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Lankaran | image_seal = Lankaran.png | seal_size = 80px | pushpin_map = Azerbaijan | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | coordinates = {{coord|38|45|13|N|48|51|04|E|region:AZ|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | subdivision_type1 = City | subdivision_name1 = Lankaran | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1539.4 | elevation_m = | population_total = 51,300 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_density_km2 = | area_code = +994 025 25 | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620060555/http://lankaran.org/ Official website] | timezone = AZT | utc_offset = +4 }} Lankaran ({{lang-az|Lənkəran}}) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran. It has a population of 51,300 (2014). It is next to but independent of Lankaran rayon. The city forms a distinct first-order division of Azerbaijan. EtymologyThe old form of the name was "Langarkanan" that in Persian means "the place of pulling up the anchor(s)" : "Langar" ({{Lang-fa|{{nq|لنگر}}}}, anchor) + "kan" ({{Lang|fa|{{nq|کن}}}}, to pull) + "an"({{Lang|fa|{{nq|آن}}}}, suffix of places). However, some sources state that Lankaran is said to come from the Talish words for 'Cane house', which sounds as 'Lan Karan'.[2][3] Alternatively, from Median *Lan(a)karan-, where *karan- means 'border, region, land' and Lan is probably a name of a Caspian tribe.[4] HistoryThe city was built on a swamp along the northern bank of the river bearing the city's name. There are remains of human settlements in the area dating back to the Neolithic period as well as ruins of fortified villages from the Bronze and Iron Ages.[5] With the death of Nader Shah (r. 1736-1747), the Talysh Khanate was founded by a certain Seyyed Abbas, whose ancestors were members of the Iranian Safavid dynasty, and had moved into the Talish region during the 1720s during a turbulent period in Iranian history. From the founding of the khanate, until 1828, it was under the suzerainty of the Iranian Zand and Qajar dynasties. In the first half of the 18th century, the Russians gained control over it for a few years through the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723; in 1732 it was ceded back to Iran by the Treaty of Resht. During the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813, General Kotlyarevsky heading the southernmost Russian contingent during the war, stormed and captured Lankaran's fortress. Following the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, it was ceded to Russia.[6] Qajar Iran would later retake the city during the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828, but was forced to return it following the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), which saw the definite end of Persian influence in the South Caucasus.[6] Once absorbed into the Russian empire, it became a part of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian revolution in 1917, and the short time as part of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it became a part of independent Azerbaijan. GeographyThere are sandy beaches near Lankaran. Thermal sulphide, chloride, sodium-calcium waters of Andjin (Upper and Lower) mineral springs are situated 12 km west of the town. Also to the west are the ruins of Ballabur castle, near the village with the same name. The region has a vast area of national parks, where a variety of fauna and flora are preserved. Gizil-Agach State Reserve hosts over 250 kinds of plants, 30 species of fish and more than 220 kinds of birds. Lankaran is also known for Parrotia, or ironwood. It is naturally grown in the region and could be seen in Hirkan National Park. Local myth has it that it is the only wood that sinks in water, hence the name (ironwood). Historically it has been used for heating, since it burns for a long time and is not easily extinguished. The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) subspecies of the leopard, lives in the national park as well. In 1937, members of the Opilio lepidus species of harvestman were sighted in the area.[7] ClimateLankaran has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), which borderlines the Mediterranean climate. Lankaran has cool, wet winters and very warm, dry/highly humid summers. The maximum annual precipitation of 1,600 to 1,800 mm, and is the highest precipitation in Azerbaijan. {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Lenkaran |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 7.2 |Feb high C = 7.2 |Mar high C = 11.0 |Apr high C = 17.5 |May high C = 22.5 |Jun high C = 27.2 |Jul high C = 30.4 |Aug high C = 29.5 |Sep high C = 25.9 |Oct high C = 19.9 |Nov high C = 14.1 |Dec high C = 10.1 |Jan low C = 0.0 |Feb low C = 1.0 |Mar low C = 3.9 |Apr low C = 8.6 |May low C = 13.1 |Jun low C = 17.5 |Jul low C = 20.1 |Aug low C = 19.7 |Sep low C = 16.9 |Oct low C = 11.8 |Nov low C = 6.7 |Dec low C = 2.