| 词条 | Louis Severance |
| 释义 |
| name = Louis Henry Severance | image = Louis Severance.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1838|8|1|mf=y}}[1] | birth_place = Cleveland, Ohio, USA | death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|6|25|1838|8|1}}[2] | death_place = Cleveland, Ohio | nationality = American | occupation = Treasurer of Standard Oil Company; investor; philanthropist | employer = Standard Oil Company, Commercial National Bank | organization = Union army volunteer, in the defense of Washington D.C. | known_for = Leading sponsor of Ohio education, the YMCA, and Presbyterian missions; church elder | movement = Anti-Slavery | networth = {{profit}}$305 million in 2006 dollars.[3] | spouse = Fanny Benedict Severance, Florence Severance | children = John, Elizabeth, and Anne Belle | parents = Solomon Severance, Mary Severance | relatives = Grandfather, David Long (Cleveland's first physician); nephew, Allen }} Louis Henry Severance (August 1, 1838 – June 25, 1913), oilman and philanthropist was a founding member of the Standard Oil Trust, the first treasurer of Standard Oil,[4] and a sulfur magnate. BiographySeverance was born in Cleveland on August 1, 1838; his father, Solomon, having died that July.[5] He and his brother Solon were raised by the widow Mary Severance,[6] in the Cleveland home of her father,[7] David Long (Cleveland's first physician).[8] Louis picked up his mother's commitment to the Presbyterian mission and the anti-slavery cause.[9] He attended public school, and at 18 (in 1856)[7] joined the Commercial National Bank.[5] The following year a friend from his church introduced Severance to the Norwalk belle Fanny Benedict;[10][11] they married in 1862, producing John Severance in May 1863.[7] That year Severance became a 100-day Union army volunteer,[12] in the defense of Washington D.C.[7] His bank lent to John D. Rockefeller's oil business, and in 1864 Severance started an oil exploration,[4][7] and refinery business himself, in the oil boom town of Titusville, Pennsylvania.[19] The family prospered; Elisabeth was born in 1865,[20] and Anne Belle in 1868,[13] but by 1881 Severance's youngest daughter was registered both as "Anne Belle" and "Annie Belle" in the Oberlin College calendar (p. 78), and appears as "Annie B. Severance" in the 1880 Cleveland census. Her life is recorded in the book In memoriam: Annie Belle Severance (1896).[14] Her death on the Isle of Wight, aged 28, is recorded as "Severance, Annie Belle".[15] In 1872 their last child was stillborn, and Fanny died in 1874.[7] After this, he returned to Cleveland,[16] where the children's uncle, Solon, raised them with his own three children.[4] (Louis Severance later supported his nephew, Allen; funding his lifelong study of theology.)[17] By 1876 Rockefeller's Standard Oil had a near industry monopoly and Severance joined as the Ohio company's treasurer. While at Standard, he founded another company, mining sulfur, and because it held the patent on the Frasch process it too monopolized a profitable industry.[19] He retired in 1894,[18] a very wealthy man,[19] and married the equally rich Florence Severance (only daughter of the Standard Oil millionaires Stephen and Anna Harkness).[20] Florence Severance died within a year of the marriage. Her estate increased his fortune further,[4] and in retirement he was a leading sponsor of Ohio education, the YMCA, and overseas Presbyterian missions. He was a church elder and in 1904 the vice moderator of its General Assembly; he paid for chapels in Cleveland, as well as missions, colleges, and hospitals in Asia.[16] Severance Hospital in Seoul is named in his honor. He donated $50,000-$100,000 annually directly to the church.[21] His son-in-law wrote "While his philanthropies were very broad and he responded to appeals of every sort, he seems to have been dominated by one fundamental idea,—the building up of the Christian church."[22] Dying suddenly,[5] and intestate,[23] his estate was divided between his two surviving children (Annie Belle having died in 1896).[13] His heirs were: John L. Severance (a businessman,[24] who became an important patron of the arts in Ohio)[25] and Elizabeth S. Allen (a philanthropist, who became Elisabeth Severance Prentiss, and established the public health charitable foundation of that name).[26] Established
