| 词条 | Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable |name = The Earl of Rochester |honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|size=100%}} |image = Nicolaes Maes - Portrait of Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, three-quarter length, wearing a red tunic and standing in a landscape.jpeg |caption = Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, by Nicolaes Maes (c. 1685–1687). |order = First Lord of the Treasury |term_start = 1679 |term_end = 1684 |monarch = Charles II |predecessor = The Earl of Essex |successor = The Lord Godolphin |order1 = Lord President of the Council |term_start1 = 24 August 1684 |term_end1 = 18 February 1685 |monarch1 = Charles II James II |predecessor1 = The Earl of Radnor |successor1 = The Marquess of Halifax |term_start2 = 21 September 1710 |term_end2 = 13 June 1711 |monarch2 = Anne |predecessor2 = Lord Somers |successor2 = The Duke of Buckingham and Normanby |order3 = Lord High Treasurer |term_start3 = 1685 |term_end3 = 1686 |monarch3 = James II |predecessor3 = {{longlabel|style=line-height:1.1em; |The Lord Godolphin {{nowrap|{{small|as Lord High Treasurer Commission}}}}}} |successor3 = {{longlabel|style=line-height:1.1em; |The Lord Belasyse {{small|as Lord High Treasurer Commission}}}} |order4 = Lord Lieutenant of Ireland |term_start4 = 1700 |term_end4 = 1703 |monarch4 = William III Anne |predecessor4 = Lords Justices |successor4 = The Duke of Ormonde |birth_date = March 1642 |birth_place = England |death_date = 2 May 1711 |death_place = London, England |restingplace = Westminster Abbey |restingplacecoordinates = |birthname = |nationality = |spouse = |relations = |children = Henry Hyde, Anne Hyde, Mary Hyde, Henrietta Hyde |party = Tory |religion = Anglican }} Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC}} (March 1642 – 2 May 1711) was an English statesman and writer. He was originally a supporter of James II but later supported the Glorious Revolution in 1688. He held high office under Queen Anne, who was his sister's daughter, but their frequent disagreements limited his influence. Early lifeThe second son of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon and his second wife, Frances Aylesbury, Hyde was a near contemporary of King Charles II of England. He was baptized at St Margaret's, Westminster on 15 March 1642.[1] He was admitted to the Middle Temple on 30 May 1660, but was not Called to the Bar[2]. Following the Restoration, he sat as member of parliament, first for Newport, Cornwall and later for the University of Oxford, from 1660 to 1679.[1] In 1661, he was sent on a complimentary embassy to Louis XIV of France, while he held the court post of Master of the Robes from 1662 to 1675. Early career{{Toryism |People}}Having returned to England, he entered the new parliament, which met early in 1679, as member for Wootton Bassett; in November 1679 he was appointed First Lord of the Treasury, and for a few years he was the principal adviser of Charles II. Hyde was an opponent of the Exclusion Bill that would have prevented James, Duke of York from acceding to the throne.[3] He was created Earl of Rochester, Viscount Hyde of Kenilworth, and Baron Wotton Basset on 29 November 1682. Compelled to join in arranging the treaty of 1681, by which Louis XIV agreed to pay a subsidy to Charles, he was simultaneously imploring William, Prince of Orange, to save Europe from the ambitions of the French monarch. Rochester's enemy Lord Halifax called for an inquiry into Rochester's stewardship of the finances and it was found that £40,000 had been lost by mismanagement. As a consequence Rochester was, in August 1684, removed from office and given the post Lord President of the Council, a more dignified but less lucrative and important office. Halifax said: "I have seen people kicked down stairs but my Lord Rochester is the first person that I ever saw kicked up stairs".[4] Reign of James IIAlthough appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Rochester did not take up this position; he was still President of the Council when James II became king in February 1685, and he was at once appointed to the important office of Lord Treasurer. But in spite of their family relationship and their long friendship, James and his Treasurer did not agree. The king wished to surround himself with Roman Catholic advisers; the Earl, on the other hand, looked with alarm on his master's leanings to that form of faith. In 1686, James tried to convert Rochester to Catholicism and every audience Rochester had with the king was spent in arguments over the authority of the Church and the worship of images. Rochester had interviews with Catholic divines in order to appear open-minded but he refused to convert. The king agreed to a conference between Catholic and Protestant divines in a formal disputation. James allowed Rochester to choose any Anglican ministers except John Tillotson and Edward Stillingfleet. Rochester chose two chaplains who happened to be in waiting, Simon Patrick and William Jane. The conference was held in secret on 30 November at Whitehall and the divines discussed the real presence, with the Catholics taking on the burden of proof. Patrick and Jane said little, with Rochester defending the Anglican position. At one point Rochester lost his temper and angrily asked whether it was expected that he would convert on so frivolous grounds. He then composed himself, knowing how much he was risking, and complimented the divines and requested that he be given time to digest what was said. James knew now that Rochester did not intend to be convinced.[5] News of the conference leaked and Tory churchmen were shocked that Rochester might have wavered in his faith. Rochester requested another conference and James consented. Rochester let it be known to influential Catholics at court that he would do everything they requested (except convert) so long as he remained in office. He told them that as a Protestant he would prove more useful to them than as a Catholic. However, on 17 December James called Rochester into an audience and told him that so high an office of Lord Treasurer could not be held by a staunch Anglican under a Catholic monarch. James asked him to think again on his refusal to convert but Rochester would not and on 4 January 1687 he was dismissed. However he received a pension of approximately £4000 per annum and £40,000 and estates from a convicted traitor.[6] In October 1687, James asked the Lord Lieutenants to provide three standard questions to all members of the Commission of the Peace: would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the penal laws; would they assist candidates who would do so; and would they accept the Declaration of Indulgence. As Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire, Rochester eagerly pursued this but was told by the county squires that they would send no man to Parliament who would vote away the safeguards of the Protestant religion.