“Low-flush toilet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet or high-efficiency toilet) is a flush toilet that uses significantly less water than a full-flush toilet. Low-flush toilets use {{convert|4.8|l|USgal impgal}} or less per flush, as opposed to {{convert|6|l|USgal impgal}} or more. They came into use in the United States in the 1990s, in response to water conservation concerns.^[1] Low-flush toilets include single-flush models and dual-flush toilets, which typically use 1.6 USgpf for the full flush and 1.28 US for a reduced flush.

Water savings

The US Environmental Protection Agency's WaterSense program provides certification that toilets meet the goal of using less than 1.6 US gallons per flush. Units that meet or exceed this standard can carry the WaterSense sticker. The EPA estimates that the average US home will save US$90 per year, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilets.^[2] Dry toilets can lead to even more water savings in private homes as they use no water for flushing.

Problems

The early low-flush toilets in the U.S. often had a poor design that required more than one flush to rid the bowl of solid waste, resulting in more water used than a single flush of a standard toilet. In response, U.S. Congressman Joe Knollenberg from Michigan tried to get Congress to repeal the law{{what?|date=November 2018}} but was unsuccessful.

In 2011, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that, while low-flush toilets are estimated to have saved the city of San Francisco 20 million gallons of water per year, the reduction in water volume caused waste sludge to back up in the city sewer pipes, designed expecting a higher ratio of water to solids. The city was attempting to solve this by adding chlorine bleach to the pipes, a proposal that raised environmental objections.^[3]

In house drain system design, smaller-diameter drain pipes are being used to improve flow by forcing waste to run higher in the pipe and therefore have less tendency to settle along the pipe.

History

In 1988 Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to mandate the use of low-flush toilets in new construction and remodeling. In 1992 U.S. President George H. W. Bush signed the Energy Policy Act. This law made 1.6 gallons per flush a mandatory federal maximum for new toilets. This law went into effect in January 1, 1994 for residential buildings and January 1, 1997 for commercial buildings.

The first generation of low-flush toilets were designed like traditional toilets. A valve would open and the water would passively flow into the bowl. The resulting water pressure was often inadequate to carry away waste. In addition to tank-type toilets that "pull"{{clarify|date=September 2014}} waste down, there are also now pressure-assist models, which use water pressure to effectively "push" waste.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web | last =Jenkins | first =Matt | title = A Brief History of Water Conservation in America and Europe | work = | publisher =Rate My Toilet | date = | url =http://www.ratemytoilet.net/brief-history-water-conservation-america/ | format =web | doi = | accessdate = November 10, 2014 }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=WaterSense An EPA Partnership Program|url=http://epa.gov/watersense/products/toilets.html|publisher=US EPA|accessdate=23 December 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web | last = Ross | first = Andrew | title = Low-flow toilets cause a stink in SF | work = | publisher =San Francisco Chronicle | date = February 28, 2011 | url =http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Low-flow-toilets-cause-a-stink-in-SF-2457645.php | format =web | doi = | accessdate = December 10, 2012}}