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词条 Latrocinium
释义

  1. Ecclesiastical councils as latrocinia

  2. Medieval usage

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

Latrocinium (from Latin latro, "bandit", ultimately from Greek latron, "pay" or "hire"[1]) was a war not preceded by a formal declaration of war as understood in Roman law; thus guerrilla warfare conducted against Rome was a form of latrocinium.[2] It is typically translated into English as "banditry" or "brigandage", but in antiquity encompassed a wider range of subversive or anti-authoritarian actions, especially slave rebellions organized under charismatic leaders.[3] In designating acts of violence that have ideological motives instead of or in addition to material gain, the modern distinction between terrorism and war may be a more illuminating comparison for the 21st century.[4] The Greek term was leisteia; Plato and Aristotle regarded banditry as a way of life, like fishing or hunting.[5]

Ecclesiastical councils as latrocinia

In ecclesiastical Latin, latrocinium was a term of abuse for ecumenical councils regarded as renegade or subversive of canon law, especially the second Council of Ephesus - dubbed the "Robber Council". (Latrocinium Ephesinum) in 449.[6] The third Council of Sirmium in 357, the Council of Hieria in 754, and the Synod of Pistoia in 1786, were also each described by their opponents as a latrocinium. Some also regarded the fourth Council of Constantinople (879-880) as a latrocinium.[7]

Medieval usage

In the Middle Ages, latrocinium was a war without just cause, or piracy.[8]

See also

  • Bagaudae

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/larceny |title=Larceny |work=Webster's Online Dictionary}}
2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDCdCtgtk-wC&pg=PA40&dq=latrocinium+war&lr=&sig=WUYORpDTy4LuyMcexZ3KKpH3zgE |title=Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality |first= Thomas |last=Grunewald |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 |isbn=9780415327442 |page=40}}
3. ^Grunewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire, pp. 10ff., 58, et passim.
4. ^Michael Gaddis, There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (University of California Press, 2005), pp. 20, 151.
5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJuVyK2EBI0C&pg=PA305&dq=banditry+roman&lr=&sig=MhCQadnvU32t-VYXa0SnT4Le41E#PPA305,M1 |title=The Romans |editor-first=Andrea |editor-last=Giardina |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780226290492 |page=305}}
6. ^Gaddis, Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire, p. 75.
7. ^John-Peter Pham, Heirs of the Fisherman : Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 296.
8. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZYVf8h6YekC&pg=PA5&dq=latrocinium+war&lr=&sig=shfVAzIgVEjDfRjLUxV5VcP-R3Y |title=The Just War in the Middle Ages |first=Frederick H. |last=Russell |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=9780521292764 |page=5}}

External links

  • Catholic Encyclopedia: Robber Council of Ephesus (Latrocinium)
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3 : Catholic Church councils|Crime and punishment in ancient Rome|Latin words and phrases
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