| 词条 | Lauri Kristian Relander |
| 释义 |
|order=2nd President of Finland |nationality=Finnish |image=Relander LC.jpg |term_start=2 March 1925| |term_end=2 March 1931| |primeminister= Lauri Ingman Antti Tulenheimo Kyösti Kallio Väinö Tanner Juho Sunila Oskari Mantere P. E. Svinhufvud |predecessor=K. J. Ståhlberg| |successor=P. E. Svinhufvud| |birth_date={{birth date|1883|5|31|df=y}} |birth_place=Kurkijoki, Finland (now in the Republic of Karelia, Russia) |death_date={{Death date and age|1942|2|9|1883|5|31|df=y}} |death_place=Helsinki, Finland |spouse=Signe Relander |party=Agrarian League |}}Lauri Kristian Relander ({{IPA-sv|rɛˈlanːdɛr}}, {{IPA-fi|ˈrelɑnder|lang}}; 31 May 1883 – 9 February 1942) was the second President of Finland (1925–1931). A prominent member of the Agrarian League, he served as a member of Parliament, and as Speaker, before his election as President.[2] Early life and careerRelander was born in Kurkijoki, in Karelia, the son of Evald Kristian Relander, an agronomist, and Gertrud Maria Olsoni. He was christened Lars Kristian ({{IPA-sv|ˈlɑːrs ˈkrɪstian|lang}}), but he Finnicized his forenames to Lauri Kristian ({{IPA-fi|ˈlɑuri ˈkristiɑn|lang}}) during his time at school. Relander followed in his father's footsteps by enrolling at the University of Helsinki in 1901 to study agronomy. He gained his first Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy in 1905, and his second – in Agronomy – the following year. That year also saw his marriage to Signe Maria Österman (1886–1962). They had two children, Maja-Lisa (1907–1990) and Ragnar (1910–1970). The major subjects for Relander's Master's Degree, which he gained in 1907, were agricultural chemistry and agricultural economics. After obtaining his degree, Relander worked from 1908 to 1917 as a researcher at a state agricultural experimental institution, carrying out some important research in his field. He also continued his studies, gaining his Doctorate in 1914. However, his attempts at this time to gain a lectureship at the University of Helsinki failed. At this time Relander was also politically active in the Agrarian League. He was elected to Parliament in 1910, serving until 1913, and again from 1917 to 1920. By 1917 he had become one of the leaders of the party. PoliticianAfter independence, his political career went well. He was a prominent member of his party, and served on a number of parliamentary committees. Relander was elected as Speaker of the Eduskunta for its 1919 session and part of its 1920 session. Later that year he was appointed Governor of the Province of Viipuri. However, in the 1920s he did not have enough support in his own party to become a minister. In 1925, Relander was nominated as his party's candidate for that year's presidential election – his nomination only being confirmed just days before election day. Relander was only 41 at the time, and his nomination came as a surprise. It was further guaranteed by the fact that some of the party's key figures, such as Santeri Alkio and Kyösti Kallio, declined to stand. Relander was elected in the third ballot of the electoral college, defeating the National Progressive Party candidate Risto Ryti by 172 votes to 109. He was elected largely due to the fact that he attracted less opposition than Risto Ryti{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. According to some contemporaries, at least the Swedish People's Party electors more eagerly voted for Relander, because his wife happened to be a Finland Swede. This story may be partly apocryphal, because also Ryti had a Finland-Swedish wife. On the other hand, Ryti had campaigned as a "Finnish peasant's son." Strong right-wing opposition to the outgoing Progressive (liberal) President Ståhlberg, Ryti's membership in the same party, and at least some career politicians' desire for a more approachable and less independent President may partly explain Relander's victory. Two other important factors should be mentioned: Relander was an active member of the "Suojeluskunta" (Civil Guard) voluntary military organization and he accepted the right-wing worldview typical of White veterans of the Civil War clearly more wholeheartedly than Ryti did. Also as people, Relander and Ryti were notably different: despite having a doctorate, Relander was a much more talkative and social person than the intellectual and thoughtful Ryti.[3][4][5][6][7] PresidentAs President, Relander was politically inexperienced and young. Politicians and other opinion leaders could not take him seriously{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. Relander had no political base to speak of, and he was deemed to have no particular program for his presidency{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}, which further decreased his support. Even Relander's continual state visits and trips drew criticism, leading to him gaining the nickname of Reissu-Lasse (Travelling Lasse). He was continually compared to Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg and his performance as president. The cabinets during his term tended to be weak, short-lived minority cabinets, like in most European democracies of that time. All in all, Relander is remembered as a weak leader. On the other hand, Relander was an idealist who deplored the toughness of political game and preferred minority governments of supposedly excellent individuals over majority governments of unprincipled individuals.