In addition Severance Hall is named for John L. Severance and his wife Elisabeth [33] References1. ^{{cite book |title= Family |last= Frazier |first= Ian |authorlink= Ian Frazier |year= 2002 |publisher= Picador |isbn= 978-0-312-42059-8 |page= 159 }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Severance, Louis}}2. ^Died in his daughter Elisabeth's home, in the care of his son in law, Dr Dudley P. Allen, after being taken suddenly ill. See: White (1913). 3. ^With 1,923% price inflation his final estate (reported by the NY Times) had a purchasing power equivalent to $305 million in 2006. 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://esprentissfoundation.org/history.htm | title=The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Foundation - History | date=2010 |accessdate=2010-05-28 }} (Charitable foundation established by Louis Severance's daughter.) 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title= Missionary review of the world |volume=36 |last= White |first= S. |year= 1913 |page= 896 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.genealogybug.net/oh_biographies/severance.shtml|title= Solon Severance |publisher=www.genealogybug.net|accessdate=2010-05-30 }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.genealowiki.com/bin/view.cgi/Benedict/FannyBBenedict1840#The_Life_of_Fanny_Benedict|title= Fanny B Benedict |publisher=www.genealowiki.com|accessdate=2010-05-30 |last= Barton |first= Dave}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=M4|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: MEDICINE |publisher=ech.cwru.edu|accessdate=2010-05-30 }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/elroy-mckendree-avery/a-history-of-cleveland-and-its-environs-the-heart-of-new-connecticut-volume-2-rev/page-65-a-history-of-cleveland-and-its-environs-the-heart-of-new-connecticut-volume-2-rev.shtml|title= A history of Cleveland and its environs; the heart of new Connecticut (Volume 2) |publisher=www.ebooksread.com|accessdate=2010-05-31 |page= 323 |quote= The home of Mrs. Severance was a center for some of the agitation and work done in Cleveland in the anti-slavery cause.|last= Avery |first= E. M. }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://firelands.wordpress.com/sufferers-land/ch-15-life-in-norwalk-in-the-1850s-a-new-generation/ |title=Ch. 15: Life in Norwalk in the 1850s, A New Generation|quote= [Fanny's brother, Dave Benedict] took Louis to Norwalk to visit his family, and introduced him to his sister Fanny. Fanny was seventeen at the time, and liked the looks of this young bank employee from Cleveland. The feeling was mutual, and Louis started to court her. |accessdate=2010-06-01|last= Barton |first= D. W.}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1= Wickham |first1= Captain William S. |title= The Firelands pioneer |volume= XX |date= 1918-12-25 |origyear= 1901 |publisher= The Firelands Historical Society |location= Norwalk, Ohio |oclc= 2446934 |page= 2085 |chapter= Norwalk, Its Men and Women, and Some of the Girls I Have Met |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=lqI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2071&lpg=PA2071&dq=Norwalk,+Its+Men+and+Women,+and+Some+of+the+Girls+I+have+Met&source=bl&ots=TSS2ztFguG&sig=PzQEutXSmsDrwGQnn6KdQt2iJq8&hl=en&ei=nN0CTKGTIYKclgeQquikCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Norwalk%2C%20Its%20Men%20and%20Women%2C%20and%20Some%20of%20the%20Girls%20I%20have%20Met&f=false |quote= The most beautiful of all the pretty girls—and there have been many first and last—who ever left Norwalk as a bride was Fanny Benedict. She was the undisputed belle of the town. She married Mr L. H. Severance }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=SLH|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: SEVERANCE, LOUIS HENRY|publisher= Case Western Reserve University |quote= Severance Family Papers, WRHS [source]|accessdate=2010-05-30 |date= 1997-05-22 }} 13. ^1 The children's birth names are recorded in {{cite book |title=Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xUVAAAAYAAJ&pg=326 |author=Avery, E. M. |year=1918 | page=326}} 14. ^{{cite book |title= In memoriam: Annie Belle Severance, April 24th, 1868, September 25th, 1896 |year = 1896 |oclc=46919160 }} 15. