1. Signs and symptoms

2. Risk factors
     Genetics    Others  

3. Diagnosis

4. References

5. External links

Large for gestational age (LGA) is an indication of high prenatal growth rate.

LGA is often defined as a weight, length, or head circumference that lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.^[1] However, it has been suggested that the definition be restricted to infants with birth weights greater than the 97th percentile (2 standard deviations above the mean) as this more accurately describes infants who are at greatest risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality.^[2][3]

Signs and symptoms

Common risks in LGA babies include shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia, metatarsus adductus, hip subluxation and talipes calcaneovalgus due to intrauterine deformation.

Shoulder dystocia can result from the anterior shoulder becoming impacted on the maternal symphysis pubis. The doctor or midwife will try to push the baby's anterior shoulder downward to pass through the birth canal and clear the woman's symphysis pubis. This can be difficult if the child is LGA, since the birth canal is 10 cm when fully dilated for most women and there may not be much room to move the baby. If shoulder dystocia occurs, there are various manoeuvres which can be performed by the birth attendant to try to deliver the shoulders. These generally involve trying to turn the shoulders into the oblique, using suprapubic pressure to disimpact the anterior shoulder from above the symphysis pubis, or delivering the posterior arm first. If these do not resolve the situation, the provider may intentionally snap the baby's clavicle (bone that holds shoulder in place) in order to displace the shoulder and allow the child to be delivered. The bone should heal spontaneously, and most babies will make a full recovery from this birth injury.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}. There is still a risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage to the baby's arm, or other injuries such as humeral fracture.

Although big babies are at higher risk for shoulder dystocia, most cases of shoulder dystocia happen in smaller babies^[6] because there are many more small and normal-size babies being born than big babies. Researchers have found that it is impossible to predict who will have shoulder dystocia and who will not.^[7]

In non-diabetic women, shoulder dystocia happens 0.65% of the time in babies that weigh less than {{convert|8|lb|13|oz|g}}, 6.7% of the time in babies that weigh {{convert|8|lb|13|oz|g}} to {{convert|9|lb|15|oz|g}}, and 14.5% of the time in babies that weigh more than {{convert|9|lb|15|oz|g}}.^[5]

Induction of labour for women with a baby with suspected macrosomia leads to babies being born at a lower birth weight, with fewer bone fractures and less shoulder dystocia, but could increase the number of women with perineal tears.^[8] Predicting a baby’s weight can be inaccurate and women could be worried unnecessarily, and request their labour to be induced for no reason.^[8] Doctors disagree whether women should be induced for suspected macrosomia and more research is needed to find out what this is best for women and their babies.^[8]

Big babies are at higher risk of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, independent of whether the mother has diabetes.

Risk factors

One of the primary risk factors of LGA is poorly-controlled diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes (GD),^[9] as well as preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) (preexisting type 2 is associated more with macrosomia, while preexisting type 1 can be associated with microsomia). This increases maternal plasma glucose levels as well as insulin, stimulating fetal growth. The LGA newborn exposed to maternal DM usually only has an increase in weight. LGA newborns that have complications other than exposure to maternal DM present with universal measurements above the 90th percentile.

Genetics

Genetics plays a role in having a baby born with LGA. Taller, heavier parents tend to have larger babies. Babies born to an obese mother have greatly increased chances of LGA. Probably, as a consequence of increasing BMI among pregnant women, more children are born LGA^[10].

Others

• Gestational age; pregnancies that go beyond 40 weeks increase incidence
• Fetal sex; male infants tend to weigh more than female infants
• Excessive maternal weight gain
• Multiparity (having two to three times the number of LGA infants vs. primaparas)
• Congenital anomalies (transposition of great vessels) – Hydrops fetalis
• Erythroblastosis fetalis – Hydrops fetalis
• Use of some antibiotics (amoxicillin, pivampicillin) during pregnancy – Hydrops fetalis
• Genetic disorders of overgrowth (e.g. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Sotos syndrome)

There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic sac fluid).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} If one has excessive amniotic fluid, microsomia is more likely, since there is no room for the baby to grow. Preterm labor is also highly likely for polyhydramnios.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Diagnosis

LGA and macrosomia cannot be diagnosed until after birth, as it is impossible to accurately estimate the size and weight of a child in the womb.^[4] Babies that are large for gestational age throughout the pregnancy may be suspected because of an ultrasound, but fetal weight estimations in pregnancy are quite imprecise.^[4] For non-diabetic women, ultrasounds and care providers are equally inaccurate at predicting whether or not a baby will be big. If an ultrasound or a care provider predicts a big baby, they will be wrong half the time.^[4]

Although big babies are born to only 1 out of 10 women, the 2013 Listening to Mothers Survey found that 1 out of 3 American women were told that their babies were too big.^[11] In the end,{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=May 2017}} the average birth weight of these suspected “big babies” was only {{convert|7|lb|13|oz|g}}.^[12] In the end,{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=May 2017}} care provider concerns about a suspected big baby were the fourth-most common reason for an induction (16% of all inductions), and the fifth-most common reason for a C-section (9% of all C-sections). This treatment is not based on current best evidence.^[4]

Research has consistently shown that, as far as birth complications are concerned, the care provider’s perception that a baby is big is more harmful than an actual big baby by itself. In a 2008 study, researchers compared what happened to women who were suspected of having a big baby to what happened to women who were not suspected of having a big baby—but who ended up having one.^[13] In the end,{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=May 2017}} women who were suspected of having a big baby (and actually had one) had a triple in the induction rate, more than triple the C-section rate, and a quadrupling of the maternal complication rate, compared to women who were not suspected of having a big baby but who had one anyway.

Complications were most often due to C-sections and included bleeding (hemorrhage), wound infection, wound separation, fever, and need for antibiotics. There were no differences in shoulder dystocia between the two groups. In other words, when a care provider “suspected” a big baby (as compared to not knowing the baby was going to be big), this tripled the C-section rates and made mothers more likely to experience complications, without improving the health of babies.^[13]

References

External links

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