[6] While Relander can not be considered a strong President, he did a few notable things during his single term: he allowed the Social Democrats to form a minority government (1926–27), appointed Finland's first female Cabinet minister, Miina Sillanpää (as Assistant Minister of Social Welfare), dissolved Parliament twice (in 1929 over a dispute on the civil servants' salaries, and in 1930 to have the Parliament outlaw the Communist Party, which required a constitutional amendment and thus a two-thirds majority), and generally speaking supported the far-right Lapua Movement, until it started to kidnap various political opponents. He maintained a rather close friendship with the Social Democratic leader, Väinö Tanner.[4] In the late autumn of 1930, Relander realized he would not be re-elected, and during the winter of 1930–31 he sabotaged the prospects of his former Agrarian League colleague and rival Kyösti Kallio, so that Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Relander's former Prime Minister, was elected. In Relander's opinion, Kallio did not talk straight to him and schemed behind his back to weaken his Presidency and help his political opponents. In Kallio's opinion, Relander was a rather inexperienced politician who had high ideals but not enough common sense to implement them.[4][5][6][8] After his term as President, he served from 1931 to 1942 as the General Manager of Suomen maalaisten paloapuyhdistys, a fire insurance company for rural people. Relander died in 1942 of heart failure. HonoursAwards and decorations{{Infobox coat of arms|name = Coat of arms of Lauri Kristian Relander |image =Lauri Kristian Relander Coat of Arms.svg |alt = |image_width = 140 |middle = |middle_width =90 |middle_caption = |lesser = |lesser_alt = |lesser_width =45 |lesser_caption = Coat of arms |image2 = |image2_alt = |image2_width = |image2_caption = |image3 = |image3_alt = |image3_width = |image3_caption = |armiger = Lauri Kristian Relander |year_adopted = |crest = |torse = |shield = |supporters = |compartment = |motto = |orders = |other_elements = |earlier_versions = |use = |notes = }}
References1. ^Courtesy title in Finland for former Presidents of the Republic 2. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=911349&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki |title = Edustajamatrikkeli |publisher = Eduskunta |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212180828/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?%7Bhnro%7D=911349&%7Bkieli%7D=su&%7Bhaku%7D=kaikki |archivedate = 2012-02-12 |df = }} 3. ^{{Cite book |last1= Turtola |first1= Martti |title= Risto Ryti: Elämä isänmaan puolesta |year= 1994 |publisher= Otava |location= Helsinki |language= Finnish }} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite book |last1= Virkkunen |first1= Sakari |title= Suomen presidentit I: Ståhlberg – Relander – Svinhufvud |year= 1994 |publisher= Otava |location= Helsinki |language= Finnish }} 5. ^1 {{Cite book |last1= Virkkunen |first1= Sakari |title= Suomen presidentit II: Kallio – Ryti – Mannerheim |year= 1994 |publisher= Otava |location= Helsinki |language= Finnish }} 6. ^1 2 "The Republic's Presidents 1919–1931" / Tasavallan presidentit 1919–1931, published in Finland in 1993–94 7. ^"The Republic's Presidents 1940–1956" / Tasavallan presidentit 1940–1956, published in Finland in 1993–94 8. ^{{Cite book |last1= Hokkanen |first1= Kari |title= Kyösti Kallio 1, 1873–1929 |year= 1986 |publisher= Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö |location= Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva |language= Finnish}} External links{{commonscat-inline|Lauri Kristian Relander}}
|title=Speaker of the Parliament of Finland |before=Paavo Virkkunen |years=1919–1920 |after=Kyösti Kallio }}{{succession box| title=President of Finland| before=Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg| years= 2 March 1925 – 2 March 1931| after=Pehr Evind Svinhufvud }}{{s-end}}{{FinnishPresidents|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Relander, Lauri Kristian}} 15 : 1883 births|1942 deaths|People from Lakhdenpokhsky District|People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)|Finnish Lutherans|Centre Party (Finland) politicians|Presidents of Finland|Speakers of the Parliament of Finland|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–11)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–13)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–19)|Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–22)|People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)|University of Helsinki alumni|Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty |
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