1. Transport of rockets to the pad

2. See also

3. References

A launch pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched. A spaceport (or sometimes launch complex) is a facility which includes, and provides required support for, one or more launch pads; the term launch pad may sometimes be used to describe just the central launch platform. A launch pad typically includes a launch mount or launch platform—to support the vehicle and its service structure with umbilicals to provide propellants, cryogenic fluids, electrical power, communications and telemetry prior to launch—plus storage facilities for propellants and gases, equipment, access roads, drainage and all the requisite infrastructure to support rocket vehicle launches.

Some launch pads include service structures to provide one or more access platforms to inspect and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the crew cabin for vehicles carrying humans. The pad may contain a flame deflection structure to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a sound suppression system spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by lightning arresters. A launch pad is distinct from a missile launch facility (or missile silo or missile complex), which also launches a missile vertically but is located underground in order to help harden it against enemy attack, or conceal it from surveillance.

Cryogenic propellants (liquid oxygen oxidizer, and liquid hydrogen or liquid methane fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence (countdown), as the vehicle awaits liftoff. This becomes particularly important as complex sequences may be interrupted by planned or unplanned holds to fix problems.

Most rockets need stable support for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to stable, full thrust. Therefore, the vehicle is commonly held on the pad by hold-down arms or explosive bolts, which are triggered when the vehicle is stable and ready to fly, at which point all umbilical connections with the pad are released.

Transport of rockets to the pad

There are several different types of launch site, determined{{according to whom|date=November 2018}} by the means by which the space vehicle gets to the pad.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

• The first large rocket, the V-2, travelled horizontally with its tail forward to the launch site on a transporter erector launcher which then raised it to the vertical position. This method was subsequently used for all large Soviet rockets, including the Soyuz, N1 and Energia, and is also used by SpaceX for its Falcon rockets.
• In a similar manner, at the Soviet launch site near Volgograd, a silo used to launch test rockets would have its top opened and a second stage and payload would be driven in horizontally and tilted on top of a first stage already in the silo, the nose cone and some of the second stage remaining visible above ground. Hence no surface pad is used; Russian silos are reusable. This method was only used for the Cosmos series of small satellite launching vehicles.
• A method of assembling a large space vehicle vertically in a Vehicle Assembly Building on a Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP), which contained the umbilical structure, was developed for the Apollo/Saturn V manned Moon landing vehicle. The MLP is then carried by a Crawler-transporter, which slowly drives to one of two pads at Launch Complex 39 at the Kennedy Space Center. This facility was later used for the smaller Apollo/Saturn IB, and then the Space Shuttle.^[1] A similar system is used to launch Ariane 5 rockets at ELA-3 at Guiana Space Centre, a French spaceport near Kourou in French Guiana.
• The Titan III and Titan IV launch vehicles were transported with a mobile launcher platform on two parallel standard gauge railroad tracks from the integration building to launch areas at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40 and 41. This system is still in use for the Atlas V.
• At Vandenberg Air Force Base, in California, the Titan series of rockets were set up vertically in a gantry in a windowless building at SLC-4, the outside walls of which were rolled away just at launch. This was done for purposes of military secrecy. Similar systems are used at SLC-6 and LC37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for the Delta IV rocket, ELA-1 & 2 at CSG for the Ariane 1-4, and Kagoshima for the M-V.
• In the 1920s, Hermann Oberth described a method in which the vehicle is assembled vertically on a floating barge, which he used in the movie Frau im Mond. This was seriously considered for use at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 for the Saturn V,{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} but was rejected due to the instability of the top-heavy unfuelled rocket and gantry. However, the Sea Launch service uses the converted self-propelled oil drilling platform Ocean Odyssey to transport Zenit 3SL rockets horizontally to the Equator, and then to erect and launch them into geostationary transfer orbits.
• Dnepr rockets are transported vertically and then inserted into a silo, as they are converted cold-launch R-36 Voevoda ICBMs.

See also

• Ground segment
• Launch vehicle
• List of rocket launch sites
• Missile launch facility
• Non-rocket spacelaunch
• Pad abort test
• Rocket launch
• Service structure
• Spaceport
• Stratolaunch Systems
• Transporter erector launcher

References

• Oswaldo Sánchez
• Oswald Pohl
• Oswald Reid
• Oswald Rufeisen
• Oswald Spengler
• Oswald's Tale
• Oswald Stoll
• Oswald Szemerenyi
• Oswald Szemerényi
• Oswald T. Avery
• Oswald Teichmueller
• Oswald Teichmuller
• Oswald Teichmüller
• Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
• Oswald The Lucky Rabbit
• Oswald the Rabbit
• Oswald Thompson Allis
• Oswald Tschirtner
• Oswald (TV series)
• Oswaldtwistle
• Oswald Veblen
• Oswald Villard
• Oswald von Nell-Breuning
• Oswald von Wolkenstein
• Oswald Walters Brierly