| 词条 | Lanterman–Petris–Short Act |
| 释义 |
The Lanterman–Petris–Short (LPS) Act (Cal. Welf & Inst. Code, sec. 5000 et seq.) concerns the involuntary civil commitment to a mental health institution in the State of California. The act set the precedent for modern mental health commitment procedures in the United States. The bi-partisan bill was co-authored by California State Assemblyman Frank D. Lanterman (R) and California State Senators Nicholas C. Petris (D) and Alan Short (D), and signed into law in 1967 by Governor Ronald Reagan. The Act went into full effect on July 1, 1972. It cited seven articles of intent:
The Act in effect ended all hospital commitments by the judiciary system, except in the case of criminal sentencing, e.g., convicted sexual offenders, and those who were "gravely disabled", defined as unable to obtain food, clothing, or housing.[1] It did not, however, impede the right of voluntary commitments. It expanded the evaluative power of psychiatrists and created provisions and criteria for holds. Prior to 1987 it was assumed that the Act allowed involuntary treatment for those who were detained under an initial three day hold (for evaluation and treatment) and a subsequent fourteen day hospitalization (for those patients declared after the three-day hold to be dangerous to themselves or others or gravely disabled). However, in 1987 in Riese v. St. Mary’s Hospital and Medical Center the California State Court of Appeals declared that these patients had the right to exercise informed consent regarding the use of antipsychotic drugs, except in an emergency, and if they rejected medication "a judicial determination of their incapacity to make treatment decisions" was required before they could be involuntarily treated.[2][3] This case was a class action suit brought in the name of patient Eleanor Riese by the California ACLU.[2] Eleanor Riese's story is depicted in the movie 55 Steps.[4] LPS evaluation, detention and Conservatorship processUnder the LPS act, individuals can be detained in to a locked psychiatric facility in the following process. 5150 HoldUnder WIC 5150, an individual can be placed (involuntary) to a locked psychiatric facility, for an evaluation for up to 72 hours. A peace officer, registered nurse, medical doctor, or certain other categories of people may place the hold. Three criteria apply - the individual is assessed to be: a danger to themselves, a danger to others, or "gravely disabled" (per WIC 5008 - such is defined as an individual's lack of ability, due to their mental illness to provide for their food, clothing, or shelter) . As the individual in question is likely in a state of distress (highly symptomatic), likely also causing a disturbance in the community, it is not uncommon for police to be the party who places them on the 5150 hold and then takes the individual to the hospital for further assessment. Over the next 72 hours, the hospital / psychiatrist must determine the individuals need for further locked psychiatric detainment. If the individual clears up mentally and are no longer a danger to others or themself or gravely disabled - they are released from the hospital. If though they remain a danger to others or themself or continue to be gravely disabled, the hospital / psychiatrist must then request a 5250 hold to thereby keep the individual in the hospital beyond the 72 hour limit of the 5150 hold. Popular culture
5250 HoldIf (after the 5150 hold) an individual is deemed to still be either and danger to others / themself or gravely disabled, WIC 5250 permits for an individual to be involuntarily held (in a locked psychiatric hospital) for another 14 days (post 5150 hold). Just as with the 5150 hold, during the 5250 hold, the individual is continually being assessed by psychiatric staff. Again, if the individual is (at any time) deemed to be no longer a danger or gravely disabled, they are then released from the hospital. If though, the individual still requires locked psychiatric care after 14 days a 5350 hold (commonly known as a Temporary LPS Conservatorship) must then be sought, 5350 hold / Temporary LPS ConservatorshipA 5350 hold, otherwise known as a Temporary LPS Conservatorship (under W&I Code § 5352.1), is initiated at the end of 5250 / 14-day hold. Such is initiated by the individuals treating psychiatrist and co-signed by the medical director of the psychiatric facility to the Public Guardian Office in the individuals county of residence. The basis for the LPS Temporary Conservatorship is that the individual (due to their mental illness, even after ~17 days of involuntary psychiatric detention) - they still remain "Gravely disabled" As there are 58 counties in California, there exist 58 Public Guardian Offices statewide. Unlike other conservatorship process in California (Probate / Older adult or Limited / Developmentally disabled) - a LPS Conservatorship cannot be initiated by the public at large. Codified in the WIC - the individual must go through the 5150 - 5250 process and from there the county Public Guardian is the only authorized party to be able to request for a LPS Conservatorship. The legislative intent for such was that prior to the LPS act, it was felt individuals were often psychiatrically committed for subjective (if not outright punitive) reasons. To combat such potential abuses, the county Public Guardian, seen as an impartial, third party was designated as sole party. Once the individual is on a LPS Temporary Conservaotrship, they are no longer legally on a "hold," but now, legal consent to treat and continue to detain the individual (now known as the "conservatee") lies with the Public Guardian office. (side note - for individuals who are a danger to other or self - they are to be placed on a 5300 or 5260 hold (respectively). As before noted , with the LPS act designating that administration of the law is at the county level of government. Codified as well (should the county jurisdiction choose to ratify) WIC 5270 can also be utilized. Such allows, post 5250 instead of the 5350 / LPS Temporary Conservatorship - the individual may be placed on yet another "hold" lasting up to 30 days of involuntary treatment. Exact numbers as to which of the 58 counties have adopted 5270 is unknown)A Temporary LPS Conservatorship can last a maximum of 180 days. As the county superior court has direct oversight of LPS Conservatorship matters, typically the conservatee is afforded court hearings (for status) every 30 days. Unlike other conservatorship hearing, LPS Conservatorship matters / records are NOT open to the public. Again being there are 58 counties and 58 Public Guardian Office and 58 Superior Courts - legal administration of LPS