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 91 |Feb precipitation mm = 114 |Mar precipitation mm = 90 |Apr precipitation mm = 50 |May precipitation mm = 54 |Jun precipitation mm = 22 |Jul precipitation mm = 17 |Aug precipitation mm = 50 |Sep precipitation mm = 143 |Oct precipitation mm = 259 |Nov precipitation mm = 168 |Dec precipitation mm = 88 |Jan precipitation days = 10 |Feb precipitation days = 10 |Mar precipitation days = 11 |Apr precipitation days = 8 |May precipitation days = 8 |Jun precipitation days = 3 |Jul precipitation days = 2 |Aug precipitation days = 4 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 13 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 9 |Jan sun = 105.4 |Feb sun = 98.9 |Mar sun = 124.0 |Apr sun = 171.0 |May sun = 226.3 |Jun sun = 282.0 |Jul sun = 306.9 |Aug sun = 254.2 |Sep sun = 189.0 |Oct sun = 127.1 |Nov sun = 99.0 |Dec sun = 108.5 |year sun = |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization (UN) [8] |source 2 = Hong Kong Observatory(sun only)[9] |date=January 2011 }} EconomyDominating spheres in the economy of Lankaran are vegetable-growing, tea-growing, paddy cultivating, cattle-breeding, citrus plants, beekeeping, fishing, and grain farming.[10] Favourable humid subtropical climate, availability of good arable land, water and sufficient labour resources of city provides a good basis for agricultural activities as well as development of agro-processing enterprises. The city is also home of Azerbaijan's first tea plant, built in 1937.[11] Demographics{{Expand section|date=November 2014}}Lankaran is home to Azerbaijan's largest Talysh community. Census of 2009.
ReligionThe religion with the largest community of followers is Islam. The majority of the Muslims are Shia Muslims, and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world after Iran.[12] The city's notable mosques include Kichik Bazar Mosque and Boyuk Bazar Mosque.[13] CultureAs of 2012, the city along with Baku and Ganja participated in Earth Hour movement.[14][15] CuisineLankaran's cuisine has largely been affected by its multicultural history, hence the large variety of food originating during Talysh Khanate. Lankaran's signature cuisine includes lavangi, Lankaran kulcha, marji plov, white plov, pumpkin plov and turshu kebab.[16][17][18] Music and mediaLankaran is home to several national folk performers, including the Bacılar (The Sisters) national Talysh folk and dance collective.[19] The regional channel Janub TV and newspaper Lankaran are headquartered in the city.[20] SportsThe city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football - Khazar Lankaran, currently playing in the Azerbaijan Premier League. Sporting venues in the city include the Lankaran City Stadium and Lankaran Olympic Sports Complex.[21] The stadium was one of the venues for the group stages of the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.[22] In 2012, the city won to host European Masters Weightlifting Championship.[23] TransportAirThe Lankaran International Airport is well served with connections to domestic and international destinations. The airport's international terminal was opened in September 2008 and the airport is set on its way for becoming one of the busiest hubs in Azerbaijan.[24] RailThe city has rail service from historic terminals in downtown to Baku in the east and Astara in the south.[25][26] Education{{Expand section|date=November 2014}}The following universities are located in Lankaran:
Notable residents{{details|:Category:People from Lankaran}}Some of the city's many prestigious residents include: Major-General of the Soviet armoured troops during World War II Hazi Aslanov, General of the Artillery in the Imperial Russian Army Samad bey Mehmandarov, folk singer and theatre actress Jahan Talyshinskaya, social activist Maryam Bayramalibeyova, pop singer Ilhama Gasimova, weightlifter Turan Mirzayev, singer Hagigat Rzayeva and footballer Dmitriy Kramarenko.[27][28] International relationsTwin towns — Sister citiesLankaran is twinned with various cities. GallerySee also
