“Alyutor language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Alyutor language

释义

Sociolinguistic situation
Orthography
Typology
Phonology
Vowels Consonants Stress Syllable structure
Morphology
Nouns Case roles Grammatical person Numerals Verbs Polypersonal conjugation Monopersonal conjugation Impersonal conjugation Non-finite forms
References
Bibliography
External links

{{Infobox language
| name = Alyutor
| nativename = {{IPA|nəməlʔu}}
| states = Russia
| region = Kamchatka
| ethnicity = Alyutors
| speakers = 25, 5% of ethnic population
| date = 2010 census
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Paleosiberian
| fam1 = Chukotko-Kamchatkan
| fam2 = Chukotkan
| dia1 = Alutor
| dia2 = Palana Koryak
|script= Cyrillic script
| iso3 = alr
| notice = IPA
| glotto = alut1245
| glottorefname = Alutor
}}

Alyutor or Alutor is a language of Russia that belongs to the Chukotkan branch of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages.

Sociolinguistic situation

The Alutor are the indigenous inhabitants of the northern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The language is unwritten and moribund; in the 1970s residents of the chief Alutor village of Vyvenka under the age of 25 did not know the language. In recent years the Vyvenka village school has started teaching the language. Until 1958 the language was considered the "village" (settled) dialect of the Koryak language, but it is not intelligible with traditionally nomadic varieties of Koryak. The autonym {{IPA|[ˈnəməlʔən]}} means "villager".

Orthography

А а	Б б	В в	В’ в’	Г г	Г’ г’	Ғ ғ	Д д
Е е	Ә ә	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к
Ӄ ӄ	Л л	М м	Н н	Ӈ ӈ	О о	П п	Р р
С с	Т т	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Typology

Alutor is a polysynthetic language.

ŋan(.ina)		ulʲlʲaʔu.tku=ʔuttə-k	na-n.illitə-tkə-ni-na…
that+3PL	walk.into.woods.masked=stick-LOC	LOW.A-hang-IPF-3.SG.A+3P-3PL.P
'Those things on a stick, which wear masks, hung ... '{{Dubious\|date=January 2010}}

The morphology is agglutinative, with extensive prefixes and suffixes.

qəlʲippə		tətu-kki		ɣeqə{{circumfix\|masla}}ta	a-mal-ka.
bread+NOM+SG	eat.with.something-INF	butter}}ASSOC	good
'Bread (eaten) with butter is excellent.'

The argument structure is ergative.

ə-nannə		ɣəmmə	ina-ɣal-e.
he-ERG	me+ABS	1SG.P-walk.past-3SG.A
'He walked past me.'

The word order is variable, and it is difficult to say which typology is basic. The verb-absolutive orders AVO and VAO are perhaps most common.

tita·qa		qutkinʲnʲaqu-nak		maŋ.ki·ʔana	ɣa{{circumfix\|laʔu}}lin	ənnə-ʔən.
once	(name)-ERG+SG	somewhere	see}}RES+3SG.P	fishABS+SG
'Once Qutkinnyaqu saw a fish somewhere.'

ɣa{{circumfix\|nvə}}lin		qutkinʲnʲaqu-nak		təlɣə-lŋən	ŋan.tiŋ.
poke}}RES+3SG.P	(name)-ERG+SG	finger-ABS+SG	there
'Qutkinnyaqu stuck his finger there.'

Phonology

Vowels

Alyutor has six vowels, five of which may be long or short. The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} cannot be long or stressed.

Front	Central	Back
Close	{{IPA\|i iː}}	{{IPA\|u uː}}
Mid	{{IPA\|e eː}}	{{IPA\|ə}}	{{IPA\|o oː}}
Open	{{IPA\|a aː}}

Consonants

There are 18 consonants in Alyutor.^[1]

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
	Bilabial	Labio- dental	plain	palatalized	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	{{IPA\|p}}	{{IPA\|t}}	{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|q}}		{{IPA\|ʔ}}
Fricative	{{IPA\|v}}	{{IPA\|s}}	{{IPA\|(sʲ)}}	{{IPA\|ɣ}}	{{IPA\|ʕ}}
Nasal	{{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|n}}	{{IPA\|nʲ}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}}
Approximant	{{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|l}}	{{IPA\|lʲ}}	{{IPA\|j}}
Trill	{{IPA\|r}}

Stress

Stress is generally on the second syllable of the word. However, it cannot fall on a schwa or the last syllable, so in two-syllable words stress is transferred to the first syllable, as long as that vowel is not a schwa. In cases where it is a schwa, a third syllable is added to the word,{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} and the second syllable is stressed.

Examples: {{IPA|/ˈmi.məl/}} 'water', {{IPA|/qə.ˈla.vul/}} 'husband', {{IPA|/pə.ˈla.kəl.ŋən/}} 'a mukluk (boot)', {{IPA|/ˈta.wə.ja.tək/}} 'to feed'.

Syllable structure

All Alyutor syllables begin with a single consonant. If the vowel is short, including a schwa, they may also close with a single consonant.

Examples are {{IPA|/vi.ˈta.tək/}} 'to work', {{IPA|/ˈtil.mə.til/}} 'eagle', {{IPA|/ˈʔit.ʔən/}} 'parka'.

Alyutor word boundaries always coincide with syllable boundaries.

Morphology

Alyutor has the following parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, participles, adverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, and "particles".

Nouns

Nouns are inflected for number, case, definiteness, and grammatical person.

There are three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural.

There are eleven cases: absolutive, ergative, locative, dative lative, prolative, contactive, causative, equative, comitative, and associative.