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=iMynhcXdY1U3aKsioPr2oA&scan=1|title=Index entry |publisher=Freebmd.org.uk |accessdate= }}{{cite book |last1= Avery |first1= E. M. |title= A history of Cleveland and its environs; the heart of new Connecticut |pages= 324, 325 |date=May 31|accessdate=2010|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web | year=1918|publisher= The Lewis Publishing Company |location= Chicago, New York |oclc= 455335602 |url= http://fig.lib.harvard.edu/fig/?bib=003928762 | title=II Biography}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/artsci/hsty/hsty3.html|title= {{fixcaps|ORIGINS AND /EARLY /DEVELOPMENT}}|publisher= Case Western Reserve University - Department of History|accessdate=2010-05-30 }} 18. ^The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History gives 1894 as the year Severance retired both from Standard Oil and the Union Sulphur company. These are based on the Severance Family Papers and give the year he stopped working. Other sources — like White, S. (1913) & Avery, E. M. (1918) — give the official retirement year: 1895 19. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title= Family |last= Frazier |first= Ian |authorlink= Ian Frazier |year= 2002 |publisher= Picador |isbn= 978-0-312-42059-8 |pages= 160–163 |quote= He added millions from sulphur to the $8 million he already had from oil. }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://music.case.edu/facilities/harkness_chapel.php|title=Florence Harkness Memorial Chapel|publisher= Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=2010-05-30}} 21. ^{{cite web |url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/05/29/104804145.pdf |title= Presbyterians Vote Against Domination of Executive Affairs by Few Men. CREATE NEW COMMISSION From Which Paid Agents of Church Boards and Permanent Officers of the Assembly Are Excluded |publisher= The New York Times |date= 1908-05-29 }} 22. ^{{Cite journal |journal= Oberlin Alumni Magazine |date=October 1913|first= Dr. D. P. |last= Allen}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/11/27/100578423.pdf|title=SEVERANCE ESTATE WORTH $14,508,984|publisher= The New York Times|accessdate=2010-06-01 |format= pdf |date= 1913-11-27}} 24. ^{{cite book |last1= Avery |first1= E. M. |title= A history of Cleveland and its environs: Biography |pages= 326 |year= 1918 |publisher= The Lewis Publishing Company |volume= II |quote= Cleveland Linseed Oil Company [treasurer...] president of the Colonial Salt Company [...] treasurer of the Linde Air Products Company [...] Cleveland Steel Company vice president}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932074,00.html|title= Art: Final Severance |work = Time |date= 1942-06-06|accessdate=2010-05-30}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wrhs.org/html/philanthropictimeline/1929to1945.htm|title=History of Philanthropy in Cleveland, Ohio|publisher=WRHS|accessdate=2010-05-30}} 27. ^{{cite journal |journal = New York Observer |title= The New Gymnasium at Wooster |last= Dunn |first= W. H. |authorlink= Ian Frazier |date= 1912-05-30 |page= 691 |quote= born in Cleveland in 1838 }} 28. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.franbecque.com/2015/02/13/college-wooster-glo-situation-february-13-1913/ |title= The College of Wooster GLO Situation, February 13, 1913}} 29. ^{{cite book |chapter = History of Stereotactic Surgery in Korea |chapterurl= http://www.springerlink.com/content/lmw434271054v7l9/ |title= Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6 |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-3-540-69959-0 |page= 171 |first= S. S. |last= Chung}} 30. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/resources/photoguide/severance_laboratory.html |title= Severance Chemical Laboratory (1901- ) |publisher= Oberlin College |accessdate= 2010-06-19 |date= 2009-11-16 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032814/http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/resources/photoguide/severance_laboratory.html |archivedate= 2012-10-02 |df= }} 31. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.amc-foundation.org/history2.html |title= History of the Hospital, the Allen Family, & Elisabeth Severance |publisher= The Allen Community Hospital Foundation |accessdate= 2010-06-19}} 32. ^{{cite web |url= http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm4/cml_item_viewer.php?cobj=1&CISOROOT=/postcard&CISOPTR=21754&REC=8 |title= Severance Chemical Laboratory, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. |quote= [A postcard] of the Severance Chemical Laboratory, a gift of Mr. Louis H. Severance |accessdate= 2010-06-19}} 33. ^http://www.clevelandorchestra.com/plan-your-visit/severance-hall/ 7 : 1838 births|1913 deaths|American bankers|American businesspeople in the oil industry|American philanthropists|Businesspeople from Cleveland|Standard Oil |
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