| 词条 | Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Lorenzo Montúfar | image = Lorenzomontufar1876.jpg | caption = Montúfar y Rivera in 1876 when he was Minister Plenipotentiary of Guatemala in Madrid | birth_name = Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera | birth_date = {{birth date|1823|3|11}} | birth_place = Guatemala City | death_date = {{death date and age|1898|5|22|1823|3|11}} | death_place = Guatemala City | nickname = Don Lencho | occupation = diplomat, writer, legislature, journalist | period = 19th century | language = Spanish | genre = History | movement = Liberalism and Positivism | notableworks = | spouse = Maria de Jesus Madriz Enríquez }}{{infobox officeholder |office= Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica |term_start=1856 |term_end=1857 |office2= Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica |term_start2=1870 |term_end2=1873 |office3=Vice-chancellor of University of Saint Thomas, Costa Rica |office4= Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala |president4=Justo Rufino Barrios }} Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera (March 11, 1823 – March 21, 1898) was a Guatemalan politician and lawyer. Superb leader and speaker, helped the liberal regime of Justo Rufino Barrios, served in the Guatemalan legislature, taught in the College of Law of the Universidad Nacional de Guatemala and, towards the end of his life, was a presidential candidate himself losing to general José María Reyna Barrios. He was also Foreign Secretary of Costa Rica in 1856 and from 1870 to 1873, and President of University of Saint Thomas, also in Costa Rica. BiographyMontúfar y Rivera was the son of Rafael Montúfar y Coronado and Maria del Rosario Rivera. He was married in San José, Costa Rica on January 26, 1851, to Maria de Jesus Madriz Enriquez, the daughter of Juan de los Santos Madriz y Cervantes and Paulina Enríquez Díaz Cabeza de Baca. He graduated as a lawyer from the Pontifica Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo in Guatemala. Member of the Liberal Party, Montúfar had a deep aversion towards then Guatemalan President Rafael Carrera and then Aycinena family that worked closely to him, and was one of their harshest critics; in spite of it, Carrera esteemed Montúfar deeply and, even though he always had Montufar at hand, never did him any harm.{{sfn|Hernández de León|1959|p=May 22}} After Carrera rule got reinforced in 1854, Montúfar left Guatemala for Costa Rica, he was Magistrate, Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1856 to 1857 and from 1870 to 1873, and vice-chancellor of the University of Saint Thomas, where he taught international law and other subjects. He also held the position of Minister of Costa Rica in Great Britain. In politics he was characterized by his liberal ideology and his extreme anti-clericalism, especially against the Jesuits.[1] After the triumph of the Liberal Reform of 1871, he returned to Guatemala when Justo Rufino Barrios started his term in office in 1873. Eloquent orator and debater, was then Ambassador of Guatemala in Madrid {{sfn |La Ilustración Española y Americana|1876|p=77}} and participated in the legislature that wrote the Constitution of 1879, in which he had outstanding participation. {{sfn|Mendoza|1946|p= 127}} Because of his solid integrity, when he was the Guatemalan Foreign Secretary, he defended Guatemalan territoriality against the aggressiveness of general Justo Rufino Barrios, his ministers and diplomats: first, strongly protested the fact Guatemala had lost Chiapas to Mexico; and later, the loss of Soconusco, which saw thousands of miles stripped from Guatemala territory with the consent of both president and cabinet members. This position earned him the exile; Barrios -on the advice of Father Angel Maria Arroyo, Montúfar old personal friend and now one of Barrios' favorites- expelled him from Guatemala, and then, after the death of Barrios in 1885, he was forbidden from return by the government of general Manuel Barillas -where Father Arroyo was serving as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of Education-.{{sfn|Hernández de León|1959|p=May 22}} Therefore, he then was rejected by both liberal and conservative Guatemalans. 1892 Presidential electionsTowards the end of his life, but with all of his will and power still intact, he ran for office in the 1892 presidential elections. It was the first election in Guatemala that allowed the candidates to make propaganda in the local newspapers. {{sfn|Castellanos|2014|p= 40:00}} The canditates who ran for office were
