| 词条 | Lophiostoma |
| 释义 |
| image = Lophiostoma compressum ascomata.jpg | image_caption = | regnum = Fungi | divisio = Ascomycota | classis = Dothideomycetes | ordo = Pleosporales | familia = Lophiostomataceae | genus = Lophiostoma | genus_authority = Ces. & De Not. | synonyms = {{plainlist|
}} | type_species = Lophiostoma macrostomum | type_species_authority = (Tode) Ces. & De Not. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = List of associated species at Mycobank }}Lophiostoma is a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.[1] Species are commonly found growing both on living and dead wood, bark of deciduous trees, on shrubs and on herbaceous hosts.[2] They are also found in freshwater, and marine environments.[2] [3] [4] [5] The genus both forms fruit bodies with sexual reproducing with ascocarp in the form of a perithecium and asexual reproduction in the form of conidia.[2] The ascocarp are usually flaskshaped or pearshaped (piriform), 0,2-0,6 mm (200-600 µm) wide, black of color and with a smooth surface without excrescence. The shape of the top of the perithecium called ostiole has a characteristic slitlike opening.[2] They grow either on very top of the substrate with most of its whole ascocarp on the top or with only the ostiole sticking trough and the rest of the fruitbody below the surface.[2] There are many species of ascomycetes that form fruitbodies alike those of Lophiostoma found both in class Dothidemycetes and Sordariomycetes, but the slitlike and somewhat oblong opening of the ostiole are characteristic but not exclusive. NomenclatureLophiostoma was formally established by Cesati and De Notaris (1863)[6] and lectotypified by L. macrostomum.[7] The name of Lophiostoma meaning small crested mouth/door in Latin, which refer to the characteristic shape of the slitlike ostiole of the genus. Latin: lophi <lophi, small crest + -ostoma <stóma, mouth or <ostium, door both referring to the pore or opening, usually at the top of diverse reproductive organs, here in the form of an ostiole. EcologyLophiostoma are saprophytes that grow on herbaceous and woody plants from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.[2] [3] [4] [5]MorphologyThe fruit body of the sexual reproduction (teleomorph) are characterized as having immersed to erumpent ascocarp with a slitlike ostiole; unequal thickness of peridium, which is broader laterally at the base.[2] The shape of asci are mostly clavate and their morphology are bitunicate.[2] Ascospores are 1- to several septate, hyaline to dark brown ascospores with terminal appendages or mucous sheath.[2]The genus does also reproduce asexually (anamorph), creating conidia and conidiospores. TaxonomyThe family Lophiostomataceae was introduced by Nitschke (1869)[8] with Lophiostoma macrostomum (Tode) Ces. & De Not. as the type species.[9] The slit-like ostiolar neck and peridium of the ascomata are regarded as variable structures within a single specimen. Chesters & Bell (1970)[3] adapted ascospore features including color and longitudinal or transverse septation for generic circumscription. However, Holm & Holm (1988)[2] considered ascospore septation as an unimportant characteristic at the generic level, but useful at the species level, and therefore used broad generic concepts for Lophiostomataceae. These broad generic concepts of Lophiostoma have been used by several authors (Barr 1987[4], 1992[5], Yuan & Zhao 1994[10], Checa 1997[11], Kirk et al. 2008[12], Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009[13]).[14] Lophiostoma possesses typical characters of Lophiostomataceae. Lophiostoma is morphologically a well-studied genus (Chesters and Bell, 1970[3]; Holm and Holm, 1988[2]; Barr, 1990[15]; Yuan and Zhao, 1994[10]), and currently it comprises about 30 species (Tanaka and Harada, 2003[16]). The crest-like apex is not considered to be a stable character and varies considerably even in the same specimen (Chesters and Bell, 1970[3]; Holm and Holm, 1988[2]).[17]Previously anything with a lophiostomataceous, crest-like ostiole was usually placed in Lophiostoma without considering of other characters (Tanaka and Harada 2003[16], Tanaka and Hosoya 2008[18], Hirayama et al. 2014[19], Liu et al. 2015[20]).[9] PhylogeneticsThere are still considerable confusion surrounding the genera Lophiostoma, Lophiotrema, Platystomum and Massarina. Lophiostoma was by Zhang et al. (2009)[17] found to be polyphyletic and comprising two groups: Lophiostoma I and Lophiostoma II. This study also indicated that ascospore and apical morphology are morphological characters that have phylogenetic significance, though they are not fully reliable for generic level classification. Furthermore, a compressed apex has more phylogenetic significance than a crest-like apex.[17]A recent generic reevaluation of Lophiostomataceae (Thambugala et al. 2015[9]) segregated Lophiostoma s. lat. into 16 genera according to the multi-locus phylogenies using small subunit nrDNA (18S; SSU), large subunit nrDNA (28S; LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1).[14] The family Lophiostomataceae was thought to be heterogeneous or paraphyletic, but recent phylogenetic analyses support the monophyletic status of Lophiostomataceae sensu stricto (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009[13]; Zhang et al. 2012[21]; Hyde et al. 2013[22]; Wijayawardene et al. 2014[23]). In their multi-gene analysis, Schoch et al. (2006[24], 2009[25]) showed Lophiostomataceae to belong in Pleosporales.[9] Zhang et al. (2009)[17] showed that Lophiostoma, Lophiotrema and Massarina formed wellsupported subclades in Pleosporales.