Conservatorship is interpreted and practiced 58 differing ways. In general, all conservatees are appointed legal counsel (typically the public defender office) and during the course of their LPS Conservatorship they can ask for a series of writs and hearing or even a full jury trial to contest their detention and overall LPS Conservatorship. It is not uncommon for a psychiatrist to conversely declare the conservatee is no longer gravely disabled. Indeed, during the course of the LPS Conservatorship if the conservatee stabilizes and can thereby be discharged to the community - a psychiatrist can request that the LPS Conservatorship be dismissed (for lack of legal support). As of the Public Guardian office, during a Temporary LPS Conservatorship, it is their general duty to ensure the conservatee is properly cared for and that all reason efforts are ruled out, that the conservatee continues to require locked psychiatric care. During the LPS Temporary Conservatorship, it is indeed the Public Guardian, not the conservatee, who consents to treatment and placement. A common way to understand such is parent to child - in that a minor child cannot consent to medical care. The same goes for the conservatee - in that the Public Guardian consents to their psychiatric treatment and placement. If during the LPS Temporary Conservatorship, the Public Guardian feels the conservatee will (for the foreseeable future) need to remain in locked psychiatric care - they can then seek to have the LPS Conservatorship changed from Temporary to General (also referred to a "Permanent" but this can be a misnomer as it is not permanent / indefinite). With the appointment of a Permanent LPS Conservatorship (approved by the court) - the conservatee is now under the auspice / authority of the LPS Conservator for exactly 1 year. It is with a Permanent LPS Conservatorship that then the public (family / friends) can now become involved. If family / friends request and with court approval, (unlike the Temporary LPS Conservatorship) they can be appointed as the General / Permanent LPS Conservator for the conservatee. The 1-year duration for a General / Permanent LPS Conservatorship was again codified into the LPS act as to combat past abuses. This ensures that no individual is indefinitely detained in locked psychiatric care and that every year justification to continue the LPS Conservatorship is brought before the court. This too is another difference between LPS conservatorship and Probate or Limited Conservatorship - both which have no implicit expiration date. Indeed, if the LPS Conservator does not submit a request (to the court) to renew the LPS Conservatorship, by default it expires. Renewal of the LPS Conservatorship basically requires that 2 MD / Psychiatrists / Psychologist formally declare that the LPS Conservatorship still remains appropriate. During the course of a General / Permanent LPS Conservatorship, the conservatee is most likely held in long-term, locked psychiatric care. Although California State Hospital still exist and are in use, a most LPS Conservatees are placed at local (county level) locked psychiatric hospitals. Nothing though in the LPS act precludes a conservatee being under a LPS Conservatorship and living in the community. No time frame is quantified in the LPS act (as matters vary from conservatee to conservatee), but it is generally practiced (amongst the 58 county Public Guardian Offices) that if a conservatee has been living in the community for an extended period of time - the legal justification to thereby continue the LPS equally diminishes and from there they are bound to dismiss the LPS Conservatorship. As such there is no common duration for a LPS Conservatorship. It can indeed vary from a conservatee being under a single LPS conservatorship continuously for 30 years to others undergoing multiple Temporary LPS Conservatorship over the course of a single year. A common growing theme, especially among family of mentally ill individuals is the LPS act favors the individual's civil rights too much when weighed against their self-evident need for treatment. It can be very difficult for their family member to be placed on a 5150 hold or on a LPS Conservatorship. Again per the LPS act - "grave disability" is primarily codified with food, clothing, or shelter. Thus an individual may indeed be highly symptomatic - displaying paranoia, delusions, mania, etc. but if they can present a cogent plan to care for their food, clothing, or shelter - they may very well be released from psychiatric care. Many have argued that revisions should be made to thereby make it easier for individuals to be detained, lessening the restrictions made under the LPS act. In 2018 SB 1045 was signed into CA Law - establishing a pilot program in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego counties if the counties approve, creating a conservatorship for a person who is unable to care for their own health and well-being due to serious mental illness and substance use disorder. SB 1045 would providing the least restrictive and most clinically appropriate alternative needed for the protection of the person who is incapable of caring for the person's own health. [5]See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Conservatorship of Susan T. (1994) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/4th/8/1005.html |website=Justia Law |accessdate=21 July 2018 |language=en}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/legal/involuntary-medication-riese-st-marys.html |title=Involuntary medications: Riese v. St. Mary's Case Summary - Mental Illness Policy Org |publisher=Mentalillnesspolicy.org |date=2018-09-20 |accessdate=2018-09-29}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914c180add7b049347b9e15 |title=Riese V. St. Mary'S Hospital Medical Center | Cal. Ct. App. | Judgment | Law |publisher=CaseMine |date= |accessdate=2018-09-29}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://themighty.com/2017/09/55-steps-helena-bonham-carter-hilary-swank-eleanor-riese/ |title=’55 Steps’ Based on the True Story of Eleanor Riese |publisher=The Mighty |date=2017-09-14 |accessdate=2018-09-29}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://calmatters.org/articles/california-homeless-mental-illness-conservatorship-law/|title=Why is it so hard to get mentally ill Californians into treatment?|date=2018-08-30|website=CALmatters|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}} Further reading
External links
6 : 1972 in law|California statutes|Mental health law in the United States|1972 in California|Deinstitutionalization in the United States|Involuntary commitment |
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