[7] Glorious RevolutionOn 5 November 1688, William, Prince of Orange landed at Torbay. Rochester was a leading voice for the calling of a free and legal Parliament and that negotiations should be opened with William. James replied to this petition that he wished for a free Parliament but would only call one after William had left England, declaring that so as long as he was present a free Parliament was impossible as William could command nearly one hundred votes.[8] At the council of Lords held by James, Rochester defended the petition and declared that he saw no hope for king and country except through a Parliament. He added that negotiations should be opened with William.[9] Rochester opposed the election of William and Mary as king and queen, raising his voice for the establishment of a regency on behalf of the exiled James.[10] But he soon reconciled himself to the new order, perhaps because he could not retain his pension unless he took the oaths of allegiance.[11] After this he was quickly in the royal favour and again a member of the Privy Council. He advised the queen in ecclesiastical matters, and returned to his former position as the leader of the High Church party. Rochester tried to mediate in the quarrel between Princess Anne and the King and Queen, but with little success. Anne, who could be a bitter enemy, thanked him for his expressions of goodwill, but added sarcastically that she would have valued them much more if she thought that they had been sincere. Later lifeFrom December 1700 until February 1703 he was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, although he did not spend much time in that country. The widespread belief that he would be a key advisor to his niece Queen Anne was quickly shown to be an illusion: they had never been close, and Anne was resentful of anyone who attempted to bully her. Rochester, whose great weakness as a politician was his uncontrollable temper, could never resist a quarrel, in which he would often say something quite unforgivable, and after a series of such quarrels the Queen dismissed him from office early in 1703. The concluding years of his public life were mainly passed in championing the interests of the Church. In 1710 he was again made Lord President of the Council, and in the final year of his life was generally seen as a mature and moderate statesman. On his death, he was succeeded by his only son, Henry (1672–1753), who in 1724 inherited the earldom of Clarendon. When Henry died without issue on 10 December 1753, all his titles became extinct. FamilyIn 1665, he married Lady Henrietta Boyle (died 1687), daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington and Cork. They had four children:
Laurence was an affectionate father: Anne, Countess of Ossory, was his favourite child, and her early death in 1685 following a miscarriage was a blow from which some thought he never fully recovered. Anne was noted for wit and charm, as was her younger sister Henrietta, Countess of Dalkeith. John Evelyn called Henrietta "the wittiest of her sex"; other friends said that she retained the charm of youth even when she was well over fifty. When his father was impeached in 1667, Laurence joined his elder brother, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, in defending him in Parliament, but the fall of Clarendon did not injuriously affect the fortunes of his sons. They were united with the royal family through the marriage of their sister, Anne, with the future King James II, making her Duchess of York. In 1676, Laurence Hyde was sent as ambassador to Poland; he then travelled to Vienna, whence he proceeded to Nijmwegen to take part in the peace congress as one of the English representatives. Styles of address
LiteratureLaurence Hyde had some learning and a share of his father's literary genius. The main employment of his old age was the preparation for the press of his father's History of the Rebellion, to which he wrote a preface in which he expounded his Tory philosophy. The work was dedicated to his niece Queen Anne: the Queen, whose poor eyesight made reading something of an ordeal, was not especially pleased, particularly since the preface could be interpreted as an attack on her own policies. She remarked drily that it was strange that a man who did not lack sense in other ways should be made ridiculous by his vanity.[12] LegacyThomas Macaulay in his History of England said of Rochester: He had excellent parts, which had been improved by parliamentary and diplomatic experience; but the infirmities of his temper detracted much from the effective strength of his abilities. Negotiator and courtier as he was, he never learnt the art of governing or of concealing his emotions. When prosperous, he was insolent and boastful; when he sustained a check, his undisguised mortification doubled the triumph of his enemies: very slight provocations sufficed to kindle his anger; and when he was angry he said bitter things which he forgot as soon as he was pacified, but which others remembered many years. His quickness and penetration would have made him a consummate man of business but for his selfsufficiency and impatience. His writings prove that he had many of the qualities of an orator: but his irritability prevented him from doing himself justice in debate: for nothing was easier than to goad him into a passion; and, from the moment when he went into a passion, he was at the mercy of opponents far inferior to him in capacity. Unlike most of the leading politicians of that generation, he was a consistent, dogged, and rancorous party man, a Cavalier of the old school, a zealous champion of the Crown and of the Church, and a hater of Republicans and Nonconformists. He had consequently a great body of personal adherents. The clergy especially looked on him as their own man, and extended to his foibles an indulgence of which, to say the truth, he stood in some need, for he drank deep, and when was in a rage—and he very often was in a rage—he swore like a porter.[13] In John Dryden's satire, Absalom and Achitophel, he is "Hushai," the friend of David in distress. Notes1. ^1 {{harvnb|Speck|2008}}. 2. ^Sturgess, H.A.C. (1949). Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.: Temple Bar. Vol. 1, p.163. 3. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=127}}. 4. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=136}}. 5. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|pp=401–402}}. 6. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|pp=402–403}}. 7. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=489}}. 8. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|pp=575–576}}. 9. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=584}}. 10. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=637}}. 11. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=671}}. 12. ^{{cite book|first=W. A. |last=Speck |title=Tory & Whig. The Struggle in the Constituencies. 1701–1715 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1970 |p=90}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Macaulay|1889|p=125}}. References
Further reading
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