[9] References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |issue= |pages=1–58 |id= |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |accessdate= |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archivedate=2009-03-18 |df= }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal|last1=Holm|first1=L|last2=Holm|first2=K|date=1988|title=Studies in the Lophiostmataceae with emphasis on the Swedish species.|url=|journal=Symb Bot Ups|volume=28(2)|page=1–50|pages=|via=}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Chesters|first=CGC|last2=Bell|first2=A|date=1970|title=Studies in the Lophiostomataceae Sacc.|url=|journal=Mycological Papers|volume=120|pages=1–55|via=}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Barr|first=ME|date=1987|title=Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes|url=|journal=Massachusetts, USA. Published by the author.|volume=|pages=|via=}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Barr|first=ME|date=1992|title=Notes on the Lophiostomataceae (Pleosporales)|url=|journal=Mycotaxon|volume=45|pages=191–221|via=}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ces. & De Not.|first=|date=1863|title=Lophiostoma|url=|journal=Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.|volume=1(fasc. 4)|pages=219|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Holm|first=L.M.|date=1975|title=Nomenclatural notes on pyrenomycetes|url=|journal=Taxon|volume=24|pages=475-488.|via=}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nitschke|first=TRJ|date=1869|title=Grundlage eines systems der Pyrenomyceten. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande, Westfalens und des Regierungsbezirks|url=|journal=Osnabrück|volume=26|pages=70–77|via=}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Thambugala |display-authors=etal |first=KM|date=2015|title=Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam. nov.|url=|journal=Fungal Diversity|volume=74|pages=199–266|via=}} 10. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Z|last2=Zhao|first2=Z|date=1994|title=Studies on lophiostomataceous fungi from Xinjiang, China|url=|journal=Sydowia|volume=46|pages=162–184|via=}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Checa|first=J|date=1997|title=Annotated list of the Lophiostomataceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Dothideales, Ascomycotina) reported from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands|url=|journal=Mycotaxon|volume=63|pages=467–491|via=}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th edn.|last=Kirk|first=PM |display-authors=etal |publisher=CAB International|year=2008|isbn=|location=Wallingford, UK|pages=}} 13. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Mugambi|first=GK|last2=Huhndorf|first2=SM|date=2009|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales: Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae re-circumscribed (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota)|url=|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=64|pages=103–121|via=}} 14. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hashimoto|first=A.|date=2018|title=Resolving the Lophiostoma bipolare complex: Generic delimitations within Lophiostomataceae|url=|journal=Studies in mycology|volume=90|pages=161-189|via=}} 15. ^{{Cite book|title=North American flora, Melanommatales (Loculoascomycetes).|last=Barr|first=M.E.|publisher=|year=1990|isbn=|location=|pages=Series II, part 13: 1-129}} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=K|last2=Harada|first2=Y|date=2003a|title=Pleosporales in Japan|url=|journal=Mycoscience|volume=44|pages=85-185|via=}} 17. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Zang |display-authors=etal |first=Y.|date=2009|title=Towards a phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma / Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales|url=|journal=Fungal Diversity|volume=38|pages=225-251|via=}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=K|last2=Hosoya|first2=Y|date=2008|title=Lophiostoma sagittiforme sp. nov., a new ascomycete (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from Island Yakushima in Japan.|url=|journal=Sydowia|volume=60|pages=131–145|via=}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hirayama |display-authors=etal |first=K|date=2014|title=A new species, Lophiostoma v ersi color, from J apan (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes).|url=|journal=Mycosphere|volume=5(3)|pages=411–417|via=}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Liu |display-authors=etal |first=JK|date=|title=Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species.|url=|journal=Fungal Divers|volume=72|pages=1–197|via=}} 21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Zhang |display-authors=etal |first=Y|date=2012|title=Pleosporales|url=|journal=Fungal Divers|volume=53|pages=1–221|via=}} 22. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hyde |display-authors=etal |first=KD|date=2013|title=Families of Dothideomycetes|url=|journal=Fungal Divers|volume=63|pages=1–313|via=}} 23. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wijayawardene |display-authors=etal |first=NN|date=2014|title=Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes|url=|journal=Fungal Divers|volume=69(1)|pages=1–55|via=}} 24. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schoch |display-authors=etal |first=CL|date=2006|title=A multigene phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes using four nuclear loci|url=|journal=Mycologia|volume=98|pages=1041–1052|via=}} 25. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schoch |display-authors=etal |first=CL|date=2009|title=A class–wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes|url=|journal=Stud Mycol|volume=64|pages=1–15|via=}} External links
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