References1. ^Population statistics of Eastern Europe 2. ^lənkəran on ozaramizdi.org{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{az icon}} 3. ^Lənkəran haqqında tarixi coqrafi məlumat {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070919/http://lankaranmks.jimdo.com/l%C9%99nk%C9%99ran-haqq%C4%B1nda-%C3%BCmumi-m%C9%99lumat |date=2011-01-30 }} {{az icon}} 4. ^А. Периханян (1982), Этимологические заметки // Историко-филологический журнал. Ереван. № 1, pp. 55-62 5. ^History of Lankaran {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131006/http://www.lankaran.az/content.php?lang=en&page=tarixi |date=2011-07-06 }} 6. ^1 Timothy C. Dowling [https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QnOXVJXpCcz7UPevhPAK&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=russo%20persian%20war%201804-1813&f=false Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond] pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 {{ISBN|978-1598849486}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society|title=Two New Harvestman Species from Lenkoran, Azerbaijan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae)|author=Nataly Y. Snegovaya|year=2007|volume=14|issue=2|pages=88–92|url=http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Snegovaya/Snegovaya%202007%20Two%20Lenkoran.pdf}} 8. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.worldweather.org/007/c00020.htm | title = World Weather Information Service – Lenkaran | accessdate = 19 January 2011 | publisher = United Nations }} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/lankaran_e.htm | title = Climatological Information for Lankaran, Azerbaijan | accessdate = November 17, 2012 | publisher = Hong Kong Observatory }} 10. ^Business opportunities of the region {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713183454/http://lankaranbc.com/content_183_en.html |date=2011-07-13 }} 11. ^Tea culture in Azerbaijan 12. ^Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam, p.625 13. ^{{cite web|title=Culture in Lankaran|url=http://lenkeran-ih.gov.az/page/16.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|language=Azerbaijani}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan to join Earth Hour |url=http://www.news.az/articles/57316 |website=www.news.az |accessdate=17 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129231717/http://www.news.az/articles/57316 |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web|title=IDEA campaign to hold Earth Hour action|url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2008366.html|website=en.trend.az|accessdate=17 November 2014}} 16. ^Azerbaijani Cuisine: Şirniyyat {{az icon}} 17. ^Cuisine of Lankaran {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131010/http://www.lankaran.az/content.php?lang=en&page=metbex |date=2011-07-06 }} 18. ^Azərbaycanın subtropik zonası {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914013432/http://www.abqala.az/Subtropical.html |date=2009-09-14 }} {{az icon}} 19. ^"Bacılar" talış folklor mahnı və rəqs kollektivi {{az icon}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Radio-TV yayımı|url=http://www.mincom.gov.az/fealiyyet/radio-tv-yayimi/|accessdate=13 November 2014|language=Azerbaijani}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Lankaran Olympic Sport Complex|url=http://www.noc-aze.org/national-olympic-academy/activities/olympic-complexes/lankaran-olympic-sport-complex?lang=en|website=www.noc-aze.org|accessdate=18 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025210/http://www.noc-aze.org/national-olympic-academy/activities/olympic-complexes/lankaran-olympic-sport-complex?lang=en|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=France end Asian domination|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17womensworldcup/azerbaijan2012/index.html|work=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=6 July 2013}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Weightlifting Masters|url=http://www.lankaran2012.az/weightlifting/masters/|publisher=Official Website of European Masters Weightlifting 2012|accessdate=19 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420131409/http://www.lankaran2012.az/weightlifting/masters/|archivedate=20 April 2011|df=}} 24. ^Lənkəranda çay plantasiyalarının sahəsi genişləndirilir{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{az icon}} 25. ^History of Lankaran:Economy{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 26. ^Turizm müəssisələri {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405202507/http://www.lankaran.az/content.php?page=turizm_muessiseleri |date=2009-04-05 }} {{az icon}} 27. ^{{az icon}} The Voice of Happiness and Optimism: Jahan Talyshinskaya by Afruz Mammadova. Musigi-dunya.az 28. ^{{cite news | script-title=ru:Асланов Ази Ахад оглы|publisher=Heroes of the country| url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=851| language=ru}} 29. ^"We are heirs of victory" campaign started in Baku 30. ^{{cite web|script-title=ru:Города США и Азербайджана стали побратимами|url=http://news.day.az/politics/275438.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|language=Russian}} External links{{Commons category|Lenkoran|Lankaran}}{{wikivoyage|Lankaran}}
5 : Port cities in Azerbaijan|Districts of Azerbaijan|Lankaran|Baku Governorate|Populated places on the Caspian Sea |
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