Barillas Bercian was unique among all liberal presidents of Guatemala between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be. The following anecdote recounts better what happened then:{{sfn|De Los Rios|1948|p=78}} First arrived lawyer Francisco Lainfiesta, and General Barillas, with the friendliest of smiles, said: «Mr. Lainfiesta: you are one of the candidates in the upcoming elections and perhaps the more likely to win. Therefore, I would like to know what your attitude and your political system of government will be, if you get to win. Especially, I would like to know your attitude about my person; because I have made my mistakes, I do not deny it. I was a simple worker at my carpentry when General Justo Rufino Barrios sent for me to be appointed second presidential designate. I would therefore, Mr. Lainfiesta, know what conduct you will observe towards me." Mr. Lainfiesta said: «General Barillas: if luck would favor me with the election victory, my government will be based on strict adherence to the Constitution; the law would be the law and anyone who has acquired some responsibility, will have to answer for it before the relevant courts. A firm and righteous compliance with the constitutional provisions shall be the standard of my conduct as president». «Very well» said general Barillas, and both parted cordially. Barillas then brought in Dr. Montúfar and interrogated him in the same or similar way as he had done Mr. Lainfiesta. Dr. Montúfar responded in similar terms as Lainfiesta, stressing his claims to obedience of the Constitution and strict enforcement. Finally general Reyna Barrios came in; when in the midst of pleasant conversation, General Barillas repeated his question, and Reyna replied, with a sincere smile: «We should not even talk about that, general; because you and I are the same. Rest assured that I will know how to respect and protect you.» And then both shook hands with effusion.{{sfn|De Los Rios|1948|p=78}} By the election period, the first two days of voting favored Lainfiesta. But by the third day, a huge column of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapán Indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote for general Reyna Barrios. The official agents did their job: Reyna was elected president{{sfn | De Los Rios | 1948 | p = 82}} and, not to offend the losing candidates, Barillas gave them checks to cover the costs of their presidential campaigns. Reyna Barrios, of course, received nothing, but he went on to become President on March 15, 1892.{{sfn|De Los Rios|1948|p=79}} Death{{quote box|width = 18% |"After noble effort and struggle without a second,At last the glorious Lean back against ... Your desire is fulfilled: the simiento Germina and deep groove »| Alirio Diaz Guerra New York City, 1898{{sfn | Mendoza | 1946 | p = 145}}}} Montufar died in Guatemala City during the early morning of May 22, 1898. Despite being his passing expected by his fellow Guatemalans -since he had been visibly ill for a while-, there was deep sadness in the capital city. There were large demonstrations at his funeral, and government officials praised him in the local newspapers. {{sfn|Hernandez de Leon|1959|p=May 22}} A hundred years after his birth, the government of José María Orellana erected a monument to his memory at the Avenida Reforma; the sculptor was the renowned Guatemalan artist Rafael Rodríguez Padilla, and this was the first bronze sculpture produced in Guatemala. WorksOwner of vast culture, Montufar was corresponding member of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language.
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References1. ^The Jesuits and the other regular orders were leading members of the Conservative Party in Guatemala and had reinforced their power since the Concordat of 1854; the conservatives had ruled Guatemala for thirty years and prevented the formation of liberal Central American Union. 2. ^In fact, after the elections he had to run away from his farm in Salama after being accused of sedition; he was captured and executed near Zacapa. Bibliography{{refbegin}}
Notes{{reflist|group=Note}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Montufar-Rivera, Lorenzo}} 9 : 1823 births|1898 deaths|People from Guatemala City|Guatemalan people of Spanish descent|Liberal Party (Guatemala) politicians|Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni|19th-century Guatemalan people|Foreign ministers of Costa Rica|Foreign ministers of Guatemala |
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