Number and case are expressed using a single affix. A suffix is used for all cases except the comitative and associative, which are expressed using circumfixes. There are two declensions, taught as three noun classes. The first class are nonhuman nouns of the first declension. Number is only distinguished in the absolutive case, though verbal agreement may distinguish number when these nouns are in the ergative. The second class are proper names and kin terms for elders. They are second declension, and distinguish number in the ergative, locative, and lative cases, as well as the absolutive. The third class are the other human nouns; they may be either first or second declension.

1st declension			2nd declension
sg.	du.	pl.	sg.	du.	pl.
absolutive	(stem)	-t/-ti	-w/-wwi	(stem)	-nti	-w/-wwi
ergative	-a/-ta			-ənak	-ətək
locative	-k/-ki			-ənak	-ətək
lative	-ŋ			-ənaŋ	-ətək
{{Clarify>date=January 2010}}	-kəŋ			—
prolative	-jpəŋ/-ɣəpəŋ (-e ~ -i)
contactive	-jit ~ -jita
causative	-kjit ~ -kjita
equative	-u/-nu			-u/-ənu
comitative	ɣa{{circumfix\|…}}a/-ta			awən{{circumfix\|…}}ma
associative	ɣeqə{{circumfix\|…}}a/-ta			—

Case roles

The absolutive case is the citation form of a noun. It is used for the argument ("subject") of an intransitive clause and the object of a transitive clause, for "syntactic possessives",{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} and for the vocative.
The ergative is used for the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb, as an instrumental case, and as the argument of an antipassive clause.
The locative is used for position and direction (essive and lative cases), as well as arguments which are "driven away" {{Clarify|date=January 2010}}
The dative is used for recipients, benefactors, directional objects (allative case), and subjects of experiential verbs
Lative is used for motion toward a goal
Prolative is used for movement along and movement from (perlative and elative cases)
Equative is used with the meanings 'like X', 'as X', usually with verbs like 'to become', 'to turn into', 'to work as,' etc.
Contactive is used for objects that make contact
Causative is used for noun phrases that cause or motivate an action
Comitative is used for ... {{Clarify|date=January 2010}}
Associative is used for ... {{Clarify|date=January 2010}}. It is only attested in the declension of nouns of the first declension, usually inanimate.

Grammatical person

Grammatical first and second person suffixes on nouns are used to equate a noun with participants in the discourse. They only appear in the absolutive, with an intervening j on nouns ending in a vowel and an i on nouns ending in a consonant.

sg.	du.	pl.
1st person	-j-ɣəm	-muri	-muru
2nd person	-j-ɣət	-turi	-turu

…ʡopta am-ʡujamtawilʔ-ə-muru "yes we the people"
japlə=q ʡujamtawilʔ-iɣəm "and I'm a man"

Numerals

Alyutor has simple numerals for the numbers one to five, ten, and twenty. All other numbers are compounds based on these numerals.

ənnan	one
ŋitaq	two
ŋəruqqə	three
ŋəraqqə	four
məlləŋin	five
ənnanməlləŋ(in)	six (one-five)
ŋitaqməlləŋ(in)	seven (two-five)
ŋəruqməlləŋ(in)	eight (three-five)
ŋəraqməlləŋ(in)	nine (four-five)
mənɣətkin	ten
mənɣətək ənnan	eleven
qəlikkə	twenty (a score)
qəlikək ənnan	twenty one
ŋəraqmənɣətkin	forty (four tens)
ŋəraqmənɣətkin ŋəraqqə	forty four
ŋitaqməlləŋin mənɣətkin	seventy (seven tens)
mənɣətək mənɣətkin	hundred (ten tens)

Verbs

There are finite (conjugated) and non-finite verbs. There are several conjugations.

Polypersonal conjugation

Finite verbs agree in person and number with their nuclear arguments; agreement is through both prefixes and suffixes. Transitive verbs agree with both arguments (ergative and absolutive), whereas intransitive verbs agree with their sole (absolutive) argument.

Verbs distinguish two aspects, perfective, the bare stem, and imperfective, using the suffix -tkə / -tkən / -tkəni. There are five moods, indicative, imperative, optative, potential (marked by the circumfix ta…(ŋ)), and conjunctive (prefix ʔ-/a-).

Monopersonal conjugation

Monopersonal verbs{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} include two declensions, one with the third-person singular in ɣa-...-lin, and the other in n-...-qin.

Impersonal conjugation

For impersonal forms of conjugation include verbal predicate (formed with the circumfix a…ka) and imperative (formed by circumfix ɣa…a/ta). Non-finite forms Impersonal forms include the verbal predicate{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} with the circumfix a…ka, and the imperative in ɣa…a/ta.

Non-finite forms

These include the infinitive, supine, gerunds, and participles.

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title=Ocherk grammatiki aljutorskogo jazyka|last=Nagayama|first=Yukari|publisher=Osaka: Osaka Gakuin University.|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=}}

Bibliography

Kibrik, A.E., S.V. Kodzasov, I.A. Murav'eva. 2000. Jazyk i fol'klor aljutorcev. Moscow: IMLI RAN Nasledie. {{ISBN|5-9208-0035-6}}
Nagayama, Yukari. 2003. Ocherk grammatiki aljutorskogo jazyka ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110326002402/http://www.elpr.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index_e.html ELPR] Publication Series A2-038). Osaka: Osaka Gakuin University.

External links

The Aliutors
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714081303/http://lingsib.unesco.ru/en/languages/aliutor.shtml.htm The Aliutor Language]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526032352/http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/Alutor.html Alutor: Bibliographical guide]

5 : Agglutinative languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Languages of Russia|Subject–verb–object languages|Endangered languages

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