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词条 Longyan Min
释义

  1. Phonology

     Initials  Rimes  Tones  Tone sandhi 

  2. References

{{Infobox language
|name = Longyan Min
|nativename = 龍巖閩語
|states = China.
|region = Fujian Province
|speakers = 740,000 (approx.)
|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|fam3 = Min
|fam4 = Coastal Min
|fam5 = Southern Min
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=zhan1240
|glottoname=Zhangping-Longyan
|lingua=79-AAA-jei /-jej
|map = Hokkien Map.svg
|mapcaption = Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow.
}}Longyan Min (龍巖閩語) or Longyan Minnan (龍巖閩南語), is a variety of Southern Min language spoken in the urban city area of Longyan (eastern Longyan) in the province of Fujian while Hakka is spoken in rural villages of longyan (western part) by the peasantry. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern part of Fujian Province as early as the Tang dynasty period (618–907). Although Longyan Min has some Hakka influence to a limited extent by the peasant Hakka Chinese language due to close distance of rural village Hakka peasants of the region, Longyan Min is a close dialect of the Minnan language and has more number of tones than Hakka (8 as compared to 6). Longyan Min has a high but limited intelligibility with Southern Min dialects such as Hokkien–Taiwanese. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district Xinluo District while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in Zhangping City. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the nom-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture: Changting County, Yongding County, Shanghang County, Liancheng County and Wuping County.[1]

Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.[2]

However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.[3]

Phonology

Longyan Min has 14 initials, 65 rimes and 8 tones.

Initials

{{IPA link|p}}, {{IPA link|pʰ}}, {{IPA link|m}}, {{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|pʰ}}, {{IPA link|t}}, {{IPA link|tʰ}}, {{IPA link|n}}, {{IPA link|l}}, {{IPA link|ts}}, {{IPA link|tsʰ}}, {{IPA link|s}}, {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|kʰ}}, {{IPA link|ŋ}}, {{IPA link|h}}.

Rimes

{{IPA link|l}}, {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA|iu}}, {{IPA|ui}}{{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA|ia}}, {{IPA|ua}}, {{IPA|iua}}, {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA|io}}, {{IPA|ei}}, {{IPA|ie}}{{IPA|ue}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA|iɛ}}, {{IPA|uɛ}}, {{IPA|ai}}, {{IPA|uai}}, {{IPA|au}}, {{IPA|iau}}{{IPA link|m}}, {{IPA|im}}, {{IPA|am}}, {{IPA|iam}}, {{IPA|iep}}, {{IPA|ap}}, {{IPA|iap}}{{IPA|in}}, {{IPA|un}}, {{IPA|an}}, {{IPA|ian}}, {{IPA|uan}}{{IPA|it}}, {{IPA|at}}, {{IPA|iat}}, {{IPA|uat}}, {{IPA|uot}}, {{IPA link|ŋ}}{{IPA|aŋ}}, {{IPA|iaŋ}}, {{IPA|uaŋ}}, {{IPA|oŋ}}, {{IPA|ioŋ}}, {{IPA|ak}}, {{IPA|iak}}, {{IPA|uak}}, {{IPA|ok}}, {{IPA|iok}}{{IPA|ĩ}}, {{IPA|ũ}}, {{IPA|ũi}}, {{IPA|ã}}, {{IPA|iã}}, {{IPA|uã}}, {{IPA|iuã}}, {{IPA|iãt}}, {{IPA|õ}}, {{IPA|iõ}}, {{IPA|ɛ̃}}, {{IPA|iɛ̃}}, {{IPA|uɛ̃}}, {{IPA|ãi}}, {{IPA|ãu}}, {{IPA|iãu}}.

Tones

No.12345678
Tonesdark level
陰平		light level
陽平		dark rising
陰上		light rising
陽上		dark departing
陰去		light departing
陽去		dark entering
陰入		light entering
陽入
Tone contour˧˧˦}} (334)˩}} (11)˨˩}} (21)˥˨}} (52)˨˩˧}} (213)˥}} (55)˥}} (5)˧˨}} (32)
Example Hanzi邊寒碗近漢尺曲白

Tone sandhi

Longyan Min has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level, 334light level, 11dark rising, 21light rising, 52dark departing, 213light departing, 55dark entering, 5light entering, 32
dark level, 334
remain unchanged
light level, 11
remain unchanged
dark rising, 21
remain unchanged
dark departing, 213
remain unchanged
light rising, 52
light level, 11
dark departing, 213
dark rising, 21
remain unchanged
dark rising, 21
light departing, 55
dark level, 334
remain unchanged
dark level, 334
dark entering, 5
dark level, 334
remain unchanged
dark level, 334
light entering, 32
dark rising, 21

References

1. ^{{cite book | first1 = Stephen Adolphe | last1 = Wurm | first2 = Rong | last2 = Li | first3 = Theo | last3 = Baumann | first4 = Mei W. | last4 = Lee | title = Language Atlas of China | publisher=Longman | year=1987 | isbn=978-962-359-085-3 }}
2. ^{{cite book | last = Branner | first = David Prager | chapter = The Classification of Longyan | pages = 36–83 | chapter-url = https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Longyan_Classification.pdf | title = Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification | editor-first = Richard VanNess | editor-last = Simmons | series = Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series | volume = 15 | year = 1999 }} p. 78.
3. ^{{cite book |last = Branner |first = David Prager |title = Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka |series = Trends in Linguistics series |volume = 123 |publisher = Mouton de Gruyter |location = Berlin |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-3-11-015831-1 |url = https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Classification_book_1_TextOnly.pdf |df = }}
  • {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Longyan City 龙岩市地方志编纂委员会|title=Long yan shi zhi 龙岩市志 ["Chorography of Longyan City"]|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=6E16C7900B61490CA3F044E71E447C28|volume=36|publisher=Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]|location=Beijing|year=1993|isbn=978-7-5046-1575-6}}
{{Min Chinese}}{{Southern Min}}{{Chinese language}}

3 : Fujian|Southern Min|Hokkien-language dialects
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